Mile run

The mile run (1,760 yards[1] or exactly 1,609.344 metres) is a middle-distance foot race.

Athletics
Mile run
Gunder Hägg (right) defeats Arne Andersson with a world record for the mile of 4:06.2 min in Gothenburg in 1942.
World records
Men Hicham El Guerrouj 3:43.13 (1999)
Women Sifan Hassan 4:12.33 (2019)

The history of the mile run event began in England, where it was used as a distance for gambling races. It survived track and field's switch to metric distances in the 1900s and retained its popularity, with the chase for the four-minute mile in the 1950s a high point for the race.

In spite of the roughly equivalent 1500 metres race, which is used instead of the mile at the World Championships and Olympic Games and is sometimes referred as the foremost middle-distance track event in athletics, the mile run is present in all fields of athletics, and since 1976, it is the only imperial distance for which World Athletics has on its books for official world records.

Although the mile is not featured at any major championships, the Wanamaker Mile, Dream Mile, Emsley Carr Mile and Bowerman Mile races are among the foremost annual middle-distance races outdoors, respectively.

The current mile world record holders are Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco with a time of 3:43.13 and Sifan Hassan of The Netherlands with the women's record of 4:12.33.

The record for the fastest mile ever run on any terrain is held by Craig Wheeler, who ran a downhill mile in 1993 in a time of 3:24;[2] Wheeler's time is not an officially recognized record due to the downhill grade of the course he ran.

History

Although a statute mile today is equal to a length of 5,280 feet, the distance of the English mile gained its current definition of 1,760 yards through a statute of the Parliament of England in 1593.[3] Thus, the history of the mile run began in England and it initially found usage within the wagered running contests of the 18th and 19th century. Such contests would attract large numbers of spectators and gamblers – so many that the activity became a professional one for its more-established participants.[4]

The mile run was at the heart of the divide between professional and amateur sports in the late 19th century, as running was beginning to gain popularity in the sports world. Separate world record categories were kept for amateurs and professionals, with professional runners providing the faster times. High-profile contests between Britons William Cummings and Walter George brought much publicity to the sport, as did George's races against the American Lon Myers. The mile run was also one of the foremost events at the amateur AAA Championships.[4] Although the spotlight was shining on the running scene, the categories remained distinct but the respective rise in amateurism and decline of the professional sector saw the division become irrelevant in the 20th century.[5]

A statue commemorating Roger Bannister and John Landy's Miracle Mile in 1954.

The mile run continued to be a popular distance in spite of the metrication of track and field and athletics in general, replacing the imperial distance for the metric mile (1500 meters). It was the 1500 metres – sometimes referred to as the metric mile – which was featured on the Olympic athletics programme. The International Amateur Athletics Federation formed in 1912 and confirmed the first officially recognised world record in the mile the following year (4:14.4 minutes run by John Paul Jones).[6]

The fact that the mile run was the only imperial distance to retain its official world record status after 1976 reflects its continued popularity in the international (and principally metric) era.[7] Decades later, the distance is ubiquitous, whether run in high school gym classes or used for logging in miles for your average recreational runner.

The top men's middle-distance runners continued to compete in the mile run in the first half of the 1900s – Paavo Nurmi, Jack Lovelock and Sydney Wooderson were all world record holders over the distance.[6] In the 1940s, Swedish runners Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson pushed times into a new territory, as they set three world records each during their rivalry over the decade.[8]

The goal of completing a sub-four-minute mile sparked further interest in the distance in the 1950s and to this day, many competitive runners are still chasing the ambitious barrier. Englishman Roger Bannister became the first person to achieve the feat in May 1954 and his effort, conducted with the help of Chris Brasher and Chris Chataway, was a key moment in the rise of the use of pacemakers at the top level of the sport – an aspect which is now commonplace at non-championship middle and long-distance races.[9][10] In fact, pacemakers, if performing effectively, can earn generous sums of money for their performances and accurate pacing duties.

Augustine Choge running the Dream Mile in Oslo in 2008.

