LVM 3

The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM 3),[1][13] previously referred to as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk3),[13] is a three-stage[1] medium-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Primarily designed to launch communication satellites into geostationary orbit,[14] it is also due to launch crewed missions under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme.[15] GSLV Mk III has a higher payload capacity than it’s predecessor, GSLV Mk II.[16][17][18][19]

LVM3
LVM3 on Second Launch Pad, SDSC-SHAR
FunctionMedium-lift launch vehicle[1]
ManufacturerIndian Space Research Organisation
Country of originIndia
Cost per launch₹500 crore (US$63 million)[2][3]
Size
Height43.43 m (142.5 ft)[4][1]
Diameter4 m (13 ft)[4]
Mass640,000 kg (1,410,000 lb)[1]
Stages3[1]
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass10,000 kg (22,000 lb)[5]
Payload to GTO
Mass4,000 kg (8,800 lb)[1]
Associated rockets
FamilyGeosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sitesSatish Dhawan Space Centre SLP, Andhra Pradesh, India
Total launches4 (+1 suborbital)
Success(es)4 (+1 suborbital)
Failure(s)0
First flight
  • 18 December 2014 (suborbital)
  • 5 June 2017 (orbital)
Last flight22 October 2022
People or cargo transportedCARE, Chandrayaan-2, OneWeb
First stage – S200 Boosters
Height25 m (82 ft)[1]
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft)[1]
Empty mass31,000 kg (68,000 lb) each[6]
Gross mass236,000 kg (520,000 lb) each[6]
Propellant mass205,000 kg (452,000 lb) each[6]
Powered bySolid S200
Maximum thrust5,150 kN (525 tf)[7][8][9]
Specific impulse274.5 seconds (2.692 km/s) (vacuum)[6]
Burn time128 s[6]
PropellantHTPB[6]
Second stage – L110
Height21.39 m (70.2 ft)[10]
Diameter4.0 m (13.1 ft)[6]
Empty mass9,000 kg (20,000 lb)[10]
Gross mass125,000 kg (276,000 lb)[10]
Propellant mass116,000 kg (256,000 lb)[10]
Powered by2 Vikas engines
Maximum thrust1,598 kN (163.0 tf)[6][11][12]
Specific impulse293 seconds (2.87 km/s)[6]
Burn time203 s[10]
PropellantUDMH / N2O4
Third stage – C25
Height13.545 m (44.44 ft)[6]
Diameter4.0 m (13.1 ft)[6]
Empty mass5,000 kg (11,000 lb)[10]
Gross mass33,000 kg (73,000 lb)[10]
Propellant mass28,000 kg (62,000 lb)[6]
Powered by1 CE-20
Maximum thrust196.5 kN (20.04 tf)[6]
Specific impulse434 seconds (4.26 km/s)
Burn time643 s[6]
PropellantLOX / LH2

After several delays and a sub-orbital test flight on 18 December 2014, ISRO successfully conducted the first orbital test launch of GSLV Mk III on 5 June 2017 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[20]

Total development cost of project was ₹2,962.78 crore (equivalent to ₹38 billion or US$480 million in 2020).[21] In June 2018, the Union Cabinet approved ₹4,338 crore (equivalent to ₹49 billion or US$620 million in 2020) to build 10 GSLV Mk III rockets over a five-year period.[22]

The GSLV Mk III has launched CARE, India's space capsule recovery experiment module, Chandrayaan-2, India's second lunar mission, and will be used to carry Gaganyaan, the first crewed mission under Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. In March 2022, UK-based global communication satellite provider OneWeb entered into an agreement with ISRO to launch OneWeb satellites aboard the GSLV Mk III along with the PSLV, due to the launch services from Roscosmos being cut off, caused by the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.[23][24][25] The first launch took place on 22nd October 2022, injecting 36 satellites for Low Earth Orbit.

