Palm Springs, California

The first humans to settle in the area were the Cahuilla people, who arrived 2,000 years ago.[10][11][12] Cahuilla Indians lived here in isolation from other cultures for hundreds of years prior to European contact.[13] They spoke Ivilyuat, which is a Uto-Aztecan language.[14] Numerous prominent and powerful Cahuilla leaders were from the area, including Cahuilla Lion (Chief Juan Antonio).[15] While Palm Canyon was occupied during the winter months, they often moved to cooler Chino Canyon during the summer months.[16]

The Cahuilla Indians had several permanent settlements in the canyons of Palm Springs due to the abundance of water and shade. Various hot springs were used during wintertime. The Cahuilla hunted rabbit, mountain goat, and quail while trapping fish in nearby lakes and rivers. While men were responsible for hunting, women were responsible for collecting berries, acorns, and seeds. They also made tortillas from mesquite seeds.[10] While the Cahuillas often spent the summers in Indian Canyons, the current site of Spa Resort Casino in downtown was often used during winter due to its natural hot springs.[11]

Native American petroglyphs can be seen in Tahquitz, Chino, and Indian Canyons. The Cahuilla's irrigation ditches, dams, and house pits can also be seen here.[17] Ancient petroglyphs, pictographs and mortar holes can be seen in Andreas Canyon. The mortar holes were used to grind acorns into meal.[18][19]

The Agua Caliente ("Hot Water") Reservation was established in 1876 and consists of 31,128 acres (12,597 ha). Six thousand seven hundred acres (2,700 ha) are located by Downtown Palm Springs.[20] The Native American land is on long lease land and next to one of California's high-end communities, making the tribe one of the wealthiest in California.[21]

The first name for Palm Springs was given by the native Cahuilla: "Se-Khi" (boiling water).[22][23] When the Agua Caliente Reservation was established by the United States government in 1876, the reservation land was composed of alternating sections (640 acres or 260 ha) of land laid out across the desert in a checkerboard pattern. The alternating non-reservation sections were granted to the Southern Pacific Railroad as an incentive to bring rail lines through the Sonoran Desert.

A number of streets and areas in Palm Springs are named for Native-American notables, including Andreas, Arenas, Amado, Belardo, Lugo, Patencio, Saturnino, and Chino. All of these are common Cahuilla surnames.[11]

Presently the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians is composed of several smaller bands who live in the modern-day Coachella Valley and San Gorgonio Pass. The Agua Caliente Reservation occupies 32,000 acres (13,000 ha), of which 6,700 acres (2,700 ha) lie within the city limits, making the Agua Caliente natives the city's largest landowners. (Tribal enrollment as of 2010 was 410 people.[24])

Californio soldier and explorer José María Estudillo was the first to note the existence of hot springs within the area of what is Palm Springs.

As of 1821 Mexico was independent of Spain, and in March 1823, the Mexican Monarchy ended. That same year (in December) Mexican diarist José María Estudillo and Brevet Captain José Romero were sent to find a route from Sonora to Alta California; on their expedition they first recorded the existence of "Agua Caliente" at Palm Springs, California.[25][26]^: 30 With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo after the Mexican-American war, the region became part of the United States in 1848.

One possible origin of palm in the place name comes from early Spanish explorers who referred to the area as La Palma de la Mano de Dios or "The Palm of God's hand".[27] The earliest use of the name "Palm Springs" is from United States Topographical Engineers who used the term in 1853 maps.[28] According to William Bright, when the word "palm" appears in Californian place names, it usually refers to the native California fan palm, Washingtonia filifera, which is abundant in the Palm Springs area.[29] Other early names were "Palmetto Spring" and "Big Palm Springs".[30]