The 1960s saw American Jim Ryun, considered one of the world's most decorated middle-distance runners, set world records near the 3:50-minute mark and his achievements popularised interval workout techniques which are still heavily used today, especially for collegiate distance runners.[8] From this period onwards, African runners began to emerge, breaking the largely white, Western dominance of the distance; Kenya's Kip Keino won the mile at the 1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games (which was among the last mile races to be held at a major multi-sport event as of 2021).[11]

Filbert Bayi of Tanzania became Africa's first world record holder over the distance in 1975, although New Zealander John Walker further broke Bayi's record a few months later to become the first man under 3:50 minutes for the event. The 1980s was highlighted by the rivalry between British runners Sebastian Coe and Steve Ovett, who improved the record five times between them, including two records at the Oslo Dream Mile race. Noureddine Morceli brought the mile record back into African hands in 1993 and Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj set the current record of 3:43.13, which has stood since 1999.[6]

Mile run contests remain a key feature of many annual track and field meetings, including recreational, high school, and collegiate meets, with long-running series such as the Wanamaker Mile at the Millrose Games, Dream Mile at the Bislett Games, the British Emsley Carr Mile, and the Bowerman Mile at the Prefontaine Classic being among the most prominent. Aside from track races, mile races are also occasionally contested in cross country running and mile runs on the road include the Fifth Avenue Mile in New York City. However, in high school and collegiate cross country running, races are often measured in kilometers, with 5K and 8K being the most common.

Records
Morocco's Hicham El Guerrouj (left) is the world record holder for the outdoor mile.

Outdoor
Area Men's Women's
Time Athlete Time Athlete
World3:43.13 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)4:12.33 Sifan Hassan (NED)
Continental records
Africa3:43.13 Hicham El Guerrouj (MAR)4:16.71 Faith Kipyegon (KEN)
Asia3:47.97 Daham Najim Bashir (QAT)4:17.75 Maryam Yusuf Jamal (BHR)
Europe3:46.32 Steve Cram (GBR)4:12.33 Sifan Hassan (NED)
North, Central America
and Caribbean		3:46.91 Alan Webb (USA)4:16.71 Mary Slaney (USA)
Oceania3:47.48 Oliver Hoare (AUS)4:19.89 Jessica Hull (AUS)
South America3:51.05 Hudson de Souza (BRA)4:30.05 Soraya Vieira Telles (BRA)

Indoor
Area Men's Women's
Time Athlete Time Athlete
World3:47.01 Yomif Kejelcha (ETH)4:13.31 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
Continental records
Africa3:47.01 Yomif Kejelcha (ETH)4:13.31 Genzebe Dibaba (ETH)
Asia3:57.05 Mohamed Suleiman (QAT)4:24.71 Maryam Yusuf Jamal (BHR)
Europe3:48.87 Josh Kerr (GBR)4:17.14 Doina Melinte (ROM)
North, Central America
and Caribbean		3:49.89 Bernard Lagat (USA)4:16.85 Elle Purrier (USA)
Oceania3:50.83 Ollie Hoare (AUS)4:24.14 Kim Smith (NZL)
South America3:56.26 Hudson de Souza (BRA)4:42.24 Valentina Medina (VEN)

All-time top 25
Runners competing in the Women's Mile at the Adidas Boost Boston Games in 2019.

