Adherence (medicine)

In medicine, patient compliance (also adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to other situations such as medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance.[1] Access to care plays a role in patient adherence, whereby greater wait times to access care contributing to greater absenteeism.[2] The cost of prescription medication also plays a major role.[3]

Part of a series on
Medical sociology
Concepts
  • Medicalization
  • Doctor-patient relationship
  • Shared decision making
  • Sick role
  • Labelling theory
  • Adherence
  • Social model of disability
Sociologists
  • Talcott Parsons
  • Eliot Freidson
  • Peter Conrad
  • Ivan Illich
Related topics
Category

Compliance can be confused with concordance, which is the process by which a patient and clinician make decisions together about treatment.[4]

Worldwide, non-compliance is a major obstacle to the effective delivery of health care. 2003 estimates from the World Health Organization indicated that only about 50% of patients with chronic diseases living in developed countries follow treatment recommendations with particularly low rates of adherence to therapies for asthma, diabetes, and hypertension.[1] Major barriers to compliance are thought to include the complexity of modern medication regimens, poor "health literacy" and not understanding treatment benefits, occurrence of undiscussed side effects, poor treatment satisfaction, cost of prescription medicine, and poor communication or lack of trust between a patient and his or her health-care provider.[5][6][7][8] Efforts to improve compliance have been aimed at simplifying medication packaging, providing effective medication reminders, improving patient education, and limiting the number of medications prescribed simultaneously. Studies show a great variation in terms of characteristics and effects of interventions to improve medicine adherence.[9] It is still unclear how adherence can consistently be improved in order to promote clinically important effects.[9]

Terminology

In medicine, compliance (synonymous with adherence, capacitance) describes the degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice. Most commonly, it refers to medication or drug compliance, but it can also apply to medical device use, self care, self-directed exercises, or therapy sessions. Both patient and health-care provider affect compliance, and a positive physician-patient relationship is the most important factor in improving compliance.[1]

As of 2003, US health care professionals more commonly used the term "adherence" to a regimen rather than "compliance", because it has been thought to reflect better the diverse reasons for patients not following treatment directions in part or in full.[6][10] Additionally, the term adherence includes the ability of the patient to take medications as prescribed by their physician with regards to the correct drug, dose, route, timing, and frequency.[11] It has been noted that compliance may only refer to passively following orders.[12] The term adherence is often used to imply a collaborative approach to decision-making and treatment between a patient and clinician.[13]

The term concordance has been used in the United Kingdom to involve a patient in the treatment process to improve compliance, and refers to a 2003 NHS initiative. In this context, the patient is informed about their condition and treatment options, involved in the decision as to which course of action to take, and partially responsible for monitoring and reporting back to the team.[14] Informed intentional non-adherence is when the patient, after understanding the risks and benefits, chooses not to take the treatment.[15]

As of 2005, the preferred terminology remained a matter of debate.[16] As of 2007, concordance has been used to refer specifically to patient adherence to a treatment regimen which the physician sets up collaboratively with the patient, to differentiate it from adherence to a physician-only prescribed treatment regimen.[17][18][19] Despite the ongoing debate, adherence has been the preferred term for the World Health Organization,[1] The American Pharmacists Association,[5] and the U.S. National Institutes of Health Adherence Research Network.[20] The Medical Subject Headings of the United States National Library of Medicine defines various terms with the words adherence and compliance. Patient Compliance and Medication Adherence are distinguished under the MeSH tree of Treatment Adherence and Compliance.

Adherence factors

An estimated half of those for whom treatment regimens are prescribed do not follow them as directed.[1]

Side effects

Negative side effects of a medicine can influence adherence.[21]: 280 

Health literacy

Cost and poor understanding of the directions for the treatment, referred to as 'health literacy' have been known to be major barriers to treatment adherence.[22][6][23] There is robust evidence that education and physical health are correlated. Poor educational attainment is a key factor in the cycle of health inequalities.[24][25][26]

Educational qualifications help to determine an individual's position in the labour market, their level of income and therefore their access to resources.

Literacy

In 1999 one fifth of UK adults, nearly seven million people, had problems with basic skills, especially functional literacy and functional numeracy, described as: "The ability to read, write and speak in English, and to use mathematics at a level necessary to function at work and in society in general." This made it impossible for them to effectively take medication, read labels, follow drug regimes, and find out more.[27]

In 2003, 20% of adults in the UK had a long-standing illness or disability and a national study for the UK Department of Health, found more than one-third of people with poor or very poor health had literary skills of Entry Level 3 or below.[28]

Low levels of literacy and numeracy were found to be associated with socio-economic deprivation.[28] Adults in more deprived areas, such as the North East of England, performed at a lower level than those in less deprived areas such as the South East. Local authority tenants and those in poor health were particularly likely to lack basic skills.[28]

A 2002 analysis of over 100 UK local education authority areas found educational attainment at 15–16 years of age to be strongly associated with coronary heart disease and subsequent infant mortality.[29]

A study of the relationship of literacy to asthma knowledge revealed that 31% of asthma patients with a reading level of a ten-year-old knew they needed to see the doctors, even when they were not having an asthma attack, compared to 90% with a high school graduate reading level.[30]

Treatment cost

In 2013 the US National Community Pharmacists Association sampled for one month 1,020 Americans above age 40 for with an ongoing prescription to take medication for a chronic condition and gave a grade C+ on adherence.[31] In 2009, this contributed to an estimated cost of $290 billion annually.[32] In 2012, increase in patient medication cost share was found to be associated with low adherence to medication.[33]

The United States is among the countries with the highest prices of prescription drugs mainly attributed to the government's lack of negotiating lower prices with monopolies in the pharmaceutical industry especially with brand name drugs.[34] In order to manage medication costs, many US patients on long term therapies fail to fill their prescription, skip or reduce doses. According to a Kaiser Family Foundation survey in 2015, about three quarters (73%) of the public think drug prices are unreasonable and blame pharmaceutical companies for setting prices so high.[35] In the same report, half of the public reported that they are taking prescription drugs and a "quarter (25%) of those currently taking prescription medicine report they or a family member have not filled a prescription in the past 12 months due to cost, and 18 percent report cutting pills in half or skipping doses".[35] In a 2009 comparison to Canada, only 8% of adults reported to have skipped their doses or not filling their prescriptions due to the cost of their prescribed medications.[36]

Age

Both young and elderly status have been associated with non-adherence.

