Colubridae
Colubridae (/kəˈluːbrɪdiː/, commonly known as colubrids /ˈkɒljʊbrɪdz/, from Latin: coluber, 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera,[1] it is the largest snake family. The earliest species of the family date back to the Oligocene epoch. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica.[2]
| Colubridae Temporal range: Oligocene to recent | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Colubridae species | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Superfamily: | Colubroidea |
| Family: | Colubridae Oppel, 1811 |
Description
While most colubrids are not venomous (or have venom that is not known to be harmful to humans) and are mostly harmless, a few groups, such as genus Boiga, can produce medically significant injuries. In addition, the boomslang, the twig snakes, and the Asian genus Rhabdophis have caused human fatalities.[2][3][4]
Some colubrids are described as opisthoglyphous (often called "rear-fanged"), meaning they have elongated, grooved teeth located in the back of their upper jaws. It is likely that opisthoglyphous dentition evolved many times in the history of snakes[3] and is an evolutionary precursor to the fangs of vipers and elapids, which are located in the front of the mouth.[5][6][7][2][3]
Classification
In the past, the Colubridae were not a natural group, as many were more closely related to other groups, such as elapids, than to each other.[8] This family was historically used as a "wastebasket taxon"[4] for snakes that do not fit elsewhere.[9] Until recently, colubrids were basically colubroids that were not elapids, viperids, or Atractaspis.[10]
However, recent research in molecular phylogenetics has stabilized the classification of historically "colubrid" snakes and the family as currently defined is a monophyletic clade,[11][12][13][14] although additional research will be necessary to sort out all the relationships within this group. As of May 2018, eight subfamilies are recognized.[15]
Current subfamilies
Sibynophiinae – two genera
- Scaphiodontophis
- Sibynophis
Natricinae – 36 genera (sometimes given as family Natricidae)
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Two Indian rat snakes (grey and yellow)
A natricine, Thamnophis sirtalis
- Adelophis
- Afronatrix
- Amphiesma
- Amphiesmoides
- Anoplohydrus
- Aspidura
- Atretium
- Blythia [16]
- Clonophis
- Fowlea
- Haldea
- Hebius
- Helophis
- Herpetoreas
- Hydrablabes
- Hydraethiops
- Iguanognathus
- Isanophis
- Limnophis
- Liodytes
- Natriciteres
- Natrix
- Nerodia
- Opisthotropis
- Pseudagkistrodon
- Regina
- Rhabdophis
- Rhabdops
- Smithophis
- Storeria
- Thamnophis
- Trachischium
- Trimerodytes
- Tropidoclonion
- Tropidonophis
- Virginia
- Xenochrophis
Pseudoxenodontinae – two genera
- Plagiopholis
- Pseudoxenodon
Dipsadinae – 100 genera (sometimes given as family Dipsadidae)
.jpg.webp)
A dipsadine, Sibon longifrenis
- Adelphicos
- Alsophis
- Amastridium
- Amnesteophis
- Apostolepis
- Arcanumophis
- Arrhyton
- Atractus
- Baliodryas
- Boiruna
- Borikenophis
- Caaeteboia
- Calamodontophis
- Caraiba
- Carphophis
- Cenaspis
- Cercophis
- Chersodromus
- Chlorosoma
- Clelia
- Coniophanes
- Conophis
- Contia
- Coronelaps
- Crisantophis
- Cryophis
- Cubophis
- Diadophis
- Diaphorolepis
- Dipsas
- Ditaxodon
- Drepanoides
- Echinanthera
- Elapomorphus
- Emmochliophis
- Enuliophis
- Enulius
- Erythrolamprus
- Eutrachelophis
- Farancia
- Geophis
- Gomesophis
- Haitiophis
- Helicops
- Heterodon
- Hydrodynastes
- Hydromorphus
- Hydrops
- Hypsiglena
- Hypsirhynchus
- Ialtris
- Imantodes
- Incaspis
- Leptodeira
- Lioheterophis
- Lygophis
- Magliophis
- Manolepis
- Mussurana
- Ninia
- Nothopsis
- Omoadiphas
- Oxyrhopus
- Paraphimophis
- Phalotris
- Philodryas
- Phimophis
- Plesiodipsas
- Pliocercus
- Pseudalsophis
- Pseudoboa
- Pseudoeryx
- Pseudoleptodeira
- Pseudotomodon
- Psomophis
- Ptychophis
- Rhachidelus
- Rhadinaea
- Rhadinella
- Rhadinophanes
- Rodriguesophis
- Saphenophis
- Sibon
- Siphlophis
- Sordellina
- Synophis
- Tachymenis
- Taeniophallus
- Tantalophis
- Thamnodynastes
- Thermophis
- Tomodon
- Tretanorhinus
- Trimetopon
- Tropidodipsas
- Tropidodryas
- Uromacer
- Urotheca
- Xenodon
- Xenopholis
- Xenoxybelis
Grayiinae – one genus
- Grayia
Calamariinae – seven genera
- Calamaria
- Calamorhabdium
- Collorhabdium
- Etheridgeum
- Macrocalamus
- Pseudorabdion
- Rabdion
Ahaetuliinae – five genera
- Ahaetulla
- Chrysopelea
- Dendrelaphis
- Dryophiops
- Proahaetulla
Colubrinae – 94 genera
A colubrine, Dolichophis jugularis, preying on a legless lizard, a sheltopusik
- Aeluroglena
- Aprosdoketophis
- Archelaphe
- Argyrogena
- Arizona
- Bamanophis
- Bogertophis
- Boiga
- Cemophora
- Chapinophis
- Chironius
- Coelognathus
- Coluber
- Colubroelaps
- Conopsis
- Coronella
- Crotaphopeltis
- Dasypeltis
- Dendrophidion
- Dipsadoboa
- Dispholidus
- Dolichophis
- Drymarchon
- Drymobius
- Drymoluber
- Eirenis
- Elaphe
- Euprepiophis
- Ficimia
- Geagras
- Gonyosoma
- Gyalopion
- Hapsidophrys
- Hemerophis
- Hemorrhois
- Hierophis
- Lampropeltis
- Leptodrymus
- Leptophis
- Liopeltis
- Lycodon
- Lytorhynchus
- Macroprotodon
- Masticophis
- Mastigodryas
- Meizodon
- Mopanveldophis
- Muhtarophis
- Oligodon
- Oocatochus
- Opheodrys
- Oreocryptophis
- Orientocoluber
- Oxybelis
- Palusophis
- Pantherophis
- Persiophis
- Philothamnus
- Phrynonax
- Phyllorhynchus
- Pituophis
- Platyceps
- Pseudelaphe
- Pseudoficimia
- Ptyas