ISRO changed the name of GSLV Mk3 to LVM 3 after the successful launch of LVM3-M2 mission. The rename was done to remove any ambiguity on the ability of the vehicle to put payloads in a particular orbit.[26]

History
First orbital flight of GSLV Mk III
First operational flight of GSLV Mk III, carrying Chandrayaan-2

Development

ISRO initially planned two launcher families, the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle for low Earth orbit and polar launches and the larger Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle for payloads to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The vehicle was reconceptualized as a more powerful launcher as the ISRO mandate changed. This increase in size allowed the launch of heavier communication and multipurpose satellites, human-rating to launch crewed missions, and future interplanetary exploration.[27] Development of the GSLV Mk III began in the early 2000s, with the first launch planned for 2009–2010.[28] The unsuccessful launch of GSLV D3, due to a failure in the cryogenic upper stage,[28] delayed the GSLV Mk III development program.[29][30] The GSLV Mk III, while sharing a name with the GSLV, features different systems and components.

S200 static fire tests

The first static fire test of the S200 solid rocket booster, ST-01, was conducted on 24 January 2010.[7] The booster fired for 130 seconds and had nominal performance throughout the burn. It generated a peak thrust of about 4,900 kN (1,100,000 lbf).[31][8] A second static fire test, ST-02, was conducted on 4 September 2011. The booster fired for 140 seconds and again had nominal performance through the test.[32] A third test, ST-03, was conducted on 14 June 2015 to validate the changes from the sub-orbital test flight data.[33][34]

Human rated variant of S200 or HS200 was developed for the Gaganyaan programme. The first static fire test of HS200 was conducted on 13 May 2022 at SDSC SHAR for a duration of 135 seconds with no issues.[35]

L110 static fire tests

ISRO conducted the first static test of the L110 core stage at its Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu on 5 March 2010. The test was planned to last 200 seconds, but was terminated at 150 seconds after a leakage in a control system was detected.[36] A second static fire test for the full duration was conducted on 8 September 2010.[37]

C25 stage tests
C25 D Stage on test stand

The first static fire test of the C25 cryogenic stage was conducted on 25 January 2017 at the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. The stage fired for a duration of 50 seconds and performed nominally.[38]

A second static fire test for the full in-flight duration of 640 seconds was completed on 17 February 2017.[39] This test demonstrated consistency in engine performance along with its sub-systems, including the thrust chamber, gas generator, turbopumps and control components for the full duration.[39]

Modifications after LVM3-X
GSLV Mk III in Flight X configuration

After the suborbital test flight of GSLV Mk III, certain modifications were made to the vehicle to improve its performance. The propellant grain geometry of the head end segments were changed from a 10-lobed slotted configuration to a 13-lobed star configuration and propellant load was reduced to 205 tonnes (452,000 lb) to improve performance during transonic phase of flight.[40] The payload fairing was modified to an ogive shape, and the S200 booster nosecones and inter-tank structure were redesigned to have better aerodynamic performance.[40]

Vehicle design
S200 strap-ons

The first stage consists of two S200 solid motors, also known as Large Solid Boosters (LSB) attached to the core stage. Each booster is 3.2 metres (10 ft) wide, 25 metres (82 ft) long, and carries 207 tonnes (456,000 lb) of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based propellant in three segments with casings made out of M250 maraging steel. It is the largest solid-fuel booster after the Space Shuttle SRBs and Ariane 5 SRBs. The flex nozzles can be vectored up to ±8° using electro-hydraulic actuators operating in blow-down mode and are used for vehicle control during the initial ascent phase.[41][42][43] Hydraulic fluid for operating these actuators is stored in an externally mounted cylindrical tank at the base of each booster.[44] These boosters burn for 130 seconds and produce an average thrust of 3,578.2 kilonewtons (804,400 lbf) and a peak thrust of 5,150 kilonewtons (1,160,000 lbf) each.[42][7]

L110 Liquid Stage at the Stage Preparation Facility

The second stage, designated L110, is a liquid-fueled stage that is 21 metres (69 ft) tall and 4 metres (13 ft) wide, and contains 110 metric tons (240,000 lb) of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). It is powered by two Vikas 2 engines, each generating 766 kilonewtons (172,000 lbf) thrust, giving a total thrust of 1,532 kilonewtons (344,000 lbf).[11][12] The L110 is the first Indian clustered liquid-fueled engine. The Vikas engines uses regenerative cooling, providing improved weight and specific impulse compared to earlier Indian rockets.[42][45] Each Vikas engine can be individually gimbaled to control vehicle pitch, yaw and roll control. The L110 core stage ignites 114 seconds after liftoff and burns for 203 seconds.[42][12] Since the L110 stage is air-lit, its engines need shielding during flight from the exhaust of the operating S200 boosters and reverse flow of gases by a 'nozzle closure system' which gets jettisoned prior to L110 ignition.[46]

