Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)

The leader of the Official Opposition (French: chef de l'Opposition officielle), formally known as the leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition (French: chef de la loyale opposition de Sa Majesté), is the politician who leads the Official Opposition in Canada, typically the leader of the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition.

Leader of Official Opposition
Chef de l'Opposition officielle
Incumbent
Pierre Poilievre
since September 10, 2022
StyleThe Honourable
Member ofParliament
ResidenceStornoway
Term lengthWhile leader of the largest party not in government
Inaugural holderAlexander Mackenzie
FormationMarch 6, 1873
DeputyMelissa Lantsman and Tim Uppal
SalaryCA$90,400 (2022)[1]
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Pierre Poilievre has been the leader of the Opposition since September 10, 2022, when he was elected as the Conservative leader following the 2022 leadership election. He succeeded Candice Bergen, who had served as her party's interim leader from February 2, 2022.[2]

Though the leader of the Opposition must be a member of the House of Commons,[3] the office should not be confused with Opposition House leader, who is a frontbencher charged with managing the business of the Opposition in the House of Commons, and is formally titled Leader of the Opposition in the House of Commons. There is also a leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is usually of the same party as the leader of the Opposition in the house. If the leader of the opposition party is not a member of Parliament (MP), then a sitting MP acts as parliamentary leader and assumes the role of the leader of the Opposition until the party leader can obtain a seat.

The leader of the Opposition is entitled to the same levels of pay and protection as a Cabinet minister and is often made a member of the King's Privy Council, generally the only non-government member of the House of Commons afforded that privilege. The leader of the Opposition is entitled to reside at the official residence of Stornoway and ranks fourteenth on the Order of Precedence, after Cabinet ministers and before lieutenant governors of the provinces. In the House of Commons seating plan, the leader of the Opposition sits directly across from the prime minister.

The term "Leader of the Opposition" is used in the Parliament of Canada Act.[4] The term "Leader of the Opposition" is used in the Standing Orders of the House of Commons,[5] as is the term "Official Opposition".[6] The terms "Leader of the Loyal Opposition", "His Majesty's Opposition", and "Loyal Opposition" are sometimes used,[7] but those terms are not used in either the act or the standing orders.

Two leaders of the Opposition have died in office: Wilfrid Laurier in 1919 and Jack Layton in 2011.[8]