The first European resident in Palm Springs itself was Jack Summers, who ran the stagecoach station on the Bradshaw Trail in 1862.[31]^{: 44, 149} Fourteen years later (1876), the Southern Pacific railroad was laid 6 miles (9.5 km) to the north, isolating the station.[31]^: 17 In 1880, local Indian Pedro Chino was selling parcels near the springs to William Van Slyke and Mathew Bryne in a series of questionable transactions; they in turn brought in W. R. Porter to help market their property through the "Palm City Land and Water Company".[26]^: 275 By 1885, when San Francisco attorney (later known as "Judge") John Guthrie McCallum began buying property in Palm Springs, the name was already in wide acceptance. The area was named "Palm Valley" when McCallum incorporated the "Palm Valley Land and Water Company" with partners O.C. Miller, H.C. Campbell, and James Adams, M.D.[26]^: 280[32][33]

Palm Canyon near Palm Springs, showing palm trees over a creek, circa 1901

McCallum, who had brought his ill son to the dry climate for health, brought in irrigation advocate Dr. Oliver Wozencroft and engineer J. P. Lippincott to help construct a canal from the Whitewater River to fruit orchards on his property.[26]^{: 276–279} He also asked Dr. Welwood Murray to establish a hotel across the street from his residence. Murray did so in 1886 (he later became a famous horticulturalist).[26]^: 280 The crops and irrigation systems suffered flooding in 1893 from record rainfall, and then an 11-year drought (1894–1905) caused further damage.[25]^: 40

A 1950s postcard publicizing one of the many hotels sprouting in Palm Springs during the early to mid-20th century

The city became a fashionable resort in the 1900s[34] when health tourists arrived with conditions that required dry heat. Because of the heat, however, the population dropped markedly in the summer months.[35] In 1906 naturalist and travel writer George Wharton James's two volume The Wonders of the Colorado Desert described Palm Springs as having "great charms and attractiveness"[36]^{: 278–281} and included an account of his stay at Murray's hotel.[37] As James also described, Palm Springs was more comfortable in its microclimate because the area was covered in the shadow of Mount San Jacinto to the west[32] and in the winter the mountains block cold winds from the San Gorgonio pass.[38] Early illustrious visitors included John Muir and his daughters, U.S. Vice President Charles Fairbanks, and Fanny Stevenson, widow of Robert Louis Stevenson; still, Murray's hotel was closed in 1909 and torn down in 1954.[25]^: 45

Nellie N. Coffman and her physician husband Harry established The Desert Inn as a hotel and sanitarium in 1909.[39][40] It was expanded as a modern hotel in 1927 and continued on until 1967.[25]^{: Ch. 13}[41][42] Coffman herself was a "driving force" in the city's tourism industry until her death in 1950.[43]

James's Wonders of the Colorado Desert (above) was followed in 1920 by J. Smeaton Chase's Our Araby: Palm Springs and the Garden of the Sun, which also promoted the area.[44] In 1924 Pearl McCallum (daughter of Judge McCallum) returned to Palm Springs and built the Oasis Hotel with her husband Austin G. McManus; the Modern/Art Deco resort was designed by Lloyd Wright and featured a 40-foot (12 m) tower.[25]^: 68–69[45]

The San Jacinto Mountains border Palm Springs to the west.

The next major hotel was the El Mirador, a large and luxurious resort that attracted the biggest movie stars; opening in 1927, its prominent feature was a 68-foot-tall (21 m) Renaissance style tower.[25]^{: Ch. 23}[46] Silent film star Fritzi Ridgeway's 100-room Hotel del Tahquitz was built in 1929, next to the "Fool's Folly" mansion built by Chicago heiress Lois Kellogg.[47] Golfing was available at the O'Donnell 9 hole course (1926) and the El Mirador (1929) course (see Golf below). Hollywood movie stars were attracted by the hot dry, sunny weather and seclusion—they built homes and estates in the Warm Sands, The Mesa, and Historic Tennis Club neighborhoods (see Neighborhoods below). About 20,000 visitors came to the area in 1922.[48]

Palm Springs became popular with movie stars in the 1930s[49] and estate building expanded into the Movie Colony neighborhoods, Tahquitz River Estates, and Las Palmas neighborhoods. Actors Charles Farrell and Ralph Bellamy opened the Racquet Club in 1934[25]^{: Ch. 25}[50][51] and Pearl McCallum opened the Tennis Club in 1937.[45] Nightclubs were set up as well, with Al Wertheimer opening The Dunes outside of Palm Springs in 1934[25]^: 254 and the Chi Chi nightclub opening in 1936.[52][53]^{: 206–207} Besides the gambling available at the Dunes Club, other casinos included The 139 Club and The Cove Club outside of the city.[54][55]

Palm trees along shops.

