24-hour clock

The modern 24-hour clock, popularly referred to in the United States as military time,[1][2] is the convention of timekeeping in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours. This is indicated by the hours (and minutes) passed since midnight, from 0(:00) to 23(:59). This system, as opposed to the 12-hour clock, is the most commonly used time notation in the world today,[1] and is used by the international standard ISO 8601.[3]

A number of countries, particularly English-speaking, use the 12-hour clock, or a mixture of the 24- and 12-hour time systems. In countries where the 12-hour clock is dominant, some professions prefer to use the 24-hour clock. For example, in the practice of medicine, the 24-hour clock is generally used in documentation of care as it prevents any ambiguity as to when events occurred in a patient's medical history.[4]

24-hour clock12-hour clock
00:0012:00 (midnight)[lower-alpha 1]

12:00 a.m.
(start of the day)

01:001:00 a.m.
02:002:00 a.m.
......
10:0010:00 a.m.
11:0011:00 a.m.
12:0012:00 noon[lower-alpha 1]

12:00 p.m.

13:001:00 p.m.
14:002:00 p.m.
......
22:0010:00 p.m.
23:0011:00 p.m.
24:00 equals
00:00 next day		12:00 (midnight)[lower-alpha 1]
(end of the day)
  1. See: Confusion at noon and midnight

Description
World map showing the usage of 12 or 24-hour clock in different countries
  24 hours
  24 hours (12 orally)
  Both in common use
  12 hours
24-hour digital clock in Miaoli HSR station.

A time of day is written in the 24-hour notation in the form hh:mm (for example 01:23) or hh:mm:ss (for example, 01:23:45), where hh (00 to 23) is the number of full hours that have passed since midnight, mm (00 to 59) is the number of full minutes that have passed since the last full hour, and ss (00 to 59) is the number of seconds since the last full minute. In the case of a leap second, the value of ss may extend to 60. A leading zero is added for numbers under 10, but it is optional for the hours. The leading zero is very commonly used in computer applications, and always used when a specification requires it (for example, ISO 8601).

Where subsecond resolution is required, the seconds can be a decimal fraction; that is, the fractional part follows a decimal dot or comma, as in 01:23:45.678. The most commonly used separator symbol between hours, minutes and seconds is the colon, which is also the symbol used in ISO 8601. In the past, some European countries used the dot on the line as a separator, but most national standards on time notation have since then been changed to the international standard colon. In some contexts (including some computer protocols), no separator is used and times are written as, for example, "2359".

Midnight 00:00 and 24:00

In the 24-hour time notation, the day begins at midnight, 00:00 or 0:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59. Where convenient, the notation 24:00 may also be used to refer to midnight at the end of a given date[5] — that is, 24:00 of one day is the same time as 00:00 of the following day.

The notation 24:00 mainly serves to refer to the exact end of a day in a time interval. A typical usage is giving opening hours ending at midnight (e.g. "00:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00"). Similarly, some bus and train timetables show 00:00 as departure time and 24:00 as arrival time. Legal contracts often run from the start date at 00:00 until the end date at 24:00.

While the 24-hour notation unambiguously distinguishes between midnight at the start (00:00) and end (24:00) of any given date, there is no commonly accepted distinction among users of the 12-hour notation. Style guides and military communication regulations in some English-speaking countries discourage the use of 24:00 even in the 24-hour notation, and recommend reporting times near midnight as 23:59 or 00:01 instead.[6] Sometimes the use of 00:00 is also avoided.[6] In variance with this, as of 2010, the correspondence manual for the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps formerly specified 0001 to 2400.[7] The manual was updated in June 2015 to use 0000 to 2359.[8]

Times after 24:00

Time-of-day notations beyond 24:00 (such as 24:01 or 25:00 instead of 00:01 or 01:00) are not commonly used and not covered by the relevant standards. However, they have been used occasionally in some special contexts in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and China where business hours extend beyond midnight, such as broadcast television production and scheduling. The GTFS public transport schedule listings file format has the concept of service days and expects times beyond 24:00 for trips that run after midnight.[9]

Computer support

In most countries, computers by default show the time in 24-hour notation. For example, Microsoft Windows and macOS activate the 12-hour notation by default only if a computer is in a handful of specific language and region settings. The 24-hour system is commonly used in text-based interfaces. POSIX programs such as ls default to displaying timestamps in 24-hour format.

Military time
24-hour clock as seen on the USS Midway.

In American English, the term military time is a synonym for the 24-hour clock.[10] In the US, the time of day is customarily given almost exclusively using the 12-hour clock notation, which counts the hours of the day as 12, 1, ..., 11 with suffixes a.m. and p.m. distinguishing the two diurnal repetitions of this sequence. The 24-hour clock is commonly used there only in some specialist areas (military, aviation, navigation, tourism, meteorology, astronomy, computing, logistics, emergency services, hospitals), where the ambiguities of the 12-hour notation are deemed too inconvenient, cumbersome, or dangerous.