Leaders of the Official Opposition
  Liberal Party of Canada
  Liberal-Conservative Party, Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942), Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
  Bloc Québécois
  Reform Party of Canada
  Canadian Alliance
  Conservative Party of Canada
  New Democratic Party
Leader of the Opposition Party Took office[9] Left office[9] Prime Minister
Alexander Mackenzie
1st time		 Liberal March 6, 1873 November 5, 1873 John A. Macdonald
John A. Macdonald Liberal-Conservative November 6, 1873 October 16, 1878 Alexander Mackenzie
Alexander Mackenzie
2nd time		 Liberal October 17, 1878 April 27, 1880 John A. Macdonald
Vacant Liberal April 28, 1880 May 3, 1880
Edward Blake Liberal May 4, 1880 June 2, 1887
Vacant Liberal June 3, 1887 June 22, 1887
Wilfrid Laurier
1st time		 Liberal June 23, 1887 July 10, 1896
John Abbott
John Sparrow David Thompson
Mackenzie Bowell
Charles Tupper
Charles Tupper[NB 1] Conservative (historical) July 11, 1896 February 5, 1901 Wilfrid Laurier
Robert Borden Conservative (historical) February 6, 1901 October 9, 1911
Wilfrid Laurier
2nd time		 Liberal October 10, 1911 February 17, 1919[NB 2] Robert Borden
Daniel Duncan McKenzie[NB 3] Liberal February 17, 1919 August 7, 1919
William Lyon Mackenzie King
1st time		 Liberal August 7, 1919 December 28, 1921
Arthur Meighen
Arthur Meighen[NB 4] Conservative (historical) December 29, 1921 June 28, 1926 William Lyon Mackenzie King
William Lyon Mackenzie King
2nd time		 Liberal June 29, 1926 September 24, 1926 Arthur Meighen
Vacant[NB 5] Conservative (historical) September 25, 1926 October 10, 1926 William Lyon Mackenzie King
Hugh Guthrie[NB 6] Conservative (historical) October 11, 1926 October 11, 1927
Richard Bedford Bennett
1st time		 Conservative (historical) October 12, 1927 August 6, 1930
William Lyon Mackenzie King
3rd time		 Liberal August 7, 1930 October 22, 1935 R. B. Bennett
Richard Bedford Bennett
2nd time		 Conservative (historical) October 23, 1935 July 6, 1938 William Lyon Mackenzie King
Robert Manion Conservative (historical) July 7, 1938 May 13, 1940
Richard Hanson[NB 7] Conservative (historical), then
Progressive Conservative[NB 8]		 May 14, 1940 January 1, 1943
Gordon Graydon[NB 9] Progressive Conservative January 1, 1943 June 10, 1945
John Bracken Progressive Conservative June 11, 1945 July 20, 1948
Vacant Progressive Conservative July 21, 1948 October 1, 1948
George A. Drew
1st time		 Progressive Conservative October 2, 1948 November 1, 1954
Louis St. Laurent
William Earl Rowe[NB 10]
1st time		 Progressive Conservative November 1, 1954 February 1, 1955
George A. Drew
2nd time		 Progressive Conservative February 1, 1955 August 1, 1956
William Earl Rowe
2nd time		 Progressive Conservative August 1, 1956 December 13, 1956
John Diefenbaker
1st time		 Progressive Conservative December 14, 1956 June 20, 1957
Louis St. Laurent Liberal June 21, 1957 January 15, 1958 John Diefenbaker
Lester B. Pearson Liberal January 16, 1958 April 21, 1963
John Diefenbaker
2nd time		 Progressive Conservative April 22, 1963 September 8, 1967 Lester B. Pearson
Michael Starr[NB 11] Progressive Conservative September 9, 1967 November 5, 1967
Robert Stanfield Progressive Conservative November 6, 1967 February 21, 1976
Pierre Trudeau
Joe Clark
1st time		 Progressive Conservative February 22, 1976 June 3, 1979
Pierre Elliott Trudeau Liberal June 4, 1979 March 2, 1980 Joe Clark
Joe Clark
2nd time		 Progressive Conservative March 3, 1980 February 1, 1983 Pierre Trudeau
Erik Nielsen[NB 12] Progressive Conservative February 2, 1983 August 28, 1983
Brian Mulroney Progressive Conservative August 29, 1983 September 16, 1984
John Turner
John Turner Liberal September 17, 1984 February 7, 1990 Brian Mulroney
Herb Gray[NB 13] Liberal February 8, 1990 December 20, 1990
Jean Chrétien Liberal December 21, 1990 October 24, 1993
Kim Campbell
Lucien Bouchard Bloc Québécois October 25, 1993 January 14, 1996 Jean Chrétien
Gilles Duceppe[NB 14]
1st time		 Bloc Québécois January 15, 1996 February 16, 1996
Michel Gauthier Bloc Québécois February 17, 1996 March 14, 1997
Gilles Duceppe
2nd time		 Bloc Québécois March 15, 1997 June 1, 1997
Preston Manning Reform June 2, 1997 March 26, 2000
Deborah Grey[NB 15] Canadian Alliance March 27, 2000 September 10, 2000
Stockwell Day Canadian Alliance September 11, 2000 December 11, 2001
John Reynolds[NB 16] Canadian Alliance December 12, 2001 May 20, 2002
Stephen Harper
1st time		 Canadian Alliance May 21, 2002 January 8, 2004
Paul Martin
Grant Hill[NB 17] Canadian Alliance January 9, 2004 February 1, 2004
Conservative February 2, 2004[NB 18] March 19, 2004
Stephen Harper
2nd time		 Conservative March 20, 2004 February 5, 2006
Bill Graham[NB 19] Liberal February 6, 2006 December 1, 2006 Stephen Harper
Stéphane Dion Liberal December 2, 2006 December 9, 2008
Michael Ignatieff[NB 20] Liberal December 10, 2008 May 1, 2011
Jack Layton New Democratic May 2, 2011 August 22, 2011[NB 2]
Nycole Turmel[NB 21] New Democratic August 23, 2011 March 23, 2012
Thomas Mulcair New Democratic March 24, 2012 November 4, 2015
Rona Ambrose[NB 22] Conservative November 5, 2015 May 27, 2017 Justin Trudeau
Andrew Scheer Conservative May 27, 2017 August 24, 2020
Erin O'Toole Conservative August 24, 2020 February 2, 2022
Candice Bergen[NB 23] Conservative February 2, 2022 September 10, 2022
Pierre Poilievre Conservative September 10, 2022 present

Deputy leaders of the Opposition
Deputy Leader of the Opposition Took office Left office Leader
Denis Lebel[10] November 19, 2015 July 23, 2017 Rona Ambrose
Lisa Raitt[11] July 24, 2017 October 21, 2019 Andrew Scheer
Leona Alleslev[12] November 28, 2019 July 12, 2020 Andrew Scheer
Candice Bergen[13][14] September 2, 2020 February 2, 2022 Erin O'Toole
Luc Berthold[15] February 6, 2022 September 12, 2022 Candice Bergen
Melissa Lantsman
Tim Uppal		 September 13, 2022 Incumbent Pierre Poilievre

Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet

The Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet in Canada is composed of members of the main opposition party and is responsible for holding the Government to account and for developing and disseminating the party's policy positions. Members of the Official Opposition are generally referred to as opposition critics, but the term Shadow Minister (which is generally used in other Westminster systems) is also used.