The elderly often have multiple health conditions, and around half of all NHS medicines are prescribed for people over retirement age, despite representing only about 20% of the UK population.[37][38] The recent National Service Framework on the care of older people highlighted the importance of taking and effectively managing medicines in this population. However, elderly individuals may face challenges, including multiple medications with frequent dosing, and potentially decreased dexterity or cognitive functioning. Patient knowledge is a concern that has been observed.

In 1999 Cline et al. identified several gaps in knowledge about medication in elderly patients discharged from hospital.[39] Despite receiving written and verbal information, 27% of older people discharged after heart failure were classed as non-adherent within 30 days. Half the patients surveyed could not recall the dose of the medication that they were prescribed and nearly two-thirds did not know what time of day to take them. A 2001 study by Barat et al. evaluated the medical knowledge and factors of adherence in a population of 75-year-olds living at home. They found that 40% of elderly patients do not know the purpose of their regimen and only 20% knew the consequences of non-adherence.[40] Comprehension, polypharmacy, living arrangement, multiple doctors, and use of compliance aids was correlated with adherence.

In children with asthma self-management compliance is critical and co-morbidities have been noted to affect outcomes; in 2013 it has been suggested that electronic monitoring may help adherence.[41]

Social factors of treatment adherence have been studied in children and adolescents with disorders:

  • Young people who felt supported by their family and doctor, and had good motivation, were more likely to comply.[42]
  • Young adults may stop taking prescribed medication in order to fit in with their friends, or because they lack insight of their illness.[42]
  • Those who did not feel their condition to be a threat to their social well-being were eight times more likely to comply than those who perceived it as such a threat.[43][44]
  • Non-adherence is often encountered among children and young adults; young males are relatively poor at adherence.[45][46]

Ethnicity

People of different ethnic backgrounds have unique adherence issues through literacy, physiology, culture or poverty. There are few published studies on adherence in medicine taking in ethnic minority communities. Ethnicity and culture influence some health-determining behaviour, such as participation in screening programmes and attendance at follow-up appointments.[47][48]

Prieto et al emphasised the influence of ethnic and cultural factors on adherence. They pointed out that groups differ in their attitudes, values and beliefs about health and illness. This view could affect adherence, particularly with preventive treatments and medication for asymptomatic conditions. Additionally, some cultures fatalistically attribute their good or poor health to their god(s), and attach less importance to self-care than others.[49] also

Measures of adherence may need to be modified for different ethnic or cultural groups. In some cases, it may be advisable to assess patients from a cultural perspective before making decisions about their individual treatment.

Recent studies have shown that black patients and those with non-private insurance are more likely to be labeled as non-adherent.[50] The increased risk is observed even in patients with a controlled A1c, and after controlling for other socioeconomic factors.[51]

Prescription fill rates

Not all patients will fill the prescription at a pharmacy. In a 2010 U.S. study, 20–30% of prescriptions were never filled at the pharmacy.[52][53] Reasons people do not fill prescriptions include the cost of the medication,[3][5] A US nationwide survey of 1,010 adults in 2001 found that 22% chose not to fill prescriptions because of the price, which is similar to the 20–30% overall rate of unfilled prescriptions.[3] Other factors are doubting the need for medication, or preference for self-care measures other than medication.[54][55] Convenience, side effects and lack of demonstrated benefit are also factors.

Medication Possession Ratio

Prescription medical claims records can be used to estimate medication adherence based on fill rate. Patients can be routinely defined as being 'Adherent Patients' if the amount of medication furnished is at least 80% based on days' supply of medication divided by the number of days patient should be consuming the medication. This percentage is called the medication possession ratio (MPR). 2013 work has suggested that a medication possession ratio of 90% or above may be a better threshold for deeming consumption as 'Adherent'.[56]

Two forms of MPR can be calculated, fixed and variable.[57] Calculating either is relatively straightforward, for Variable MPR (VMPR) it is calculated as the number of days' supply divided by the number of elapsed days including the last prescription.

For the Fixed MPR (FMPR) the calculation is similar but the denominator is the number of days in a year whilst the numerator is constrained to be the number of days' supply within the year that the patient has been prescribed.

For medication in tablet form it is relatively straightforward to calculate the number of days' supply based on a prescription. Some medications are less straightforward though because a prescription of a given number of doses may have a variable number of days' supply because the number of doses to be taken per day varies, for example with preventative corticosteroid inhalers prescribed for asthma where the number of inhalations to be taken daily may vary between individuals based on the severity of the disease.

Course completion

Once started, patients seldom follow treatment regimens as directed, and seldom complete the course of treatment.[5][6] In respect of hypertension, 50% of patients completely drop out of care within a year of diagnosis.[58] Persistence with first-line single antihypertensive drugs is extremely low during the first year of treatment.[59] As far as lipid-lowering treatment is concerned, only one third of patients are compliant with at least 90% of their treatment.[60] Intensification of patient care interventions (e.g. electronic reminders, pharmacist-led interventions, healthcare professional education of patients) improves patient adherence rates to lipid-lowering medicines, as well as total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels.[61]

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in 2003 that only 50% of people complete long-term therapy for chronic illnesses as they were prescribed, which puts patient health at risk.[62] For example, in 2002 statin compliance dropped to between 25 and 40% after two years of treatment, with patients taking statins for what they perceive to be preventative reasons being unusually poor compliers.[63]

A wide variety of packaging approaches have been proposed to help patients complete prescribed treatments. These approaches include formats that increase the ease of remembering the dosage regimen as well as different labels for increasing patient understanding of directions.[64][65] For example, medications are sometimes packed with reminder systems for the day and/or time of the week to take the medicine.[65] Some evidence shows that reminder packaging may improve clinical outcomes such as blood pressure.[65]