Military usage, as agreed between the United States and allied English-speaking military forces,[11] differs in some respects from other twenty-four-hour time systems:

  • No hours/minutes separator is used when writing the time, and a letter designating the time zone is appended (for example "0340Z").
  • Leading zeros are always written out and are required to be spoken, so 5:43 a.m. is spoken "zero five forty-three" (casually) or "zero five four three" (military radio), as opposed to "five forty-three" or "five four three".
  • Military time zones are lettered and given word designations from the NATO phonetic alphabet. For example, in US Eastern Standard Time (UTC−5), which is designated time zone R, 2:00 a.m. is written "0200R" and spoken "zero two hundred Romeo".
  • Local time is designated as zone J or "Juliett". "1200J" ("twelve hundred Juliett") is noon local time.
  • Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is designated time zone Z, and thus called "Zulu time". (When used as a modern time zone, in practice, GMT and UTC coincide. For other purposes there may be a difference of about a second.[12])
  • Hours are always "hundred", never "thousand"; 1000 is "ten hundred" not "one thousand"; 2000 is "twenty hundred" not "two thousand".

History
Paolo Uccello's Face with Four Prophets/Evangelists (1443) in the Florence Cathedral
The 24-hour tower clock in Venice that lists hours 1 to 12 twice

The first mechanical public clocks introduced in Italy were mechanical 24-hour clocks which counted the 24 hours of the day from one-half hour after sundown to the evening of the following day. The 24th hour was the last hour of day time.[13]

From the 14th to the 17th century, two systems of time measurement competed in Europe:[14][15]

  • Italian (Bohemian, Old-Bohemian) hours (full-dial): 24 hours system with the day starting after sunset; on the static dial, the 24th hour was situated on the right side. In Italy, it was prevalently modified to a 4×6 hours system, but some 24hour dials lasted until the 19th century. The system has spread especially to the Alpine countries, Czech countries and Poland. In Bohemia, this system was finally banned only 1621 after the defeat on White Mountain. The Prague Astronomical Clock struck according to the Old Bohemian Clock until its destruction in 1945. The variant with counting from dawn is also rarely documented and used, e.g. on an 16th century cabinet clock in the Vienna Art-History Museum.[16]
  • German (Gallic) hours (half-dial): 2×12 hour system starting ad midnight and restarted at noon. It is typical with the 12hours dial with 12 at the top.

The modern 24hour system is a late-19th century adaptation of the German midnight-starting system, and then prevailed in the world with the exception of some Anglophone countries.

Striking clocks had to produce 300 strokes each day, which required a lot of rope, and wore out the mechanism quickly, so some localities switched to ringing sequences of 1 to 12 twice (156 strokes), or even 1 to 6 repeated four times (84 strokes).[13]

After missing a train while travelling in Ireland in 1876 because a printed schedule listed p.m. instead of a.m., Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a single 24-hour clock for the entire world, located at the centre of the Earth, not linked to any surface meridian — a predecessor to Coordinated Universal Time.[17][18] He was an early proponent of using the 24-hour clock as part of a programme to reform timekeeping, which also included establishing time zones and a standard prime meridian.[19] The Canadian Pacific Railway was among the first organizations to adopt the 24-hour clock, at midsummer 1886.[17][20]

At the International Meridian Conference in 1884, American lawyer and astronomer Lewis M. Rutherfurd proposed:

That this universal day is to be a mean solar day; is to begin for all the world at the moment of midnight of the initial meridian coinciding with the beginning of the civil day and date of that meridian, and is to be counted from zero up to twenty-four hours.[21]

This resolution was adopted by the conference.[21]

The Shepherd Gate Clock with Roman numerals up to XXIII (23) and 0 for midnight, in Greenwich

A report by a government committee in the United Kingdom noted Italy as the first country among those mentioned to adopt 24-hour time nationally, in 1893.[22] Other European countries followed: France adopted it in 1912 (the French army in 1909), followed by Denmark (1916), and Greece (1917). By 1920, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, and Switzerland had switched, followed by Turkey (1925), and Germany (1927). By the early 1920s, many countries in Latin America had also adopted the 24-hour clock.[23] Some of the railways in India had switched before the outbreak of the war.[22]

During World War I, the British Royal Navy adopted the 24-hour clock in 1915, and the Allied armed forces followed soon after,[22] with the British Army switching officially in 1918.[24] The Canadian armed forces first started to use the 24-hour clock in late 1917.[25] In 1920, the United States Navy was the first United States organization to adopt the system; the United States Army, however, did not officially adopt the 24-hour clock until World War II, on July 1, 1942.[26]

A Russian 24-hour watch for polar expeditions from 1969, made by Soviet watchmaker Raketa.