Men (outdoor)
  • Correct as of June 2022.[12]
Ath.#Perf.#TimeAthleteNationDatePlaceRef
1 1 3:43.13 Hicham El Guerrouj  Morocco 7 JUL 1999 Rome
2 2 3:43.40 Noah Ngeny  Kenya
3 3 3:44.39Noureddine Morceli Algeria05 SEP 1993Rieti
4 3:44.60 Guerrouj #2 16 JUL 1998 Nice
5 3:44.90 Guerrouj #3 04 JUL 1997 Oslo
6 3:44.95 Guerrouj #4 29 JUN 2001 Rome
7 3:45.19 Morceli #2 16 AUG 1995 Zurich
8 3:45.64 Guerrouj #5 26 AUG 1997 Berlin
9 3:45.96 Guerrouj #6 05 AUG 2000 London
10 3:46.24 Guerrouj #7 28 JUL 2000 Oslo
4 11 3:46.32Steve Cram Great Britain27 July 1985Oslo
5 12 3:46.38 Daniel Komen  Kenya 26 August 1997 Berlin
6 13 3:46.46 Jakob Ingebrigtsen  Norway 16 June 2022 Oslo [13]
7 14 3:46.70 Vénuste Niyongabo  Burundi 26 August 1997 Berlin
8 15 3:46.76Saïd Aouita Morocco2 July 1987Helsinki
16 3:46.78 Morceli #3 27 AUG 1993 Berlin
9 17 3:46.91Alan Webb United States21 July 2007Brasschaat
18 3:46.92 Aouita #2 21 AUG 1985 Zurich
19 3:47.10 Guerrouj #8 07 AUG 1999 London
20 3:47.24 Ingebrigtsen #2 21 AUG 2021 Eugene
10 21 3:47.28Bernard Lagat  Kenya 29 June 2001Rome
22 3:47.30 Morceli #3 03 SEP 1993 Brussels
11 23 3:47.32 Ayanleh Souleiman  Djibouti 31 May 2014 Eugene [14]
12 24 3:47.33Sebastian Coe Great Britain28 August 1981Brussels
13 25 3:47.48 Oliver Hoare  Australia 16 June 2022 Oslo [15]
14 3:47.65Laban Rotich  Kenya 4 July 1997Oslo
15 3:47.69Steve Scott United States7 July 1982Oslo
16 3:47.79José Luis González Spain27 July 1985Oslo
173:47.88 John Kibowen  Kenya4 July 1997Oslo
Silas Kiplagat Kenya31 May 2014 Eugene
19 3:47.94William Chirchir  Kenya 28 July 2000 Oslo
20 3:47.97Dahame Najem Bashir Qatar29 July 2005Oslo
21 3:48.17Paul Korir  Kenya 8 August 2003London
22 3:48.23Ali Saidi-Sief Algeria13 July 2001Oslo
23 3:48.28 Daniel Kipchirchir Komen  Kenya 10 June 2007 Eugene
24 3:48.37 Stewart McSweyn  Australia 1 July 2021 Oslo [16]
25 3:48.38 Andrés Manuel Díaz  Spain 29 JUN 2001 Rome

    Women (outdoor)
    • Correct as of July 2019.[17]
    Ireland's Sonia O'Sullivan is the 12th fastest woman over the mile.
    Ath.#Perf.#TimeAthleteNationDatePlaceRef
    1 1 4:12.33 Sifan Hassan  Netherlands 12 JUL 2019 Monaco [18]
    2 2 4:12.56Svetlana Masterkova Russia14 AUG 1996Zürich
    3 3 4:14.30 Genzebe Dibaba  Ethiopia 06 SEP 2016 Rovereto
    4 4:14.71 Hassan #2 22 JUL 2018 London
    5 4:14.74 Hassan #3 03 SEP 2021 Brussels
    4 6 4:15.61Paula Ivan Romania10 JUL 1989Nice
    5 7 4:15.8hNatalya Artyomova Soviet Union05 AUG 1984Leningrad
    8 4:16.05 Dibaba #2 06 JUL 2017 Lausanne
    6 9 4:16.14 Gudaf Tsegay  Ethiopia 22 JUL 2018 London [19]
    7 10 4:16.15 Hellen Obiri  Kenya 22 JUL 2018 London [19]
    11 4:16.15 Obiri #2 09 JUL 2017 London
    8 124:16.71Mary Slaney United States21 AUG 1985Zürich
    12Faith Kipyegon Kenya11 SEP 2015Brussels [20]
    14 4:17.00 Artyomova #2 20 SEP 1991 Barcelona
    10 15 4:17.25Sonia O'Sullivan Ireland22 JUL 1994Oslo
    11 16 4:17.30 Jenny Simpson  United States 22 JUL 2018 London [19]
    12 17 4:17.33Maricica Puica Romania21 AUG 1985Zürich
    18 4:17.44 Puica #2 16 SEP 1982 Rieti
    13 194:17.57Zola Budd Great Britain21 AUG 1985Zürich
    14 20 4:17.60 Laura Weightman  Great Britain 12 JUL 2019 Monaco [21]
    15 21 4:17.75Maryam Yusuf Jamal Bahrain14 SEP 2007Brussels
    16 22 4:17.87 Gabriela DeBues-Stafford  Canada 12 JUL 2019 Monaco [22]
    17 23 4:18.03 Laura Muir  Great Britain 09 JUL 2017 London [23]
    24 4:18.08 Slaney #2 09 JUL 1982 Paris
    18 25 4:18.23Doina Melinte Romania14 JUL 1990Oslo
    19 4:18.23Gelete Burka Ethiopia07 SEP 2008Rieti
    20 4:18.42 Rababe Arafi  Morocco 12 JUL 2019 Monaco [24]
    21 4:18.58 Axumawit Embaye  Ethiopia 12 JUL 2019 Monaco
    22 4:18.65 Winnie Nanyondo  Uganda 12 JUL 2019 Monaco [26]
    23 4:18.23Ciara Mageean Ireland12 JUL 2019Monaco
    24 4:19.30Gabriela Szabo Romania01 JUL 1998Bellinzona
    25 4:19.41Kirsty Wade United Kingdom27 JUL 1985Oslo