A not-for-profit organisation called the Healthcare Compliance Packaging Council of Europe] (HCPC-Europe) was set up between the pharmaceutical industry, the packaging industry with representatives of European patients organisations. The mission of HCPC-Europe is to assist and to educate the healthcare sector in the improvement of patient compliance through the use of packaging solutions. A variety of packaging solutions have been developed by this collaboration.[66]

World Health Organization Barriers to Adherence

The World Health Organization (WHO) groups barriers to medication adherence into five categories; health care team and system-related factors, social and economic factors, condition-related factors, therapy-related factors, and patient-related factors. Common barriers include:[67]

Barrier Category
Poor Patient-provider Relationship Health Care Team and System
Inadequate Access to Health Services Health Care Team and System
High Medication Cost Social and Economic
Cultural Beliefs Social and Economic
Level of Symptom Severity Condition
Availability of Effective Treatments Condition
Immediacy of Beneficial Effects Therapy
Side Effects Therapy
Stigma Surrounding Disease Patient
Inadequate Knowledge of Treatment Patient

Improving adherence rates

Role of health care providers

Health care providers play a great role in improving adherence issues. Providers can improve patient interactions through motivational interviewing and active listening.[68] Health care providers should work with patients to devise a plan that is meaningful for the patient's needs. A relationship that offers trust, cooperation, and mutual responsibility can greatly improve the connection between provider and patient for a positive impact.[12] The wording that health care professionals take when sharing health advice may have an impact on adherence and health behaviours, however, further research is needed to understand if positive framing (e.g., the chance of surviving is improved if you go for screening) versus negative framing (e.g., the chance of dying is higher if you do not go for screening) is more effective for specific conditions.[69]

Technology

In 2012 it was predicted that as telemedicine technology improves, physicians will have better capabilities to remotely monitor patients in real-time and to communicate recommendations and medication adjustments using personal mobile devices, such as smartphones, rather than waiting until the next office visit.[70]

Medication Event Monitoring Systems, as in the form of smart medicine bottle tops, smart pharmacy vials or smart blister packages as used in clinical trials and other applications where exact compliance data are required, work without any patient input, and record the time and date the bottle or vial was accessed, or the medication removed from a blister package. The data can be read via proprietary readers, or NFC enabled devices, such as smartphones or tablets. A 2009 study stated that such devices can help improve adherence.[71]

The effectiveness of two-way email communication between health care professionals and their patients has not been adequately assessed.[72]

Mobile phones

As of 2019, 5.15 billion people, which equates to 67% of the global population, have a mobile device and this number is growing.[73] Mobile phones have been used in healthcare and has fostered its own term, mHealth. They have also played a role in improving adherence to medication.[74] For example, text messaging has been used to remind patients to take medication in patients with chronic conditions such as asthma and hypertension.[75] Other examples include the use of smartphones for synchronous and asynchronous Video Observed Therapy (VOT) as a replacement for the currently resource intensive[76] standard of Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) (recommended by the WHO[77]) for Tuberculosis management.[78] Other mHealth interventions for improving adherence to medication include smartphone applications,[79] voice recognition in interactive phone calls[80] and Telepharmacy.[81] Some results show that the use of mHealth improves adherence to medication and is cost-effective,[81] though some reviews report mixed results.[82] Studies show that using mHealth to improve adherence to medication is feasible and accepted by patients.[82][81] Specific mobile applications might also support adherence.[83][84] mHealth interventions have also been used alongside other telehealth interventions such as wearable wireless pill sensors,[85] smart pillboxes[85] and smart inhalers[86]

Forms of medication

Depot injections need to be taken less regularly than other forms of medication and a medical professional is involved in the administration of drugs so can increase compliance. Depot's are used for oral contraceptive pill[87] and antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia[88] and bipolar disorder.[89]

Coercion

Sometimes drugs are given involuntarily to ensure compliance. This can occur if an individual has been involuntarily commitment[90] or are subjected to an outpatient commitment order, where failure to take medication will result in detention and involuntary administration of treatment.[91]: 16  This can also occur if a patient is not deemed to have mental capacity to consent to treatment in an informed way.[92]

Health and disease management

A WHO study estimates that only 50% of patients with chronic diseases in developed countries follow treatment recommendations.[1]

Asthma non-compliance (28–70% worldwide) increases the risk of severe asthma attacks requiring preventable ER visits and hospitalisations; compliance issues with asthma can be caused by a variety of reasons including: difficult inhaler use, side effects of medications, and cost of the treatment.[93]

Cancer

200,000 new cases of cancer are diagnosed each year in the UK. One in three adults in the UK will develop cancer that can be life-threatening, and 120,000 people will be killed by their cancer each year. This accounts for 25% of all deaths in the UK. However while 90% of cancer pain can be effectively treated, only 40% of patients adhere to their medicines due to poor understanding.

Results of a recent (2016) systematic review found a large proportion of patients struggle to take their oral antineoplastic medications as prescribed. This presents opportunities and challenges for patient education, reviewing and documenting treatment plans, and patient monitoring, especially with the increase in patient cancer treatments at home.[13]

The reasons for non-adherence have been given by patients as follows:

  • The poor quality of information available to them about their treatment
  • A lack of knowledge as to how to raise concerns whilst on medication
  • Concerns about unwanted effects
  • Issues about remembering to take medication

Partridge et al (2002) identified evidence to show that adherence rates in cancer treatment are variable, and sometimes surprisingly poor. The following table is a summary of their findings:[94]

Type of CancerMeasure of non-AdherenceDefinition of non-AdherenceRate of Non-Adherence
Haematological malignanciesSerum levels of drug metabolitesSerum levels below expected threshold83%
Breast cancerSelf-reportTaking less than 90% of prescribed medicine47%
Leukemia or non Hodgkin's lymphomaLevel of drug metabolite in urineLevel lower than expected33%
Leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non Hodgkin'sSelf-report and parent reportMore than one missed dose per month35%
Lymphoma, other malignanciesSerum bioassayNot described
Hodgkin's disease, acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)Biological markersLevel lower than expected50%
ALLLevel of drug metabolite in urineLevel lower than expected42%
ALLLevel of drug metabolites in bloodLevel lower than expected10%
ALLLevel of drug metabolites in bloodLevel lower than expected2%
  • Medication event monitoring system - a medication dispenser containing a microchip that records when the container is opened and from Partridge et al (2002)