Bullock's, a large upscale department store on Broadway in Los Angeles, opened a Spanish Colonial-style "resort store" within the Desert Inn complex in 1930. When Bullock's opened a full department store at 151 Palm Canyon Drive in 1947, J. W. Robinson's, another large L.A. store, took the former Bullock's location and opened its own resort store there.[73]

Southern California's first self-contained shopping center was in Palm Springs, La Plaza (originally Palm Springs Plaza), and on-street, open air center anchored by a small Desmond's department store, in 1936. The three-level parking garage for 141 cars was an innovation and the largest in Riverside County at that time.[74] In the mid-twentieth century across the street on Palm Canyon Drive were department stores like Bullock's/Bullocks Wilshire (No. 151, 1947–1990), J. W. Robinson's (No. 333, 1958–1987),[75][76][77] and Saks Fifth Avenue (opened October 16, 1959, at No. 490),[78] forming a large shopping district. In 1967 the Desert Fashion Plaza mall was built, I. Magnin opened there (closed 1992)[79] and Saks closed its previous location and moved into a new larger store in the mall. Joseph Magnin Co. opened a 26,000-square-foot (2,400 m²) department store in the mall in 1969,[80] meaning that together with a Sears at 611 Palm Canyon Dr., for two decades, downtown boasted seven department stores, plus the Palm Springs Mall 1.5 miles (2.5 km) to the east operating from 1959 to 2005.

When the United States entered World War II, Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley were important in the war effort. The original airfield near Palm Springs became a staging area for the Air Corps Ferrying Command's 21st Ferrying Group in November 1941 and a new airfield was built 1⁄2 mile (0.8 km) from the old site. The new airfield,[60]^: 43 designated Palm Springs Army Airfield,[81] was completed in early 1942. Personnel from the Air Transport Command 560th Army Air Forces Base Unit stayed at the La Paz Guest Ranch and training was conducted at the airfield by the 72nd and 73rd Ferrying Squadrons. Later training was provided by the IV Fighter Command 459th Base Headquarters and Air Base Squadron.

Eight months before Pearl Harbor Day, the El Mirador Hotel was fully booked and adding new facilities.[82] After the war started, the U.S. government bought the hotel from owner Warren Phinney for $750,000,[83] just over $13,000,000 if including inflation in 2020, and converted it into the Torney General Hospital,[84] with Italian prisoners of war serving as kitchen help and orderlies in 1944 and 1945.[61] Through the war it was staffed with 1,500 personnel and treated some 19,000 patients.[51]^: 55

General Patton's Desert Training Center encompassed the entire region, with its headquarters in Camp Young at the Chiriaco Summit and an equipment depot maintained by the 66th Ordnance in present-day Palm Desert.[60]^: 40

Kaufmann Desert House, Palm Springs, by Richard Neutra

Architectural modernists flourished with commissions from the stars, using the city to explore architectural innovations, new artistic venues, and an exotic back-to-the-land experiences. Inventive architects designed unique vacation houses, such as steel houses with prefabricated panels and folding roofs, a glass-and-steel house in a boulder-strewn landscape, and a carousel house that turned to avoid the sun's glare.[85]

In 1946, Richard Neutra designed the Kaufmann Desert House. A modernist classic, this mostly glass residence incorporated the latest technological advances in building materials, using natural lighting and floating planes and flowing space for proportion and detail.[86] In recent years an energetic preservation program has protected and enhanced many classic buildings.