      Men (indoor)
      • Correct as of February 2022.[27]
      Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
      1 3:47.01 Yomif Kejelcha  Ethiopia 3 March 2019 Boston University Track and Tennis Center [28]
      2 3:48.45Hicham El Guerrouj Morocco12 February 1997Indoor Flanders Meeting
      3 3:48.87 Josh Kerr  Great Britain 27 February 2022 Boston University Track and Tennis Center [29]
      4 3:49.44 Edward Cheserek  Kenya 9 February 2018 David Hemery Valentine Invitational [30]
      5 3:49.78Eamonn Coghlan Ireland27 February 1983Meadowlands Arena
      6 3:49.89Bernard Lagat United States11 February 2005Randal Tyson Track Center
      7 3:49.98 Johnny Gregorek  United States 3 March 2019 Boston University Track and Tennis Center [28]
      8 3:50.17 Cooper Teare  United States 11 February 2022 Chicago [31]
      9 3:50.35 Cole Hocker  United States 11 February 2022 Chicago [31]
      10 3:50.63Matthew Centrowitz United States20 February 2016Fort Washington Avenue Armory
      11 3:50.70Noureddine Morceli Algeria20 February 1993Arena Birmingham
      12 3:50.83 Oliver Hoare  Australia 29 January 2022 Fort Washington Avenue Armory [32]
      13 3:50.92Galen Rupp United States26 January 2013Boston University Track and Tennis Center
      14 3:50.94 Marcus O'Sullivan  Ireland 13 February 1988 Meadowlands Arena
      Sam Prakel  United States 3 March 2019 Boston University Track and Tennis Center [33]
      16 3:51.06Nick Willis New Zealand20 February 2016Fort Washington Avenue Armory
      17 3:51.20Ray Flynn Ireland27 February 1983Meadowlands Arena
      18 3:51.21 Lopez Lomong  United States 19 February 2013 Fort Washington Avenue Armory
      19 3:51.26 Henry Wynne  United States 3 March 2019 Boston University Track and Tennis Center [33]
      20 3:51.8 h Steve Scott  United States 20 February 1981 San Diego
      21 3:52.02 Peter Elliott  Great Britain 9 February 1990 East Rutherford
      22 3:52.03 Morgan Beadlescomb  United States 11 February 2022 Chicago [34]
      23 3:52.10 Ciaran O Lionaird  Ireland 16 February 2013 New York
      24 3:52.18 Rui Silva  Portugal 15 February 2001 Stockholm
      25 3:52.22 Kyle Merber  United States 26 February 2017 Boston

      Notes

      Below is a list of other times superior to 3:50.55:

      • Yomif Kejelcha also ran 3:48.46 (2019).
      • Cooper Teare also ran 3:50.39 (2021)
      • Cole Hocker also ran 3:50.55 (2021).

