Jean Rhys

Rhys's father, William Rees Williams, was a Welsh medical doctor and her mother, Minna Williams, née Lockhart, a third-generation Dominican Creole of Scots ancestry. ("Creole" was broadly used in those times to refer to any person born on the island, whether they were of European or African descent, or both.) She had a brother. Her mother's family had an estate, a former plantation, on the island.

Rhys was educated in Dominica until the age of 16, when she was sent to England to live with an aunt, as her relations with her mother were difficult. She attended the Perse School for Girls in Cambridge,[5] where she was mocked as an outsider and for her accent. She attended two terms at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London by 1909. Her instructors despaired of her ever learning to speak "proper English" and advised her father to take her away. Unable to train as an actress and refusing to return to the Caribbean as her parents wished, Williams worked with varied success as a chorus girl, adopting the names Vivienne, Emma, or Ella Gray. She toured Britain's small towns and returned to rooming or boarding houses in rundown neighbourhoods of London.[5]

After her father died in 1910, Rhys appeared to have experimented with living as a demimondaine. She became the mistress of wealthy stockbroker Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, whose father Hugh Colin Smith had been Governor of the Bank of England.[6] Though a bachelor, Smith did not offer to marry Rhys, and their affair soon ended. However, he continued to be an occasional source of financial help. Distraught by events, including a near-fatal abortion (not Smith's child), Rhys began writing and produced an early version of her novel Voyage in the Dark.[5] In 1913, she was self-employed for a time in London.

During the First World War, Rhys served as a volunteer worker in a soldiers' canteen. In 1918, she worked in a pension office.

In 1919, Rhys married Willem Johan Marie (Jean) Lenglet, a French-Dutch journalist, spy, and songwriter. He was the first of her three husbands.[5] She and Lenglet wandered throughout Europe. They had two children, a son who died young and a daughter. They divorced in 1933, and their daughter lived mostly with her father.

The next year, Rhys married Leslie Tilden-Smith, an English editor. In 1936, they went briefly to Dominica, the first time Rhys had returned since she had left for school. She found her family estate deteriorating and island conditions less agreeable. Her brother Oscar was living in England, and she took care of some financial affairs for him, making a settlement with a mixed-race woman on the island and Oscar's illegitimate children by her.

In 1937, Rhys began a friendship with novelist Eliot Bliss (who had taken her first name in honour of two writers she admired). The two women shared Caribbean backgrounds. The correspondence between them survives.[7]

In 1939, Rhys and Tilden-Smith moved to Devon, where they lived for several years. He died in 1945. In 1947, Rhys married Max Hamer, a solicitor who was a cousin of Tilden-Smith. He was convicted of fraud and imprisoned after their marriage.[8] He died in 1966.

In 1924, Rhys came under the influence of English writer Ford Madox Ford. After meeting Ford in Paris, Rhys wrote short stories under his patronage. Ford recognised that her experience as an exile gave Rhys a unique viewpoint, and praised her "singular instinct for form". "Coming from the West Indies, [Ford] declared, 'with a terrifying insight and... passion for stating the case of the underdog, she has let her pen loose on the Left Banks of the Old World'."[5] This he wrote in his preface to her debut short story collection, The Left Bank and Other Stories (1927).

It was Ford who suggested she change her name from Ella Williams to Jean Rhys.[9] At the time her husband was in jail for what Rhys described as currency irregularities.

Rhys moved in with Ford and his long-time partner Stella Bowen. An affair with Ford ensued, which she portrayed in fictionalised form in her novel Quartet (1928).[9] Her protagonist is a stranded foreigner, Marya Zelli, who finds herself at the mercy of strangers when her husband is jailed in Paris. The 1981 film adaptation of the novel, produced by Merchant Ivory Productions, starred Maggie Smith, Isabelle Adjani, Anthony Higgins, and Alan Bates.

In After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie (1931), the protagonist, Julia Martin, is a more unravelled version of Marya Zelli, romantically dumped and inhabiting the sidewalks, cafes and cheap hotel rooms of Paris.

With Voyage in the Dark (1934), Rhys continued to portray a mistreated, rootless woman. Here the narrator, Anna, is a young chorus girl who grew up in the West Indies and feels alienated in England.

Good Morning, Midnight (1939) is often considered a continuation of Rhys's first two novels. Here, she uses modified stream of consciousness to voice the experiences of an ageing woman, Sasha Jansen, who drinks, takes sleeping pills, and obsesses over her looks, and is adrift again in Paris. Good Morning, Midnight, acknowledged as well written but deemed depressing, came as World War II broke out and readers sought optimism. This seemingly ended Rhys's literary career.

In the 1940s, Rhys largely withdrew from public life. From 1955 to 1960, she lived in Bude, Cornwall, where she was unhappy, calling it "Bude the Obscure", before moving to Cheriton Fitzpaine, a small village in Devon.