In 1998, trials evaluating Tamoxifen as a preventative agent have shown dropout rates of around one-third:

  • 36% in the Royal Marsden Tamoxifen Chemoprevention Study of 1998[95]
  • 29% in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project of 1998[96]

In March 1999, the "Adherence in the International Breast Cancer Intervention Study" evaluating the effect of a daily dose of Tamoxifen for five years in at-risk women aged 35–70 years was[97]

  • 90% after one year
  • 83% after two years
  • 74% after four years

Diabetes

Patients with diabetes are at high risk of developing coronary heart disease and usually have related conditions that make their treatment regimens even more complex, such as hypertension, obesity and depression[98] which are also characterised by poor rates of adherence.[99]

  • Diabetes non-compliance is 98% in US and the principal cause of complications related to diabetes including nerve damage and kidney failure.
  • Among patients with Type 2 Diabetes, adherence was found in less than one third of those prescribed sulphonylureas and/or metformin. Patients taking both drugs achieve only 13% adherence.[100]

Other aspects that drive medicine adherence rates is the idea of perceived self-efficacy and risk assessment in managing diabetes symptoms and decision making surrounding rigorous medication regiments. Perceived control and self-efficacy not only significantly correlate with each other, but also with diabetes distress psychological symptoms and have been directly related to better medication adherence outcomes.[101] Various external factors also impact diabetic patients' self-management behaviors including health-related knowledge/beliefs, problem-solving skills, and self-regulatory skills, which all impact perceived control over diabetic symptoms.[102]

Additionally, it is crucial to understand the decision-making processes that drive diabetics in their choices surrounding risks of not adhering to their medication. While patient decision aids (PtDAs), sets of tools used to help individuals engage with their clinicians in making decisions about their healthcare options, have been useful in decreasing decisional conflict, improving transfer of diabetes treatment knowledge, and achieving greater risk perception for disease complications, their efficacy in medication adherence has been less substantial.[103] Therefore, the risk perception and decision-making processes surrounding diabetes medication adherence are multi-faceted and complex with socioeconomic implications as well. For example, immigrant health disparities in diabetic outcomes have been associated with a lower risk perception amongst foreign-born adults in the United States compared to their native-born counterparts, which leads to fewer protective lifestyle and treatment changes crucial for combatting diabetes.[104] Additionally, variations in patients' perceptions of time (i.e. taking rigorous, costly medication in the present for abstract beneficial future outcomes can conflict with patients' preferences for immediate versus delayed gratification) may also present severe consequences for adherence as diabetes medication often requires systematic, routine administration.[105]

Hypertension
  • Hypertension non-compliance (93% in US, 70% in UK) is the main cause of uncontrolled hypertension-associated heart attack and stroke.
  • In 1975, only about 50% took at least 80% of their prescribed anti-hypertensive medications.[106]

As a result of poor compliance, 75% of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension do not achieve optimum blood-pressure control.

Mental illness

A 2003 review found that 41–59% of patients prescribed antipsychotics took the medication prescribed to them infrequently or not at all.[107] Sometimes non-adherence is due to lack of insight,[108] but psychotic disorders can be episodic and antipsychotics are then use prophylacticly to reduce the likelihood of relapse rather than treat symptoms and in some cases individuals will have no further episodes despite not using antipsychotics.[109] A 2006 review investigated the effects of compliance therapy for schizophrenia: and found no clear evidence to suggest that compliance therapy was beneficial for people with schizophrenia and related syndromes.[110]

Rheumatoid arthritis

A longitudinal study has shown that adherence with treatment about 60%.[111] The predictors of adherence were found to be more of psychological, communication and logistic nature rather than sociodemographic or clinical factors. The following factors were identified as independent predictors of adherence:

  • the type of treatment prescribed
  • agreement on treatment
  • having received information on treatment adaptation
  • clinician perception of patient trust