C25 cryogenic stage

The cryogenic upper stage, designated C25, is 4 metres (13 ft) in diameter and 13.5 metres (44 ft) long, and contains 28 metric tons (62,000 lb) of propellant LOX and LH2, pressurized by helium stored in submerged bottles.[45][47] It is powered by a single CE-20 engine, producing 200 kN (45,000 lbf) of thrust. CE-20 is the first cryogenic engine developed by India which uses a gas generator, as compared to the staged combustion engines used in GSLV.[48]

The CFRP composite payload fairing has a diameter of 5 metres (16 ft) and a payload volume of 110 cubic metres (3,900 cu ft).[6]

Variants and upgrades

Mating with semi-cryogenic stage

The L110 core stage in the GSLV Mk III is planned to be replaced by the SC120, a kerolox stage powered by the SCE-200 engine[49] to increase its payload capacity to 7.5 metric tons (17,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[50] The SCE-200 uses kerosene instead of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and has a thrust of around 200 tonnes. Four such engines can be clustered in a rocket without strap on boosters to deliver up to 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) to GTO.[51] The first propellant tank for the SC120 was delivered in October 2021 by HAL.[52]

The SC120-powered version of GSLV will not be used for the crewed mission of the Gaganyaan spacecraft.[53][54]

The C25 stage with nearly 25 t (55,000 lb) propellant load will be replaced by the C32, with a higher propellant load of 32 t (71,000 lb). Total mass of avionics will be brought down by using miniaturised components.[55] On 30 November 2020, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivered an aluminium alloy based cryogenic tank to ISRO. The tank has a capacity of 5,755 kg (12,688 lb) of fuel, and a volume of 89 m3 (3,100 cu ft), increasing payload capacity of GSLV Mk III.[56][57]

In September 2019, a report from Astrotalk quoted that S. Somanath, director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre confirmed that the SCE-200 engine was ready to begin testing. As per an agreement between India and Ukraine signed in 2005, Ukraine was expected to test components of the SCE-200 engine, so an upgraded version of the GSLV Mk III was not expected before 2022.[58]

The SCE-200 engine is reported to be based on the Ukrainian RD-810, which itself is proposed for use on the Mayak family of launch vehicles.[59]

Human-rating

While the GSLV Mk III is being human rated for Gaganyaan project, the rocket was always designed with potential human spaceflight applications in consideration. The maximum acceleration during ascent phase of flight was limited to 4 Gs for crew comfort and a 5 meter diameter payload fairing was used to be able to accommodate large modules like space station segments.[60]

Furthermore, a number of changes to make safety-critical subsystems reliable are planned for lower operating margins, redundancy, stringent qualification requirements, revaluation, and strengthening of components.[61]

Avionics:

  • Quad-redundant Navigation and Guidance Computer (NGC)
  • Dual chain Telemetry & Telecommand Processor (TTCP)
  • Integrated Health Monitoring System (LVHM)

Launch Vehicle:

  • High Thrust Vikas engines (HTVE) of L110 core stage will operate at a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar instead of 62 bar.
  • Human rated S200 (HS200) boosters will operate at chamber pressure of 55.5 bar instead of 58.8 bar. Segment joints will have three O-rings each.
  • Electro mechanical actuators and digital stage controllers will be employed in HS200, L110 and C25 stages.[62][63]

Notable missions
  • GSLV Mk III D2 lifting off
  • D1 on its Mobile Launch Pedestal on its way to the launchpad
  • GSLV Mk III D1 lifting off
  • GSLV Mk III M1 lifting off
  • M1 at the Vehicle Assembly Building
  • M2 launch for OneWeb, the heaviest and first commercial launch

X (Suborbital flight test)

The maiden flight of the GSLV Mk III lifted off from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center on 18 December 2014 at 04:00 UTC.[64] The test had functional boosters, a core stage but carried dummy upper stage. It also carried the Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) that was tested on re-entry.[65]