Culver (2010) argues that Palm Springs architecture became the model for mass-produced suburban housing, especially in the Southwest. This "Desert Modern" style was a high-end architectural style featuring open-design plans, wall-to-wall carpeting, air-conditioning, swimming pools, and very large windows. As Culver concludes, "While environmentalists might condemn desert modern, the masses would not. Here, it seemed, were houses that fully merged inside and outside, providing spaces for that essential component of Californian—and indeed middle-class American—life: leisure. While not everyone could have a Neutra masterpiece, many families could adopt aspects of Palm Springs modern."[87]

Hollywood values permeated the resort as it combined celebrity, health, new wealth, and sex. As Culver (2010) explains: "The bohemian sexual and marital mores already apparent in Hollywood intersected with the resort atmosphere of Palm Springs, and this new, more open sexuality would gradually appear elsewhere in national tourist culture."[87] During this period, the city government, stimulated by real estate developers systematically removed and excluded poor people and Indians.[88][89]

Palm Springs was pictured by the French photographer Robert Doisneau in November 1960 as part of an assignment for Fortune[90] on the construction of golf courses in this particularly dry and hot area of the Colorado desert. Doisneau submitted around 300 slides following his ten-day stay depicting the lifestyle of wealthy retirees and Hollywood stars in the 1960s. At the time, Palm Springs counted just 19 courses, which had grown to 125 by 2010.[91]

A postcard of Palm Canyon Dr. through Palm Springs' downtown village in the 1950s

Similar to the pre-war era, Palm Springs remained popular with the rich and famous of Hollywood, as well as retirees and Canadian tourists.[92] Between 1947 and 1965, the Alexander Construction Company built some 2,200 houses in Palm Springs effectively doubling its housing capacity.

As the 1970s drew to a close, increasing numbers of retirees moved to the Coachella Valley. As a result, Palm Springs began to evolve from a virtual ghost town in the summer to a year-round community. Businesses and hotels that used to close for the months of July and August instead remained open all summer. As commerce grew, so too did the number of families with children.

The recession of 1973–1975 affected Palm Springs as many of the wealthy residents had to cut back on their spending.[93] Later in the 1970s numerous Chicago mobsters invested $50 million in the Palm Springs area, buying houses, land, and businesses.[94] While Palm Springs faced competition from the desert cities to the east in the later 1980s,[95] it has continued to prosper into the 21st century.[96]

Palm Springs (as well as surrounding areas) became a desired destination as the COVID-19 pandemic began; the city saw an increase of residents from larger cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Seattle, with new residents seeking less dense areas from which to work remotely.[97]

Since the early 1950s[98] the city had been a popular spring break resort. Glamorized as a destination in the 1963 movie Palm Springs Weekend,[99] the number of visitors grew and at times the gatherings had problems. In 1969 an estimated 15,000 people had gathered for a concert at the Palm Springs Angel Stadium and 300 were arrested for drunkenness or disturbing the peace.[100] In the 1980s, 10,000 or more college students would visit the city and form crowds and parties—and another rampage occurred in 1986[101] when Palm Springs Police in riot gear had to put down the rowdy crowd.[102] In 1990, due to complaints by residents, mayor Sonny Bono and the city council closed the city's Palm Canyon Drive to spring breakers and the downtown businesses, normally filled with tourists, lost money.[103]

Tourism is a major factor in the city's economy with 1.6 million visitors in 2011.[48] The city has over 130 hotels and resorts, numerous bed and breakfasts, and over 100 restaurants and dining spots.[104] Events such as the Coachella and Stagecoach Festivals in nearby Indio attract younger people, making greater Palm Springs a more attractive area to retire.[105]

Following the 2008 recession, Palm Springs revitalized its Downtown, "the Village". Rebuilding started with the demolition of the Bank of America building in January 2012, with the Desert Fashion Plaza scheduled for demolition in 2013.[106]

In 2020, Christy Holstege became the mayor of Palm Springs, which made her the first openly bisexual mayor in the United States, as well as the first female mayor of Palm Springs.[107][108] The following year, Lisa Middleton became mayor, making her the first transgender mayor in California history.[109]

The movement behind mid-century modern architecture (1950s/60s era) in Palm Springs is backed by architecture enthusiasts, designers, and local historians to preserve many of Palm Springs' buildings and homes of famous celebrities, businessmen, and politicians. Stores sell furniture and gifts that feature a mid-century modern theme. The city holds a Modernism Week celebration every February, along with several related smaller events during the year.[110]