See also
  • Opposition House Leader
  • Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)

Notes
  1. Tupper lost his seat in the 1900 election and resigned as party leader and Leader of the Opposition three months later.
  2. Died in office.
  3. McKenzie served as Leader of the Opposition from Laurier's death until King's election as leader of the Liberal Party.
  4. Arthur Meighen's Conservatives formed the Official Opposition although the Progressive Party had more seats.
  5. Meighen failed to win his seat and immediately resigned as leader of the Conservative Party.
  6. Guthrie served as Leader of the Opposition from shortly after Meighen's resignation until Bennett's election as leader of the Conservative Party.
  7. Hanson served as Leader of the Opposition from Manion's resignation until Meighen's election as leader of the Conservative Party. He continued as acting Leader of the Opposition throughout Meighen's term as Conservative leader, as Meighen failed in his attempts to win election to the House of Commons, and continued as acting Leader of the Opposition from Bracken's election as PC leader until his own resignation.
  8. The Conservative Party was renamed the Progressive Conservative Party in 1942.
  9. Graydon served as Leader of the Opposition from Hanson's resignation until Bracken entered Parliament in the 20th general election.
  10. Rowe served as acting Leader of the Opposition in winter 1954-55 due to Drew's poor health.
  11. Starr served as Leader of the Opposition from Stanfield's election as PC leader until Stanfield entered Parliament via by-election.
  12. Nielsen served as acting Leader of the Opposition for the two weeks preceding Clark's resignation from the post of leader of the PC Party. He continued as Leader of the Opposition during the 1983 Progressive Conservative leadership campaign in which Clark unsuccessfully ran to succeed himself. Nielsen continued as Leader of the Opposition from Mulroney's election as PC leader until Mulroney entered Parliament via by-election.
  13. Gray served as parliamentary leader of the Liberal Party from John Turner's announcement that he would be stepping down through Chrétien's election as Liberal leader and until Chrétien entered Parliament via by-election.
  14. Duceppe served as Leader of the Opposition during the 1996 Bloc Québécois leadership election initiated by Bouchard's sudden resignation from federal politics to become Premier of Quebec.
  15. Grey served as Leader of the Opposition during the 2000 Canadian Alliance leadership campaign in which Manning unsuccessfully ran to succeed himself. She continued as Leader of the Opposition from Day's election as Alliance leader until Day entered Parliament via byelection.
  16. Reynolds served as Leader of the Opposition during the 2002 Canadian Alliance leadership campaign in which Day unsuccessfully ran to succeed himself. He continued as Leader of the Opposition from Harper's election as Alliance leader until Harper entered Parliament via by-election.
  17. Hill served as Leader of the Opposition during the 2004 Conservative leadership election in which Harper successfully ran to be leader of the new party.
  18. Although the PC Party and Canadian Alliance were recognized as merged on December 7, 2003, by Elections Canada for the purposes of elections law, they did not merge their parliamentary caucuses until February 2, 2004.
  19. Graham served as interim parliamentary leader and Leader of the Opposition until the 2006 Liberal leadership convention.
  20. Ignatieff served as interim Leader of Liberal Party until being elected Leader in the 2009 Liberal leadership convention.
  21. Turmel became interim leader of the NDP on July 28, 2011, when Layton began his leave of absence, but she did not become the Leader of the Opposition until Layton's death.
  22. Ambrose was elected interim party leader by the Conservative caucus to serve until a permanent leader was elected at the 2017 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election.
  23. Bergen was elected interim party leader by the Conservative caucus to serve until a permanent leader was elected at the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election.

References
  1. "Indemnities, Salaries and Allowances". Parliament of Canada. Parliament of Canada. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
  2. "Conservatives elect Candice Bergen as interim party leader - National | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved February 3, 2022.
  3. Role of Opposition Parties in Canada, Compendium of Procedure, House of Commons of Canada.
  4. Parliament of Canada Act, RSC 1985, c. P-1, s. 50(2), 62, 62.3, 63(2).
  5. Standing Orders of the House of Commons, ss. 43(1), 50(2), 74(1), 81(4), 84(7), 101(3); reproduced in Marc Bosc and André Gagnon (eds.), House of Commons Procedure and Practice (3rd ed., 2017), Appendix 14.
  6. Standing Orders of the House of Commons, ss. 35(2), 45(5), 73(1), 83(2), 106(2), 114(2).
  7. House of Commons Practice and Procedure, Chapter 1 —Parliamentary Institutions (text accompanying note 190).
  8. McGregor, Janyce (August 22, 2011). "Parliament and Layton's passing". CBC News. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
  9. Parliament of Canada. "Leaders of the Official Opposition". Retrieved March 27, 2012.
  10. "Roles - Hon. Denis Lebel". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  11. "Roles - Hon. Lisa Raitt". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  12. Jones, Ryan Patrick (July 13, 2020). "Leona Alleslev steps down as Conservative deputy leader, backs MacKay's leadership bid". CBC News. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  13. "Roles - Hon. Candice Bergen". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved September 8, 2020.
  14. "O'Toole names top Tories for Commons roles, with Bergen as deputy leader". Kamloops This Week. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  15. "Alain Rayes resigns as Conservative Party's Quebec lieutenant". CBC News. February 6, 2022. Retrieved February 7, 2022.

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