- Rhamnophis
- Rhinobothryum
- Rhinocheilus
- Rhynchocalamus
- Salvadora
- Scaphiophis
- Scolecophis
- Senticolis
- Simophis
- Sonora
- Spalerosophis
- Spilotes
- Stegonotus
- Stenorrhina
- Stichophanes
- Symphimus
- Sympholis
- Tantilla
- Tantillita
- Telescopus
- Thelotornis
- Thrasops
- Toxicodryas
- Trimorphodon
- Wallaceophis
- Wallophis
- Xenelaphis
- Xyelodontophis
- Zamenis
Former subfamilies
These taxa have been at one time or another classified as part of the Colubridae, but are now either classified as parts of other families, or are no longer accepted because all the species within them have been moved to other (sub)families.
- Subfamily Aparallactinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae,[13] sometimes combined with Atractaspidinae)
- Subfamily Boiginae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Boodontinae (some of which now treated as subfamily Grayiinae of the new Colubridae, others moved to family Lamprophiidae as part of subfamilies Lamprophiinae, Pseudaspidinae and Pseudoxyrhophiidae, which are now sometimes treated as families)
- Subfamily Dispholidinae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Homalopsinae (now family Homalopsidae)[13]
- Subfamily Lamprophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[13]
- Subfamily Lycodontinae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Lycophidinae (now part of Lamprophiidae)
- Subfamily Pareatinae (now family Pareidae,[13] sometimes incorrectly spelled Pareatidae)[17]
- Subfamily Philothamninae (now part of Colubrinae)
- Subfamily Psammophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[13]
- Subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae (now a subfamily of Lamprophiidae)[13]
- Subfamily Xenoderminae (now family Xenodermidae,[13] sometimes incorrectly spelled Xenodermatidae)[17]
- Subfamily Xenodontinae (which many authors put in Dipsadinae/Dipsadidae)
Fossil record
The Pliocene (Blancan) fossil record in the Ringold Formation of Adams County, Washington has yielded fossils from a number of colubrids including Elaphe pliocenica, Elaphe vulpina, Lampropeltis getulus, Pituophis catenifer, a Thamnophis species, and the extinct genus Tauntonophis.[18]
References
Citations
- "Colubrid". britannica.com. Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- Bauer, Aaron M. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 188–195. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
- Bruna Azara, C. (1995). "Animales venenosos. Vertebrados terrestres venenosos peligrosos para el ser humano en España" (PDF). Boletín de la S.E.A. 11: 32–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- Weinstein, S. A.; Warrell, D. A.; White, J.; Keyler, D. E. (20 June 2011). "Venomous" bites from non-venomous snakes: A critical analysis of risk and management of "colubrid" snake bites. London: Elsevier. doi:10.1016/C2010-0-68461-6. ISBN 978-0-12-387732-1. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
- Jackson, K (2003). "The evolution of venom-delivery systems in snakes". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 137 (3): 337–354. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00052.x.
- Vonk, F. J.; Admiraal, J. F.; Jackson, K.; Reshef, R.; de Bakker, M. A.; Vanderschoot, K.; van den Berge, I.; van Atten, M.; Burgerhout, E.; Beck, A. (2008). "Evolutionary origin and development of snake fangs" (PDF). Nature. 454 (7204): 630–633. Bibcode:2008Natur.454..630V. doi:10.1038/nature07178. PMID 18668106. S2CID 4362616. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-04-13. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
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- Lawson, R.; Slowinski, J.B.; Crother, B.I.; Burbrink, F.T. (2005). "Phylogeny of the Colubroidea (Serpentes): New evidence from mitochondrial and nuclear genes" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 (2): 581–601. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.07.016. PMID 16172004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2010-12-08.
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- Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F.; Wiens, J. J. (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
- Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
- Pyron, R. A.; Burbrink, F. T.; Colli, G. R.; de Oca, A. N. M.; Vitt, L. J.; Kuczynski, C. A.; Wiens, J. J. (2011). "The phylogeny of advanced snakes (Colubroidea), with discovery of a new subfamily and comparison of support methods for likelihood trees" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 58 (2): 329–342. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.006. PMID 21074626. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-08-19. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-13. Retrieved 2018-05-13.
- Uetz, Peter. "Colubridae at The Reptile Database". The Reptile Database. EMBL. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
- "Blythia reticulata". Archived from the original on 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
- Savage, Jay M. (2015). "What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria?". Herpetological Review. 46 (4): 664–665. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2018-05-14.
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External links
- Psammophids at Life Is Short, but Snakes Are Long
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