Just over five minutes into the flight, the rocket ejected CARE at an altitude of 126 kilometres (78 mi), which then descended, controlled by its onboard reaction control system. During the test, CARE's heat shield experienced a peak temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). ISRO downlinked launch telemetry during the ballistic coasting phase until the radio black-out to avoid data loss in the event of a failure. At an altitude of around 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), the module's apex cover separated and the parachutes were deployed. CARE splashed down in the Bay of Bengal near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was recovered successfully.[66][67][68][69]

D1 (GSAT-19)

The first orbital flight of the GSLV Mk III occurred on 5 June 2017,[70] lifting off from the Second Launch Pad at 11:58 UTC. The vehicle carried the GSAT-19 communication satellite, making it the heaviest Indian rocket and payload ever launched. The satellite was successfully placed into a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) at 170 kilometres (110 mi). The flight also tested upgrades to the design from data acquired during the suborbital test flight.[71]

M1 (Chandrayaan-2)

The first operational flight occurred on 22 July 2019,[72][73] lifting off from the Second Launch pad at 9:13 UTC. The rocket carried Chandrayaan-2, India's second mission to the Moon, consisting of an orbiter, lander and a rover.[74] The Chandrayaan-2 stack is the heaviest spacecraft launched by ISRO.[75]

M2 (36 OneWeb satellites)

This was the first commercial launch of GSLV Mk III that occurred on 22 October 2022, which helped India to enter the global market for heavier payloads. This was also the first launch of GSLV Mk III to a polar low earth orbit, the first multi-satellite mission and also the heaviest payload launched by ISRO to date, carrying a payload of about 6 tons.[76]

Launch history
Flight № Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
configuration		 Launch site Payload Payload mass Orbit User Launch
outcome
X 18 December 2014
04:00[77]		 LVM 3 Second Launch Pad Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) 3,775 kg (8,322 lb)[78] Sub-orbital ISRO Success
Sub-orbital development test flight with a non-functional cryogenic stage[79]
D1 5 June 2017
11:58[80][81][82]		 Mk III Second Launch Pad GSAT-19 3,136 kg (6,914 lb) GTO INSAT Success
First orbital test launch with a functional cryogenic stage[83]
D2 14 November 2018
11:38		 Mk III Second Launch Pad GSAT-29 3,423 kg (7,546 lb) GTO INSAT Success
Second orbital test flight. L110 core used upgraded Vikas engines with higher thrust.[84][85][86]
M1 22 July 2019
09:13		 Mk III Second Launch Pad Chandrayaan-2 3,850 kg (8,490 lb) EPO ISRO Success
First operational flight of GSLV MK-III.
M2 22 October 2022
18:37:40[87][88][89]		 LVM 3[90] Second Launch Pad OneWeb × 36 5,796 kg (12,778 lb) LEO OneWeb Success
First commercial launch of LVM3 for OneWeb.[91][92] Launch of 36 OneWeb satellites to 605km circular polar orbit. It is the heaviest payload that is launched by a LVM3 and ISRO to date.

Planned launches
Date / time (UTC) Rocket,
Configuration		 Launch site Payload Orbit
February 2023[93][94] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad OneWeb × 36 (~5400 kg) LEO
Second commercial launch of GSLV Mk III (LVM3) for OneWeb, designated as Flight M3.
June 2023[95] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad Chandrayaan-3 TLI
Mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2 with a lunar lander and rover.
TBD[96][97] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad GSAT-20 (CMS-03) GTO
[98][99]
Late 2023/2024[100][101] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad G1[102] LEO
First uncrewed orbital demonstration flight of India's crew module.
2024[100] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad G2[102] LEO
Second uncrewed orbital demonstration flight of crew module.
2024[100] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad[103][104] H1[102] LEO
India's first crewed mission. Launch mass is 7,800 kg (17,200 lb) with service module,[105] capsule's mass is 3,735 kg.[105][58]
December 2024[106] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad Shukrayaan-1 TBD
Launch mass is 2,500 kg; Venus orbiter and atmospheric balloon.
2024[107] LVM 3 Second Launch Pad Mangalyaan 2[108] TBD
India's second orbiter mission to Mars.[109][58]
TBA LVM 3 Second Launch Pad GSAT-22 GTO
[62]