Palm Springs has a hot desert climate, with over 300 days of sunshine and 4.93 inches (125.2 mm) of precipitation annually.[111] The winter months are warm, with a majority of days reaching 70 °F (21 °C) and in January and February days often see temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C) and on occasion reach over 90 °F (32 °C), while, on average, there are 17 nights annually dipping to or below 40 °F (4 °C);[111] freezing temperatures occur in less than half of years. The lowest temperature recorded is 19 °F (−7 °C), on January 22, 1937.[112]

Summers are extremely hot, with daytime temperatures consistently surpassing 110 °F (43 °C) while overnight temperatures often remain above 80 °F (27 °C). The mean annual temperature is 75.6 °F (24.2 °C). There are on average 180 days with a high reaching 90 °F (32 °C), and 100 °F (38 °C) can be seen on 116 days.[111] The highest temperature on record in Palm Springs is 123 °F (51 °C), most recently achieved on June 17, 2021.[113] The climate year-round is suitable for many palm trees in this area of California due to the number of sunny days annually, the average high temperatures, and daily low temperatures.[114]

A wind farm in Palm Springs

The locale features a variety of native Low Desert flora and fauna. A notable tree occurring in the wild and under cultivation is the California Fan Palm, Washingtonia filifera.[117]

The fauna of Palm Springs is mostly species adapted to desert, temperature extremes and to lack of moisture. It is located within the Nearctic faunistic realm in a region containing an assemblage of species similar to Northern Africa.[118] Native fauna includes pronghorns, desert bighorn sheep, desert tortoise, kit fox, desert iguanas, horned lizards, chuckwalla, bobcats, mountain lions and Gila monsters. Other animals include ground squirrels, rock squirrels, porcupines, skunks, cactus mice, kangaroo rats, pocket gophers and raccoons.[119] Desert birds here include the iconic roadrunner, which can run at speeds exceeding 15 mph (24 km/h). Other avifauna includes the ladder-backed woodpecker, flycatchers, elf owls, great horned owls, sparrow hawks and a variety of raptors.[120]

The Sonoran Desert has more species of rattlesnakes (11) than anywhere else in the world.[121] The most common species is the extremely venomous Mojave green, which is considered the world's most dangerous rattlesnake. The largest rattle snake species here is the western diamondback rattlesnake, while other species include the black-tailed rattlesnake, tiger rattler and sidewinder rattler.[122] Palm Springs is home to tarantulas and various scorpion species, including the vinegaroon.[123]

Although black bears are not common in the Coachella Valley, bears have been observed in Palm Springs and other parts of California.[124]

Today, jaguars roam the northern Mexican dry-lands; however, they were previously common throughout the Coachella Valley. The last documented jaguar sighting in Palm Springs, was in 1860.[125]

View through the San Jacinto Mountains to Palm Springs

The City of Palm Springs has developed a program to identify distinctive neighborhoods in the community.[126] Of the 45 neighborhoods,[126] 7 have historical and cultural significance.[127]

The Movie Colony is just east of Palm Canyon Drive.[128] The Movie Colony East neighborhood extends further east from the Ruth Hardy Park.[129] These areas started growing in the 1930s as Hollywood movie stars built their smaller getaways from their Los Angeles area estates. Bob Hope, Frank Sinatra, Estée Lauder, Carmen Miranda and Bing Crosby built homes in these neighborhoods.

In the 1960s, Robert Fey built 70 homes designed by Donald Wexler and Ric Harrison in the El Rancho Vista Estates.[130] Noted residents included Jack LaLanne and comic Andy Dick.

Historic homes in the Warm Sands area date from the 1920s and many were built from adobe.[131] It also includes small resorts and the Ramon Mobile Home Park. Noted residents have included screenwriter Walter Koch, artist Paul A. Grimm, activist Cleve Jones and actor Wesley Eure.