After a long absence from the public eye, she was rediscovered by Selma Vaz Dias, who in 1949, placed an advertisement in the New Statesman asking about her whereabouts, with a view to obtaining the rights to adapt her novel Good Morning, Midnight for radio. Rhys responded, and thereafter developed a long-lasting and collaborative friendship with Vaz Dias, who encouraged her to start writing again. This encouragement ultimately led to the publication in 1966 of her critically acclaimed novel Wide Sargasso Sea. She intended it as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic in Jane Eyre. Begun well before she settled in Bude, the book won the notable WH Smith Literary Award in 1967. She returned to themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a Creole woman from Dominica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others. Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner. Her female lead marries Mr. Rochester and deteriorates in England as the "madwoman in the attic". Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in Jane Eyre. Diana Athill of André Deutsch gambled on publishing Wide Sargasso Sea. She and the writer Francis Wyndham helped to revive interest in Rhys's work.[10] There have been film, operatic and radio adaptations of the book.[11][12][13] [14]

In 1968, André Deutsch published a collection of Rhys' short stories, Tigers Are Better-Looking, of which eight were written during her 1950s period of obscurity and nine republished from her 1927 collection The Left Bank and Other Stories. Her 1969 short story "I Spy a Stranger", published by Penguin Modern Stories, was adapted for TV in 1972 for the BBC's Thirty-Minute Theatre starring Mona Washbourne, Noel Dyson, Hanah Maria Pravda, and Basil Dignam.[15][16] In 1976, Deutsch published another collection of her short stories, Sleep It Off Lady, consisting of 16 pieces from an approximately 75-year period, starting from the end of the 19th century.

From 1960, and for the rest of her life, Rhys lived in Cheriton Fitzpaine in Devon that she once described as "a dull spot which even drink can't enliven much."[17] Characteristically, she remained unimpressed by her belated ascent to literary fame, commenting, "It has come too late."[10] In an interview shortly before her death she questioned whether any novelist, not least herself, could ever be happy for any length of time: "If I could choose I would rather be happy than write... if I could live my life all over again, and choose...."[18]

Jean Rhys died in Exeter on 14 May 1979, at the age of 88, before completing an autobiography, which she had begun dictating only months earlier.[19][20] In 1979, the incomplete text was published posthumously under the title Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography.

In a 1974 New York Times Book Review written appreciation, A. Alvarez called Jean Rhys “quite simply, the best living English novelist".[21]

Jean Rhys was appointed a CBE in the 1978 New Year Honours.

Australian filmmaker John Duigan directed a 1993 erotic drama, Wide Sargasso Sea,[22] based on Rhys's best-known novel.

The 2003 book and stage play After Mrs Rochester by Polly Teale is based on the life of Jean Rhys and her book, Wide Sargasso Sea.[23]

In 2012, English Heritage marked her Chelsea flat at Paulton House in Paultons Square with a blue plaque.[24]

In 2020, a pen owned by Rhys (with another owned by Andrea Levy) was added to the Royal Society of Literature's historic collection for the signing of their Roll Book.[25]

• The Left Bank and Other Stories, 1927
• Postures, novel, 1928 (published in the US as Quartet, 1929)
• After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie, novel, 1931
• Voyage in the Dark, novel, 1934
• Good Morning, Midnight, novel, 1939
• Wide Sargasso Sea, novel, 1966
• Tigers Are Better-Looking: With a Selection from 'The Left Bank' , stories, 1968
• Penguin Modern Stories 1 (with Bernard Malamud, David Plante, and William Sansom), 1969
• My Day: Three Pieces, stories, 1975
• Sleep It Off Lady, stories, 1976
• Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography, 1979
• Jean Rhys: Letters 1931–1966, 1984
• Early Novels, 1984
• The Complete Novels, 1985
• Tales of the Wide Caribbean, stories, 1985
• The Collected Short Stories, 1987
• Let Them Call It Jazz, stories, 1995

• Angier, Carol. Jean Rhys: Life and Work. Little, Brown and Co., 1990.
• Casey, Nancy (September 1973). "Study in the Alienation of a Creole Woman". Caribbean Quarterly. 19 (3): 95–102.
• Dash, Cheryl M. L. "Jean Rhys", in Bruce King, ed., West Indian Literature. Macmillan, 1979, pp. 196–209.
• Joseph, Margaret Paul. Caliban in Exile: The Outsider in Caribbean Fiction, Greenwood Press, 1992.
• Lykiard, Alexis, Jean Rhys Revisited. Stride Publications, 2000. ISBN 1-900152-68-1
• Lykiard, Alexis. Jean Rhys Afterwords. Shoestring Press, 2006.
• Pizzichini, Lilian (2009). The Blue Hour: A Life of Jean Rhys. W. W. Norton.
• Seymour, Miranda. I Used to Live Here Once: The Haunted Life of Jean Rhys. 2022.
• Vreeland, Elizabeth (Fall 1979). "Jean Rhys, The Art of Fiction No. 64". The Paris Review. Fall 1979 (76).

• Literary Encyclopedia biography
• Jean Rhys bio, with particular reference to her time in Dominica
• "Jean Rhys Archive", University of Tulsa McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections and University Archives
• Jean Rhys Papers, the British Library
• Biography of Jean Rhys by Dominican historian Lennox Honychurch
• London Fictions article on 'After Leaving Mr Mackenzie' by literary historian Susie Thomas