See also
  • Comparison of orbital launchers families
  • Comparison of orbital launch systems
  • Gaganyaan – Crewed Indian spacecraft
  • Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
  • List of Indian satellites
  • Medium-lift launch vehicle – Capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg (4,400 and 44,100 lb) of payload into Low Earth orbit
  • Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
  • Unified Launch Vehicle – Planned medium-to-heavy-lift rocket family to expand the Indian space program and Indian human spaceflight

References
  1. "GSLV Mk III". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
  2. "OneWeb pays over Rs 1,000 cr to India for launching 72 satellites (Lead)". IANS. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  3. Faust, Jeff. "OneWeb launch sign of greater role for India in commercial launch market". Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  4. "The first developmental flight of GSLV-Mk-III". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  5. "GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. ISRO. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  6. "LVM3". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.
  7. "ISRO Press Release: S200 First Static Test (S-200-ST-01)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  8. "Isro successfully tests world's 3rd largest solid booster". dna. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  9. "India to test world's third largest solid rocket booster". Science and Technology Section. The Hindu News Paper. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
  10. "GSLV Mark III-D1 / GSAT-19 Brochure". IRSO. Archived from the original on 18 November 2018. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  11. "Space Launch Report: LVM3 (GSLV Mk 3)". 22 July 2019. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022.
  12. "L110 test to follow S200". IndianSpaceWeb. 4 January 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2014.
  13. "As it happened: ISRO successfully launches GSLV Mark-III". The Hindu. 17 December 2014. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  14. "'India masters rocket science': Here's why the new ISRO launch is special".
  15. "Two international astronauts survive space scare. How well is India prepared?".
  16. "Indian Space Research Organisation preparing for three more PSLV launches". The Hindu. 29 April 2011. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  17. Ramachandran, R. (22 January 2014). "GSLV MkIII, the next milestone". Frontline. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  18. Sengupta, Rudraneil (5 June 2017). "Cryogenic rocket engine has been developed from scratch: Isro chief". LiveMint. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  19. "India launches 'monster' rocket". BBC News. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  20. "India's 'Bahubali' GSLV Mk III lifts less luggage than lighter rockets". The Economic Times. 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2017.
  21. "Government of India, Department of Space; Lok Sabha Unstarred Question no.3713; GSLV MK-III" (PDF). 12 August 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2020.
  22. "Government approves Rs 10,000-crore continuation programmes for PSLV, GSLV". The Economic Times. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  23. "OneWeb Suspends Launches from Baikonur as Repercussions from Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Grow". Retrieved 15 October 2022.
  24. "OneWeb partners with Isro to launch satellites using GSLV-MKIII, PSLV". The Economic Times. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  25. "NSIL/ISRO and OneWeb to collaborate for taking Digital Connectivity to every Corner of the World". OneWeb. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  26. "ISRO renames GSLV Mark-III as LVM-3". The Hindu. 23 October 2022.
  27. ISRO Not To Fly Living Being Before Actual Manned Space Mission: Official. NDTV Indo-Asian News Service. 14 September 2018.
  28. "India's GSLV Mk-3 First Flight Pushed Back to April 2014". Sawfnews. 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  29. Pulakkat, Hari. "GSLV Mark III launch: Why ISRO's biggest challenge will be at the end of this month". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 August 2022. Isro had gone through a difficult period a few years ago, when a launch of its GSLV Mark II failed. This failure had its impact on GSLV Mark III as well. “Because we had problems with Mark II,” says Isro chairman Kiran Kumar, “we had to rework some facilities of Mark III for Mark II. So Mark III got slightly delayed.”
  30. "GSLV Mk-III to put India on top". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 August 2022. The failure of GSLV-D3 in 2010, where the first indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) was flight-tested, impacted the C25 stage programme due to the priority assigned for the additional investigation tests and added qualification tests demanded on CUS engine systems.