      Women (indoor)
      • Correct as of February 2022.[35]
      Rank Time Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
      1 4:13.31Genzebe Dibaba Ethiopia17 February 2016Globen Galan
      2 4:16.85 Elle Purrier  United States 8 February 2020 Millrose Games [36]
      3 4:17.14Doina Melinte Romania9 February 1990Meadowlands Arena
      4 4:17.26 Konstanze Klosterhalfen  Germany 8 February 2020 Millrose Games [37]
      5 4:17.88 Jemma Reekie  Great Britain 8 February 2020 Millrose Games [38]
      6 4:18.75 Laura Muir  Great Britain 16 February 2019 Arena Birmingham [39]
      7 4:18.99Paula Ivan Romania10 February 1989Meadowlands Arena
      8 4:19.73 Gabriela DeBues-Stafford Canada 8 February 2020 Millrose Games [40]
      9 4:19.89Sifan Hassan Netherlands11 February 2017Millrose Games
      10 4:20.5 hMary Decker-Tabb United States19 February 1982San Diego Sports Arena
      11 4:20.81 Josette Norris  United States 29 January 2022 Fort Washington Avenue Armory [41]
      12 4:21.72 Gudaf Tsegay  Ethiopia 17 February 2022 Liévin [42]
      13 4:21.79Regina Jacobs United States8 January 2000New Balance Mile Challenge
      14 4:22.66Shannon Rowbury United States31 January 2015Wake Forest Invitational
      15 4:22.86 Colleen Quigley  United States 9 February 2019 Fort Washington Avenue Armory [43]
      16 4:22.93Kate Grace United States11 February 2017Millrose Games
      17 4:23.00Carla Sacramento Portugal24 February 2002Meeting Pas de Calais
      18 4:23.19 Gabriela Szabo  Romania 4 February 2001 Sparkassen Cup
      19 4:23.33 Kutre Dulecha  Ethiopia 4 February 2001 Sparkassen Cup
      20 4:23.49 Olga Komyagina  Russia 27 January 2008 Moscow
      21 4:23.50 Axumawit Embaye  Ethiopia 21 February 2015 Arena Birmingham
      22 4:23.53 Gelete Burka  Ethiopia 20 February 2010 Arena Birmingham
      23 4:23.86 Kirsty Wade  Great Britain 5 February 1988 New York City
      24 4:24.06 Jessica Hull  Australia 29 January 2022 Fort Washington Avenue Armory [44]
      25 4:24.10 Kalkidan Gezahegne  Ethiopia 20 February 2010 Arena Birmingham

      Notes

      Below is a list of other times superior to 4:22.59:

      • Elle Purrier also ran 4:19.30 (2022).
      • Konstanze Klosterhalfen also ran 4:22.59 (2022).

      Youth age records

      Key:   Incomplete information

      Boys
      AgeTimeAthleteNationBirthdateDatePlaceRef
      56:33.3Daniel Skandera United States2 November 200723 July 2013Santa Rosa
      65:44.4Daniel Skandera United States2 November 20075 August 2014Santa Rosa
      75:20.3Daniel Skandera United States2 November 20079 June 2015Santa Rosa
      85:12.1Daniel Skandera United States2 November 20079 August 2016Santa Rosa
      95:02.5Daniel Skandera United States2 November 200727 June 2017Santa Rosa
      104:46.6Daniel Skandera United States2 November 200724 July 2018Santa Rosa
      114:43.9Daniel Skandera United States2 November 20071 November 2019Oakland
      124:36.80Jeremy Kain United States18 August 200413 July 2017Los Gatos
      134:26.49James Burke United States5 August 199721 May 2011Schenectady
      144:12.77Marcus Reilly United States13 November 20057 November 2020Fairhaven
      154:05.77Corey Campbell United Kingdom26 July 200620 May 2022Stirling[45]
      16 3:56.29Jakob Ingebrigtsen Norway19 September 200015 June 2017Oslo[46]
      3:54.63Victor Torres United States19 April 198914 June 2005New York
      173:50.90Hamza Driouch Qatar16 November 19947 June 2012Oslo[47]
      183:49.77Caleb Ndiku Kenya9 October 19924 June 2011Eugene[48]
      193:49.29William Biwott Tanui Kenya5 March 19903 July 2009Oslo[49]

      Girls
      AgeTimeAthleteNationBirthdateDatePlaceRef
      66:36.0Celine Struijvé Netherlands10 November 201217 September 2019Epe
      76:05.1Kristina Wilson United States5 December 19635 June 1971
      85:43.5Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 200510 December 2013Sydney
      95:18.74Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 200517 January 2015Wollongong
      105:04.19Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 200516 January 2016Wollongong
      114:56.08Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 20054 March 2017Sydney
      124:46.57Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 200513 January 2018Wollongong
      134:44.73Imogen Stewart Australia27 July 200522 December 2018Sydney
      144:40.1 iMary Decker United States4 August 195816 March 1973Richmond
      154:35.16Sadie Engelhardt United States21 August 20069 April 2022Arcadia[50]
      164:28.25 iMary Cain United States3 May 199616 February 2013New York
      174:24.11 iMary Cain United States3 May 199624 January 2014Boston
      184:24.10 iKalkidan Gezahegne Ethiopia8 May 199120 February 2010Birmingham
      194:17.57Zola Budd United Kingdom26 May 196621 August 1985Zürich

      Season's bests
      • "i" indicates performance on 200m indoor track

      See also
      • 5 Mile - 5 mile run

      References
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