See also

References
  1. World Health Organization (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organisation. ISBN 978-92-4-154599-0.
  2. Baker SE, Silvernail J, Scoville C, Kushner S, Mabry L, Konitzer L, et al. (January 2020). "When Exception to Policy Is Exceptional Policy: How Booking Physical Therapy Appointments Too Far in the Future May Adversely Impact Access to Care, Business Optimization, and Readiness". Military Medicine. 185 (Suppl 1): 565–570. doi:10.1093/milmed/usz287. PMID 32074310.
  3. "Out-of-pocket costs may be a substantial barrier to prescription drug compliance" (PDF). Harris Interactive. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 3, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  4. "Medicines concordance (involving patients in decisions about prescribed medicines)". National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-04-27. Retrieved 2011-12-31.
  5. "Enhancing Patient Adherence: Proceedings of the Pinnacle Roundtable Discussion". APA Highlights Newsletter. October 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  6. Ngoh LN (2009). "Health literacy: a barrier to pharmacist-patient communication and medication adherence". Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 49 (5): e132-46, quiz e147-9. doi:10.1331/JAPhA.2009.07075. PMID 19748861. S2CID 22522485.
  7. Elliott RA, Marriott JL (July 2009). "Standardised assessment of patients' capacity to manage medications: a systematic review of published instruments". BMC Geriatrics. 9: 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-27. PMC 2719637. PMID 19594913.
  8. Berhe DF, Taxis K, Haaijer-Ruskamp FM, Mulugeta A, Mengistu YT, Burgerhof JG, Mol PG (September 2017). "Impact of adverse drug events and treatment satisfaction on patient adherence with antihypertensive medication - a study in ambulatory patients". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 83 (9): 2107–2117. doi:10.1111/bcp.13312. PMC 5555859. PMID 28429533.
  9. Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, Hobson N, Jeffery R, Keepanasseril A, et al. (November 2014). "Interventions for enhancing medication adherence". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD000011. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000011.pub4. PMC 7263418. PMID 25412402.
  10. Tilson HH (January 2004). "Adherence or compliance? Changes in terminology". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 38 (1): 161–162. doi:10.1345/aph.1D207. PMID 14742813. S2CID 44291441.
  11. Viswanathan M, Golin CE, Jones CD, Ashok M, Blalock S, Wines RC, Coker-Schwimmer EJ, Grodensky CA, Rosen DL, Yuen A, Sista P, Lohr KN (September 2012). Medication Adherence Interventions: Comparative Effectiveness. Closing the Quality Gap: Revisiting the State of the Science. Evidence Report No. 208 (Report). RTI International–University of North Carolina Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10056-I. AHRQ Publication No. 12-E010-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 2017-01-06.
  12. Nizar R, Elham AJ, Hasan AA (2013). "The golden factor in adherence to inhaled corticosteroid in asthma patients". Egyptian Journal of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis. 62 (3): 371–376. doi:10.1016/j.ejcdt.2013.07.010.
  13. Greer JA, Amoyal N, Nisotel L, Fishbein JN, MacDonald J, Stagl J, et al. (March 2016). "A Systematic Review of Adherence to Oral Antineoplastic Therapies". The Oncologist. 21 (3): 354–376. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0405. PMC 4786357. PMID 26921292.
  14. Marinker M, Shaw J (February 2003). "Not to be taken as directed". BMJ. 326 (7385): 348–349. doi:10.1136/bmj.326.7385.348. PMC 1125224. PMID 12586645.
  15. "Therapeutics Initiative | [132] Rethinking Medication Adherence". Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  16. Osterberg L, Blaschke T (August 2005). "Adherence to medication". The New England Journal of Medicine. 353 (5): 487–497. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050100. PMID 16079372.
  17. Bell JS, Airaksinen MS, Lyles A, Chen TF, Aslani P (November 2007). "Concordance is not synonymous with compliance or adherence". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 710–1, author reply 711–3. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02971_1.x. PMC 2203263. PMID 17875196.
  18. Aronson JK (April 2007). "Compliance, concordance, adherence". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 63 (4): 383–384. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2007.02893.x. PMC 2203247. PMID 17378797.
  19. US NIH Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research (2008). "Framework for adherence research and translation: a blueprint for the next ten years" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-05-28. Retrieved 2010-05-12.
  20. Office of Behavior and Social Sciences Research. "Adherence Research Network". U.S. National Institutes of Health. Archived from the original on 2010-05-02. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
  21. Jin J, Sklar GE, Min Sen Oh V, Chuen Li S (February 2008). "Factors affecting therapeutic compliance: A review from the patient's perspective". Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management. 4 (1): 269–286. doi:10.2147/tcrm.s1458. PMC 2503662. PMID 18728716.
  22. "Enhancing Patient Adherence: Proceedings of the Pinnacle Roundtable Discussion". APA Highlights Newsletter. October 2004. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2018-10-02.
  23. Elliott RA, Marriott JL (July 2009). "Standardised assessment of patients' capacity to manage medications: a systematic review of published instruments". BMC Geriatrics. 9: 27. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-9-27. PMC 2719637. PMID 19594913.
  24. Donald Acheson (1998). Independent inquiry into inequalities in health (Report).
  25. Tackling health inequalities (Report). HM Government. 2002.
  26. Park DC, Hertzog C, Leventhal H, Morrell RW, Leventhal E, Birchmore D, et al. (February 1999). "Medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis patients: older is wiser". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 47 (2): 172–183. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb04575.x. hdl:2027.42/111192. PMID 9988288. S2CID 25724467.
  27. Moser Report Summary educationengland.org, 14 pages (1999)retrieved 28. 12. 2017
  28. Williams J, Clemens S, Oleinikova K, Tarvin K (2003). "The skills for life survey. A national needs and impact survey of literacy, numeracy and ICT skills". London: Department for Education and Skills.
  29. "Tackling Health Inequalities: Summary of the 2002 Cross-Cutting Review" (PDF). Retrieved 30 May 2022. An analysis of over 100 local education authority areas found educational attainment at age 15-16 to be significantly associated with both CHD and infant mortality.
  30. Williams MV, Baker DW, Honig EG, Lee TM, Nowlan A (October 1998). "Inadequate literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care". Chest. 114 (4): 1008–1015. doi:10.1378/chest.114.4.1008. PMID 9792569.
  31. New Report Card on Medication Use Gives Americans a C+ Archived 2017-12-28 at the Wayback Machine Pharmacy Times. JUNE 25, 2013