The Mesa started off as a gated community developed in the 1920s near the Indian Canyons.[132] Noted residents have included King Gillette, Zane Grey, Clark Gable, Carole Lombard, Suzanne Somers, Herman Wouk, Henry Fernandez, Barry Manilow and Trina Turk. Distinctive homes include Donald Wexler's "butterfly houses" and the "Streamline Moderne Ship of the Desert".[133]

Tahquitz Canyon Way

Some of the homes in this neighborhood date from the 1930s. The area was owned by Pearl McCallum McManus and she started building homes in the neighborhood after World War II ended. Dr. William Scholl (Dr. Scholl's foot products) owned a 10-acre (4.0 ha) estate here. Today the neighborhood is the largest neighborhood organization with 600 homes and businesses within its boundaries.[134]

During World War II, the original Sunmor Estates area was the western portion the Palm Springs Army Airfield.[135] Homes here were developed by Robert Higgins and the Alexander Construction Company. Actor and former mayor Frank Bogert bought his home for $16,000 and lived there for more than 50 years.

Impoverished artist Carl Eytel first set up his cabin on what would become the Tennis Club in 1937. Another artist in the neighborhood, who built his Moroccan-style "Dar Marrac" estate in 1924, was Gordon Coutts.[136] Other estates include Samuel Untermyer's Mediterranean style villa (now the Willows Historic Palm Springs Inn),[137] the Casa Cody Inn, built by Harriet and Harold William Cody (cousin of Buffalo Bill Cody)[138][139] and the Ingleside Inn,[140] built in the 1920s by the Humphrey Birge family. The neighborhood now has about 400 homes, condos, apartments, inns and restaurants.[141]

To the west of Palm Canyon Drive are the Vista Las Palmas,[142] Old Las Palmas, and Little Tuscany neighborhoods.[143] These areas also feature distinctive homes, celebrity estates, and Albert Frey's private residential complex Villa Hermosa.

Historic Racquet Club Estates, located north of Vista Chino, is home to over five hundred mid-century modern homes from the Alexander Construction Company. "Meiselman" homes, and the famed Donald Wexler steel homes (having Class One historic designation) are also prominent in the area.[144] Racquet Club Estates was Palm Springs' first middle income neighborhood and became popular with Hollywood's elite in the 1950s and 60's.[53]^: 41

Deepwell Estates, the eastern portion of the square mile (2.6 km²) defined by South/East Palm Canyon, Mesquite, and Sunrise, contains around 370 homes, including notable homes architecturally and of celebrity figures. Among the celebrities who lived in the neighborhood are Jerry Lewis, Loretta Young, Liberace, and William Holden.[145][146]

The 2010 United States Census[148] reported that Palm Springs had a population of 44,552. The population density was 469.1 inhabitants per square mile (181.1/km²). The racial makeup of Palm Springs was 33,720 (75.7%) White (63.6% Non-Hispanic White),[5] 1,982 (4.4%) African American, 467 (1.0%) Native American, 1,971 (4.4%) Asian, 71 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 4,949 (11.1%) from other races, and 1,392 (3.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11,286 persons (25.3%).

The Census reported that 44,013 people (98.8% of the population) lived in households, 343 (0.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 196 (0.4%) were institutionalized.

There were 22,746 households, out of which 3,337 (14.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 5,812 (25.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 1,985 (8.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, 868 (3.8%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,031 (4.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2,307 (10.1%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 10,006 households (44.0%) were made up of individuals, and 4,295 (18.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.93. There were 8,665 families (38.1% of all households); the average family size was 2.82.

The population was spread out, with 6,125 people (13.7%) under the age of 18, 2,572 people (5.8%) aged 18 to 24, 8,625 people (19.4%) aged 25 to 44, 15,419 people (34.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 11,811 people (26.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 129.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.8 males.

There were 34,794 housing units at an average density of 366.3 per square mile (141.4/km²), of which 13,349 (58.7%) were owner-occupied, and 9,397 (41.3%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 6.7%; the rental vacancy rate was 15.5%. 24,948 people (56.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 19,065 people (42.8%) lived in rental housing units.

During 2009–2013, Palm Springs had a median household income of $45,198, with 18.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line.[5]

Church of St. Paul-in-the-Desert.

A view of Palm Springs from the Museum Trail

As of the census[149] of 2000, there were 42,807 people, 20,516 households, and 9,457 families residing in the city. The population density was 454.2 inhabitants per square mile (175.4/km²). There were 30,823 housing units at an average density of 327.0 per square mile (126.3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 78.3% White, 3.9% African American, 0.9% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 9.8% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 23.7% of the population.