The use of the 24-hour clock in the United Kingdom has grown steadily since the beginning of the 20th century, although attempts to make the system official failed more than once.[27] In 1934, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) switched to the 24-hour clock for broadcast announcements and programme listings. The experiment was halted after five months following a lack of enthusiasm from the public, and the BBC continued using the 12-hour clock.[27] In the same year, Pan American World Airways Corporation and Western Airlines in the United States both adopted the 24-hour clock.[28] In modern times, the BBC uses a mixture of both the 12-hour and the 24-hour clock.[27] British Rail and London Transport switched to the 24-hour clock for timetables in 1964.[27] A mixture of the 12- and 24-hour clocks similarly prevails in other English-speaking Commonwealth countries: French speakers have adopted the 24-hour clock in Canada much more broadly than English speakers, and Australia also uses both systems.

See also
  • 12-hour clock
  • 24-hour analog dial
  • Clock
  • Date and time representation by country
  • Decimal time
  • Hindu units of time
  • Italian six-hour clock
  • List of military time zones
  • Metric time
  • Thai six-hour clock
  • Time
  • Traditional Chinese timekeeping

Notes

    References
    1. See the Common Locale Data Repository for detailed data about the preferred date and time notations used across the world, as well the locale settings of major computer operating systems, and the article Date and time representation by country.
    2. U.S. Government Printing Office, Style Manual. "12. Numerals". Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
    3. International Standard ISO 8601: Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times. International Organization for Standardization, 3rd ed., 2004.
    4. Pickar, Gloria D.; Graham, Hope; Swart, Beth; Swedish, Margaret (2011). Dosage calculations (2nd Canadian ed.). Toronto: Nelson Education. p. 60. ISBN 9780176502591.
    5. ISO 8601:2004 Data elements and interchange formats – Information interchange – Representation of dates and times, clause 4.2.3 Midnight
    6. "Communication instructions – General Archived 2011-08-07 at the Wayback Machine", Allied Communications Publication ACP 121(I), page 3–6, Combined Communications-Electronics Board, October 2010
    7. SECNAV M-5216.5 Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual dated March 2010, Chapter 2, Section 5 Paragraph 15. Expressing Military Time.
    8. "Manual" (PDF). /www.marines.mil. June 2015.
    9. "Reference | Static Transit". Google Developers.
    10. "military time". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020.
    11. "Communication Instructions General ACP 121(I)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-08.
    12. Guinot, Bernard (August 2011). "Solar time, legal time, time in use". Metrologia. 48 (4): 185. Bibcode:2011Metro..48S.181G. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/4/S08. S2CID 121852011.
    13. Dohrn-Van Rossum, Gerhard (1996). History of the Hour. Clock and Modern Temporal Orders. The University of Chicago Press. p. 114. ISBN 0226155110.
    14. Tomáš Voříšek: Hodiny německé a české na půl orloje a podle celého orloje, Otta z Losu, last update 2021
    15. Stan. Marušák, Petr Král: Čtyřiadvacetník, Orloj.eu
    16. Český čas s otazníkem, Orloj.eu
    17. Fleming, Sandford (1886). "Time-reckoning for the twentieth century". Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution (1): 345–366. Reprinted in 1889: Time-reckoning for the twentieth century at the Internet Archive.
    18. Blaise, Clark (2001). Time lord: Sir Sandford Fleming and the creation of standard time. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 81–82. ISBN 978-0-375-40176-3.
    19. Creet, Mario (1990). "Sandford Fleming and Universal Time". Scientia Canadensis: Canadian Journal of the History of Science, Technology and Medicine. 14 (1–2): 66–89. doi:10.7202/800302ar.
    20. The London Times reports on a timetable using the 24-hour clock on a trip from Port Arthur, Ontario: "A Canadian Tour". The Times. No. 31880. London. 2 October 1886. col 1–2, p. 8.
    21. "International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day. October 1884. Protocols of the proceedings". Project Gutenberg. 1884. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
    22. "Memorandum CAB 24/110/21 (CP 1721), 'Report of the Committee upon the 24 hour method of expressing time'". The National Archives, Kew, United Kingdom. 4 August 1920.
    23. "History of the 24-Hour Clock - Military Time Chart - 24 Hour Time Clock". militarytimechart.net. December 24, 2016.
    24. The Times: 1918 September 19, p. 3.
    25. Dancocks, Daniel G. Gallant Canadians: The Story of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion 1914–1919
    26. The Pittsburgh Press, 1942 July 19.
    27. Boardman, Peter (July 2011). Counting Time: a brief history of the 24-hour clock.
    28. Sarasota Herald-Tribune 1943 May 14
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