  32. Thinking Outside the Pillbox: A System-wide Approach to Improving Patient Adherence for Chronic Disease." NEHI. 2009
  33. Eaddy MT, Cook CL, O'Day K, Burch SP, Cantrell CR (January 2012). "How patient cost-sharing trends affect adherence and outcomes: a literature review". P & T. 37 (1): 45–55. PMC 3278192. PMID 22346336.
  34. Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A (2016). "The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States: Origins and Prospects for Reform". JAMA. 316 (8): 858–871. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.11237. PMID 27552619.
  35. "Kaiser Family Foundation: Poll Finds Nearly Three Quarters of Americans Say Prescription Drug Costs Are Unreasonable, and Most Blame Drug Makers Rather Than Insurers for the Problem". Kaiser Family Foundation. 16 June 2015.
  36. Kennedy J, Morgan S (January 2009). "Cost-related prescription nonadherence in the United States and Canada: a system-level comparison using the 2007 International Health Policy Survey in Seven Countries". Clinical Therapeutics. 31 (1): 213–219. doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.01.006. PMID 19243719.
  37. Jolley D (January 2003). "National Service Framework for Older People". Psychiatric Bulletin (12th ed.). London: Department of Health. 27 (1): 38. doi:10.1192/pb.27.1.38.
  38. Compendium of Health Statistics. London: UK Office of Health Economics. 2000.
  39. Cline CM, Björck-Linné AK, Israelsson BY, Willenheimer RB, Erhardt LR (June 1999). "Non-compliance and knowledge of prescribed medication in elderly patients with heart failure". European Journal of Heart Failure. 1 (2): 145–149. doi:10.1016/S1388-9842(99)00014-8. PMID 10937924. S2CID 32043403.
  40. Barat I, Andreasen F, Damsgaard EM (June 2001). "Drug therapy in the elderly: what doctors believe and patients actually do". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 51 (6): 615–622. doi:10.1046/j.0306-5251.2001.01401.x. PMC 2014493. PMID 11422022.
  41. Guglani L, Havstad SL, Ownby DR, Saltzgaber J, Johnson DA, Johnson CC, Joseph CL (November 2013). "Exploring the impact of elevated depressive symptoms on the ability of a tailored asthma intervention to improve medication adherence among urban adolescents with asthma". Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. 9 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-45. PMC 3832221. PMID 24479403.
  42. Gearing RE, Mian IA (November 2005). "An approach to maximizing treatment adherence of children and adolescents with psychotic disorders and major mood disorders". The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review. 14 (4): 106–113. PMC 2553227. PMID 19030524.
  43. Mitchell WG, Scheier LM, Baker SA (December 2000). "Adherence to treatment in children with epilepsy: who follows "doctor's orders"?". Epilepsia. 41 (12): 1616–1625. doi:10.1111/j.1499-1654.2000.001616.x. PMID 11114221. S2CID 37916677.
  44. Otero S, Hodes M (September 2000). "Maternal expressed emotion and treatment compliance of children with epilepsy". Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. 42 (9): 604–608. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2000.tb00365.x. PMID 11034453. S2CID 8421777.
  45. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, Jeste DV (January 2002). "Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents?". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (1): 103–108. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.103. PMID 11772697.
  46. Nosé M, Barbui C, Gray R, Tansella M (September 2003). "Clinical interventions for treatment non-adherence in psychosis: meta-analysis". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 183 (3): 197–206. doi:10.1192/bjp.183.3.197. PMID 12948991.
  47. Courtenay WH, McCreary DR, Merighi JR (May 2002). "Gender and ethnic differences in health beliefs and behaviors". Journal of Health Psychology. 7 (3): 219–231. doi:10.1177/1359105302007003216. PMID 22114246. S2CID 41828950.
  48. Meyerowitz BE, Richardson J, Hudson S, Leedham B (January 1998). "Ethnicity and cancer outcomes: behavioral and psychosocial considerations". Psychological Bulletin. 123 (1): 47–70. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.1.47. PMID 9461853.
  49. Prieto LR, Miller DS, Gayowski T, Marino IR (December 1997). "Multicultural issues in organ transplantation: the influence of patients' cultural perspectives on compliance with treatment". Clinical Transplantation. 11 (6): 529–535. PMID 9408680.
  50. Beltrán, Sourik, Lanair A. Lett, and Peter F. Cronholm. "Nonadherence labeling in primary care: bias by race and insurance type for adults with type 2 diabetes." American journal of preventive medicine 57.5 (2019): 652-658.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.06.005
  51. Beltrán, Sourik, et al. "Associations of race, insurance, and zip code-level income with nonadherence diagnoses in primary and specialty diabetes care." The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 34.5 (2021): 891-897. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2021.05.200639
  52. Fischer MA, Stedman MR, Lii J, Vogeli C, Shrank WH, Brookhart MA, Weissman JS (April 2010). "Primary medication non-adherence: analysis of 195,930 electronic prescriptions". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 25 (4): 284–290. doi:10.1007/s11606-010-1253-9. PMC 2842539. PMID 20131023.
  53. Norton M (2010). "Many patients may not fill their prescriptions". Reuters Health. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  54. Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Taylor S, Wood GC, Stewart WF (February 2009). "Factors associated with first-fill adherence rates for diabetic medications: a cohort study". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 24 (2): 233–237. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0870-z. PMC 2629003. PMID 19093157.
  55. Shah NR, Hirsch AG, Zacker C, Wood GC, Schoenthaler A, Ogedegbe G, Stewart WF (April 2009). "Predictors of first-fill adherence for patients with hypertension". American Journal of Hypertension. 22 (4): 392–396. doi:10.1038/ajh.2008.367. PMC 2693322. PMID 19180061.
  56. Watanabe JH, Bounthavong M, Chen T (March 2013). "Revisiting the medication possession ratio threshold for adherence in lipid management". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 29 (3): 175–180. doi:10.1185/03007995.2013.766164. PMID 23320610. S2CID 206967136.
  57. Kozma CM, Dickson M, Phillips AL, Meletiche DM (2013). "Medication possession ratio: implications of using fixed and variable observation periods in assessing adherence with disease-modifying drugs in patients with multiple sclerosis". Patient Preference and Adherence. 7: 509–516. doi:10.2147/PPA.S40736. PMC 3685450. PMID 23807840.
  58. Mapes RE (September 1977). "Physicians' drug innovation and relinquishment". Social Science & Medicine. 11 (11–13): 619–624. doi:10.1016/0037-7856(77)90044-0. PMID 607411.
  59. Mazzaglia G, Mantovani LG, Sturkenboom MC, Filippi A, Trifirò G, Cricelli C, et al. (November 2005). "Patterns of persistence with antihypertensive medications in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients in Italy: a retrospective cohort study in primary care". Journal of Hypertension. 23 (11): 2093–2100. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000186832.41125.8a. PMID 16208153. S2CID 26366054.