  31. "Successful static testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV Mk III Launch Vehicle". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  32. "Second Static Testing of Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage S200 for GSLV-Mk III Successfully Conducted". VSSC.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  33. "విజయవంతంగా భూస్థిర పరీక్ష". Sakshi. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  34. Staff Reporter (15 June 2015). "Static test of S200 motor successful". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  35. "ISRO successfully tests large human rated solid rocket booster for the Gaganyaan programme - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. 13 May 2022. Archived from the original on 13 May 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  36. "ISRO successfully conducts static testing of new age rocket". The Hindu. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
  37. "ISRO Press Release:Successful Static Testing of L 110 Liquid Core Stage of GSLV - Mk III". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  38. "ISRO Successfully Tests C25 Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV MkIII". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  39. "ISRO Successfully Tests its Cryogenic Stage (C25) for GSLV MkIII for the Flight Duration". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  40. Department of Space, Government of India. "Outcome Budget 2016-17" (PDF). isro.gov.in. Department of Space, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  41. "S200 solid booster development". Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  42. "GSLV Mk. III Launch Vehicle Overview". Spaceflight 101. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  43. N. Gopal Raj. "GSLV Mark III faces its first experimental flight". The Hindu.
  44. "LVM3-CARE mission brochure" (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  45. LVM3 Archived 25 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine ISRO 23 December 2014
  46. "Nozzle closure system for gsLVM3 launch vehicle". ARMS 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  47. "Cryogenic Gas Bottle Development & Realization - Role of non-destructive evaluation" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  48. "Why ISRO's New Engine and Mk III Rocket Are Reasons to Forget 1990 Cryogenic Scandal". TheWire. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  49. Rajwi, Tiki (2 March 2015). "Semi-cryogenic Engine: ISRO Charting a Revised Plan". New Indian Express. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  50. "ISRO developing heavy lift launch vehicles". The Hindu. 30 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  51. "Ukraine to test components of a powerful Indian rocket engine". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  52. "HAL delivers 'heaviest' Semi-Cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO". The Economic Times. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  53. "The ISRO Tender Notice With Fascinating New Details of Gaganyaan". Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  54. Singh, Surendra (28 January 2019). "GSLV Mk III: Isro eyes kerosene to boost GSLV Mk III's lifting power to 6 trillion". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  55. "ISRO working on reusable GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle". The Hindu. Chennai. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
  56. "HAL delivers biggest ever cryogenic propellant tank to ISRO". The Financial Express. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
  57. "HAL Delivers Biggest Ever Cryogenic Propellant Tank to ISRO". Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  58. "Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran". AstrotalkUK. 24 October 2019. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  59. "ISRO moves on, gears up to test semi-cryogenic engine in Ukraine". The Hindu. 19 September 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  60. "2.8 2.8 The Next-Generation Launcher: GSLV-Mk III by S. Ramakrishnan". From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey. 15 December 2015. ISBN 9789351776895. Taking into account the LEO payload capability of up to 10 tonnes feasible with this vehicle, the payload fairing diameter was fixed as 5 metres to accommodate large modules like a space station segment or manned capsule. Incidentally, considering the possibility of future human space flight missions by India, the boost phase acceleration was capped at 4g, the standard human tolerance level accepted by spacefaring agencies.
  61. S. Somanath (11 August 2021). PRL Ka Amrut Vyakhyaan-02, 'Reaching the sky: Indian Launch Vehicles' (video). Event occurs at 53:10–53:40. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021 – via YouTube.
  62. "Annual Report 2020-2021" (PDF). ISRO. 4 March 2021. p. 61. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  63. "CSIR NAL Annual Report 2020-21" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2021. In addition, ATF also successfully completed the acoustic qualification of the Strap on Electro Mechanical Actuator Structure for the GSLV MKIII launcher. This would help in improving reliability and also provide advantages in payload capability in comparison with the Electro Hydraulic actuators used earlier.
  64. "India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule". BBC. 8 December 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  65. "ISRO inches closer to manned mission". The Times of India. 10 January 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014. We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters.
  66. "ISRO's unmanned crew module reaches Chennai". The Hindu. Wayback Machine. 21 December 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  67. As it happened: Isro's launch of India's heaviest rocket Times of India 18 December 2014