  60. Sung JC, Nichol MB, Venturini F, Bailey KL, McCombs JS, Cody M (October 1998). "Factors affecting patient compliance with antihyperlipidemic medications in an HMO population". The American Journal of Managed Care. 4 (10): 1421–1430. PMID 10338735.
  61. van Driel ML, Morledge MD, Ulep R, Shaffer JP, Davies P, Deichmann R (December 2016). "Interventions to improve adherence to lipid-lowering medication". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (3): CD004371. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004371.pub4. PMC 4163627. PMID 28000212.
  62. World Health Organization (2003). Adherence to long-term therapies: evidence for action (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organisation. ISBN 978-92-4-154599-0.
  63. Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M, Tu JV (2002). "Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes". JAMA. 288 (4): 462–467. doi:10.1001/jama.288.4.462. PMID 12132976.
  64. Shrank W, Avorn J, Rolon C, Shekelle P (May 2007). "Effect of content and format of prescription drug labels on readability, understanding, and medication use: a systematic review". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy. 41 (5): 783–801. doi:10.1345/aph.1H582. PMID 17426075. S2CID 25171756.
  65. Mahtani KR, Heneghan CJ, Glasziou PP, Perera R (September 2011). "Reminder packaging for improving adherence to self-administered long-term medications". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD005025. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005025.pub3. PMID 21901694.
  66. Healthcare Compliance Packaging Council of Europe www.hcpc-europe.org
  67. "Adherence to Long-Term Therapies - Evidence for Action: Section II - Improving adherence rates: guidance for countries: Chapter V - Towards the solution: 1. Five interacting dimensions affect adherence". apps.who.int. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved 2018-03-23.
  68. Stefanacci RG, Guerin S (January 2013). "Why medication adherence matters to patients, payers, providers". Managed Care (Langhorne, Pa.). 22 (1): 37–9. PMID 23373139.
  69. Akl EA, Oxman AD, Herrin J, Vist GE, Terrenato I, Sperati F, et al. (December 2011). "Framing of health information messages". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (12): CD006777. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006777.pub2. PMID 22161408.
  70. Torrieri M (2012). "Patient compliance: technology tools for physicians". Physicians Practice. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06.
  71. Santschi V, Chiolero A, Burnier M (November 2009). "Electronic monitors of drug adherence: tools to make rational therapeutic decisions". Journal of Hypertension. 27 (11): 2294–5, author reply 2295. doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328332a501. PMID 20724871.
  72. Atherton H, Sawmynaden P, Sheikh A, Majeed A, Car J (November 2012). "Email for clinical communication between patients/caregivers and healthcare professionals". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11: CD007978. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007978.pub2. PMID 23152249.
  73. Turner A (2018-07-10). "1 Billion More Phones Than People In The World! BankMyCell". BankMyCell. Retrieved 2019-12-04.
  74. Thakkar J, Kurup R, Laba TL, Santo K, Thiagalingam A, Rodgers A, et al. (March 2016). "Mobile Telephone Text Messaging for Medication Adherence in Chronic Disease: A Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (3): 340–349. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7667. PMID 26831740.
  75. Anglada-Martinez H, Riu-Viladoms G, Martin-Conde M, Rovira-Illamola M, Sotoca-Momblona JM, Codina-Jane C (January 2015). "Does mHealth increase adherence to medication? Results of a systematic review". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 69 (1): 9–32. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12582. PMID 25472682. S2CID 9259305.
  76. Raviglione MC (May 2007). "The new Stop TB Strategy and the Global Plan to Stop TB, 2006-2015". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 85 (5): 327. doi:10.2471/blt.06.038513. PMC 2636638. PMID 17639210.
  77. Bhandari R (2018-07-22). "International Standards for Tuberculosis Care (ISTC) and Patients' Charter: New Advances in Tuberculosis Care". Health Prospect. 10: 43–45. doi:10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5651. ISSN 2091-203X.
  78. Ngwatu BK, Nsengiyumva NP, Oxlade O, Mappin-Kasirer B, Nguyen NL, Jaramillo E, et al. (January 2018). "The impact of digital health technologies on tuberculosis treatment: a systematic review". The European Respiratory Journal. 51 (1): 1701596. doi:10.1183/13993003.01596-2017. PMC 5764088. PMID 29326332.
  79. Subhi Y, Bube SH, Rolskov Bojsen S, Skou Thomsen AS, Konge L (July 2015). "Expert Involvement and Adherence to Medical Evidence in Medical Mobile Phone Apps: A Systematic Review". JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 3 (3): e79. doi:10.2196/mhealth.4169. PMC 4705370. PMID 26215371.
  80. Gandapur Y, Kianoush S, Kelli HM, Misra S, Urrea B, Blaha MJ, et al. (October 2016). "The role of mHealth for improving medication adherence in patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review". European Heart Journal - Quality of Care & Clinical Outcomes. 2 (4): 237–244. doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcw018. PMC 5862021. PMID 29474713.
  81. Jeminiwa R, Hohmann L, Qian J, Garza K, Hansen R, Fox BI (March 2019). "Impact of eHealth on medication adherence among patients with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Respiratory Medicine. 149: 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.011. PMID 30803887. S2CID 73479465.
  82. Hamine S, Gerth-Guyette E, Faulx D, Green BB, Ginsburg AS (February 2015). "Impact of mHealth chronic disease management on treatment adherence and patient outcomes: a systematic review". Journal of Medical Internet Research. 17 (2): e52. doi:10.2196/jmir.3951. PMC 4376208. PMID 25803266.
  83. "Apps to help patients take medication on time need to be evaluated in a consistent way". NIHR Evidence (Plain English summary). National Institute for Health and Care Research. 2020-06-02. doi:10.3310/alert_40365.
  84. Armitage LC, Kassavou A, Sutton S (January 2020). "Do mobile device apps designed to support medication adherence demonstrate efficacy? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials, with meta-analysis". BMJ Open. 10 (1): e032045. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032045. PMC 7045248. PMID 32005778.
  85. Aldeer M, Javanmard M, Martin RP (June 2018). "A Review of Medication Adherence Monitoring Technologies". Applied System Innovation. 1 (2): 14. doi:10.3390/asi1020014.
  86. Chan AH, Reddel HK, Apter A, Eakin M, Riekert K, Foster JM (September 2013). "Adherence monitoring and e-health: how clinicians and researchers can use technology to promote inhaler adherence for asthma". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice. 1 (5): 446–454. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2013.06.015. PMID 24565615.
  87. Hansen LB, Saseen JJ (February 2004). "New contraceptive options: patient adherence and satisfaction". American Family Physician. 69 (4): 811–2, 815–6. PMID 14989570.
  88. Brissos S, Veguilla MR, Taylor D, Balanzá-Martinez V (October 2014). "The role of long-acting injectable antipsychotics in schizophrenia: a critical appraisal". Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 4 (5): 198–219. doi:10.1177/2045125314540297. PMC 4212490. PMID 25360245.
  89. Calabrese JR, Jin N, Johnson B, Such P, Baker RA, Madera J, et al. (June 2018). "Aripiprazole once-monthly as maintenance treatment for bipolar I disorder: a 52-week, multicenter, open-label study". International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 6 (1): 14. doi:10.1186/s40345-018-0122-z. PMC 6162003. PMID 29886522.
  90. Smith JP, Herber OR (June 2015). "Ethical issues experienced by mental health nurses in the administration of antipsychotic depot and long-acting intramuscular injections: a qualitative study". International Journal of Mental Health Nursing. 24 (3): 222–230. doi:10.1111/inm.12105. PMID 25394562.
  91. Molodynski A, Rugkåsa J, Burns T (2016). Coercion in community mental health care : international perspectives. Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-103431-2. OCLC 953456448.
  92. Davidson G, Brophy L, Campbell J, Farrell SJ, Gooding P, O'Brien AM (January 2016). "An international comparison of legal frameworks for supported and substitute decision-making in mental health services". International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 44: 30–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.029. hdl:10379/11074. PMID 26318975. S2CID 6564501.
  93. Bender BG, Bender SE (February 2005). "Patient-identified barriers to asthma treatment adherence: responses to interviews, focus groups, and questionnaires". Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America. 25 (1): 107–130. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2004.09.005. PMID 15579367.
  94. Partridge AH, Avorn J, Wang PS, Winer EP (May 2002). "Adherence to therapy with oral antineoplastic agents". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 94 (9): 652–661. doi:10.1093/jnci/94.9.652. PMID 11983753.
  95. Powles T, Eeles R, Ashley S, Easton D, Chang J, Dowsett M, et al. (July 1998). "Interim analysis of the incidence of breast cancer in the Royal Marsden Hospital tamoxifen randomised chemoprevention trial". Lancet. 352 (9122): 98–101. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)85012-5. PMID 9672274. S2CID 25710954.
  96. Fisher B, Costantino JP, Wickerham DL, Redmond CK, Kavanah M, Cronin WM, et al. (September 1998). "Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 Study". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 90 (18): 1371–1388. doi:10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371. PMID 9747868.
  97. Cuzick J, Edwards R (March 1999). "Drop-outs in tamoxifen prevention trials". Lancet. 353 (9156): 930. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)75043-1. PMID 10094016. S2CID 34484166.
  98. Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE (January 1997). "Depression in Adults with Diabetes". Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1053/SCNP00200015 (inactive 31 July 2022). PMID 10320439.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2022 (link)
  99. Ciechanowski PS, Katon WJ, Russo JE (November 2000). "Depression and diabetes: impact of depressive symptoms on adherence, function, and costs". Archives of Internal Medicine. 160 (21): 3278–3285. doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3278. PMID 11088090.
  100. Donnan PT, MacDonald TM, Morris AD (April 2002). "Adherence to prescribed oral hypoglycaemic medication in a population of patients with Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study". Diabetic Medicine. 19 (4): 279–284. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00689.x. PMID 11942998. S2CID 25425866.
  101. Gonzalez JS, Shreck E, Psaros C, Safren SA (May 2015). "Distress and type 2 diabetes-treatment adherence: A mediating role for perceived control". Health Psychology. 34 (5): 505–513. doi:10.1037/hea0000131. PMC 4324372. PMID 25110840.
  102. Gonzalez JS, Tanenbaum ML, Commissariat PV (October 2016). "Psychosocial factors in medication adherence and diabetes self-management: Implications for research and practice". The American Psychologist. 71 (7): 539–551. doi:10.1037/a0040388. PMC 5792162. PMID 27690483.
  103. Karagiannis T, Andreadis P, Manolopoulos A, Malandris K, Avgerinos I, Karagianni A, Tsapas A (May 2019). "Decision aids for people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: an effectiveness rapid review and meta-analysis". Diabetic Medicine. 36 (5): 557–568. doi:10.1111/dme.13939. PMID 30791131. S2CID 73478533.
  104. Hsueh L, Peña JM, Hirsh AT, de Groot M, Stewart JC (December 2019). "Diabetes Risk Perception Among Immigrant and Racial/Ethnic Minority Adults in the United States". The Diabetes Educator. 45 (6): 642–651. doi:10.1177/0145721719873640. hdl:1805/24928. PMID 31725364. S2CID 202828669.
  105. Brown MT, Bussell J, Dutta S, Davis K, Strong S, Mathew S (April 2016). "Medication Adherence: Truth and Consequences". The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 351 (4): 387–399. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2016.01.010. PMID 27079345. S2CID 2242558.
  106. Sackett DL, Haynes RB, Gibson ES, Hackett BC, Taylor DW, Roberts RS, Johnson AL (May 1975). "Randomised clinical trial of strategies for improving medication compliance in primary hypertension". Lancet. 1 (7918): 1205–1207. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92192-3. PMID 48832. S2CID 30096333.
  107. Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Leckband S, Jeste DV (August 2003). "Interventions to improve antipsychotic medication adherence: review of recent literature". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 23 (4): 389–399. doi:10.1097/01.jcp.0000085413.08426.41. PMID 12920416. S2CID 8303124.
  108. Olfson M, Marcus SC, Wilk J, West JC (February 2006). "Awareness of illness and nonadherence to antipsychotic medications among persons with schizophrenia". Psychiatric Services. 57 (2): 205–211. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.57.2.205. PMID 16452697.
  109. Murray RM, Quattrone D, Natesan S, van Os J, Nordentoft M, Howes O, et al. (November 2016). "Should psychiatrists be more cautious about the long-term prophylactic use of antipsychotics?". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 209 (5): 361–365. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.116.182683. PMID 27802977. S2CID 3402263.
  110. McIntosh AM, Conlon L, Lawrie SM, Stanfield AC (July 2006). "Compliance therapy for schizophrenia". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 3 (3): CD003442. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003442.pub2. PMC 7017223. PMID 16856009.
  111. Balsa A, García de Yébenes MJ, Carmona L (March 2022). "Multilevel factors predict medication adherence in rheumatoid arthritis: a 6-month cohort study". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 81 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-221163. PMID 34844924. S2CID 244730262.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.