  68. Sangeetha Kandavel (18 December 2014). "GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight". The Hindu.
  69. "Isro to test GSLV Mk-III, crew module on December 18". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  70. "GSLV Mk III breaks Isro's jinx of failure in debut rocket launches". The Times of India.
  71. Clark, Stephen (5 June 2017). "India's launcher fleet gets an upgrade with successful test flight". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  72. "Chandrayaan 2 lifts off successfully". Times of India. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  73. "GSLV-Mk III, India's 'Baahubali' rocket for Gaganyaan, Chandrayaan II".
  74. "India Launches Chandrayaan-2 Moon Mission". The New York Times. 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  75. Rajwi, Tiki (4 May 2019). "Chandrayaan-2 most complex mission: ISRO chief Sivan". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  76. Dutt, Anonna (23 October 2022). "Isro launches 36 OneWeb satellites precisely, completes mission of many firsts". The Indian Express. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  77. "GSLV Mk-III: ISRO successfully test flies its heaviest rocket". The Economic Times. New Delhi. 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  78. "First Experimental Flight of India's Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful". 18 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014.
  79. "GSLV MkIII to launch Isro's next mission". Hindustan times. 1 July 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2014.
  80. "India's GSAT-19 Reaches Geostationary Orbit after Off-Target Injection". Spaceflight101. 10 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  81. "GLSV Mark III rocket conducts 'all-up' launch with GSAT-19 satellite". NASA Spaceflight. Wayback Machine. 5 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  82. "Isro successfully launches its monster rocket GSLV Mk III". The Economic Times. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  83. "GSLV Mk III-D1/GSAT-19 Mission - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
  84. "Successful Qualification of High Thrust Vikas Engine - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  85. "GSLV F08-GSAT6A Brochure - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  86. "With eye on lunar mission, ISRO to test high-thrust Vikas engine". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
  87. "LVM3 - M2/OneWeb India-1 Mission: Launch scheduled at 0007 hrs. IST on October 23, 2022. Cryo stage, equipment bay (EB) assembly completed. Satellites are encapsulated and assembled in the vehicle. Final vehicle checks are in progress". Twitter. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  88. "23న జీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ ప్రయోగం". EENADU (in Telugu). Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  89. Clark, Stephen. "OneWeb celebrates successful launch on Indian rocket – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  90. "LVM3 M2 / OneWeb India-1 Mission". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  91. "OneWeb Satellites arriving in india". OneWeb. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  92. "Isro launches 36 OneWeb satellites in 1st commercial launch for LVM-3". INDIA TODAY. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  93. "Gaganyaan mission can't happen this year or next year, focus fully on safety aspects: Isro chief". Times of India. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 2 July 2022.
  94. Koshy, Jacob P. (20 October 2022). "Chandrayaan-3 set for August 2023 launch: ISRO chairman". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  95. "ISRO to launch Chandrayaan-3, its third mission to moon, in June 2023". Mint. 20 October 2022. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  96. Kumar, Chethan (12 March 2021). "Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  97. "డిసెంబర్‌ లోపు పీఎస్‌ఎల్‌వీ సీ49 ప్రయోగం". Sakshi (in Telugu). 9 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  98. "Annual Report 2018" (PDF). ISRO. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  99. www.ETTelecom.com. "GSAT-20 planned for mid-2020: Isro's K Sivan - ET Telecom". ETTelecom.com. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  100. "EXCLUSIVE: No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year". The Week. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  101. "First trial for Gaganyaan to be done by end of 2023, or beginning of 2024: Jitendra Singh". ANI News. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  102. "Space Assigned Numbers Authority (SANA)". sanaregistry.org. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  103. "India's human space programme gets a fillip". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  104. Inside India's 2022 Space Mission: NDTV Special, retrieved 23 July 2019
  105. Indian Manned Spacecraft. Astronautix. 2014.
  106. Mehta, Jatan (19 November 2020). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024". SpaceNews. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  107. Jatiya, Satyanarayan (18 July 2019). "Rajya Sabha Unstarred Question No. 2955" (PDF). Retrieved 30 August 2019. Alt URL
  108. "India plans second Mars mission in 2018". News18. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  109. Madhumathi, D.S. (10 August 2016). "ISRO sets the ball rolling for Mars Mission-2". The Hindu. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.