There were 20,516 out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.0% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.9% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.9.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.0% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 26.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,973 and the median income for a family was $45,318. Males had a median income of $33,999 versus $27,461 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,957. About 11.2% of families and 15.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.2% of those under age 18 and 6.8% of those age 65 or over.

Palm Springs has one of the highest concentrations of same-sex couples of any community in the United States.[150][151] In 2010, 10.1% (2,307) of the city's households belong to same-sex married couples or partnerships, compared to the national average of 1%. Palm Springs has the fifth-highest percentage of same-sex households in the nation.[150]^: 27 Former mayor Ron Oden estimated that about a third of Palm Springs is gay.[152] Over various times, the city has catered to LGBT tourists with an increasing number of events such as the annual Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend, as well as hosting various clothing-optional resorts and events.[153][154] Palm Springs is host to the Greater Palm Springs Pride Celebration. This celebration, held every year in November, includes events such as the Palm Springs Pride Golf Classic, the Stonewall Equality Concert, and a Broadway in Drag Pageant. The city also held same-sex wedding ceremonies at the iconic Forever Marilyn statue located downtown, before its relocation in 2014. In January 2018, Palm Springs ushered in America's first all-LGBTQ city government.[155]

• Ace Hotel & Swim Club – a renovated mid-20th century motel.[159]
• Bird Medical Technologies[160]
• Colony Palms Hotel – opened in 1936 as The Colonial House by Las Vegas casino owner Al Wertheimer.
• KGAY, LGBT-themed radio station.[161]
• KQPS, LGBT-themed radio station.[162]
• Raven Productions – a television production company based in Palm Springs.
  • Earth Trek – a travel and adventure program produced by Raven.

• The Palm Springs International Film Festival and Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films ("ShortFest") present movie star-filled, red-carpet affairs in January and June respectively.
• Modernism Week, in February, is an 11-day event featuring mid-century modern architecture through films, lectures, tours and its Modernism Show & Sale. A four-day Modernism Week Preview is held in mid-October.[163]

The Palm Springs Black History Committee celebrates Black History Month with a parade and town fair every February.[164]

• Agua Caliente Cultural Museum presents its annual Festival of Native Film & Culture[165] at the Camelot Theaters in central Palm Springs.
  

  Village Fest in Palm Springs
• The Club Skirts Dinah Shore Weekend, known as "The Dinah",[32] is a LGBT event billed as the "Largest Girl Party in the World" held each March.
• A circuit White Party is held in April, attracting 10,000 visitors.[32][166]
• The Palm Springs Cultural Center[167] hosts a number of annual events, including Cinema Diverse: The Palm Springs LGBTQ Film Festival, The Arthur Lyons Film Noir Festival,[168] the Certified Farmers' Markets and more.
• Palm Springs Desert Resorts Restaurant Week is held every June, featuring 10 days of dining at over 100 restaurants in the Coachella Valley.[169]
• The Caballeros, a gay men's chorus and member of GALA Choruses, has presented concerts since 1999.[170]

The following three parades, held on Palm Canyon Drive, were created by former Mayor Will Kleindienst:

• Palm Springs Annual Homecoming Parade is held on the Wednesday prior to the Friday night Palm Springs High School Homecoming Game.[171]
• The city sponsors a Veterans Day parade, concert and fireworks display since 1996.[172] It is one of 54 US Department of Veterans Affairs designated Regional Sites[173] for the national observance of Veterans Day.[174]
• Since 1992 the Palm Springs Festival of Lights Parade is held on the first Saturday of December.[175]

For many years, The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies was a stage-show at the historic Plaza Theatre featuring performers over the age of 55. Still Kicking: The Fabulous Palm Springs Follies is a 1997 Mel Damski short documentary film about the Follies. The Palm Springs Follies closed for good after the 2013–14 season.[176]

Starting in 2004, the city worked with downtown businesses to develop the weekly Palm Springs VillageFest. The downtown street fair has been a regular Thursday evening event, drawing tourists and locals alike to Palm Canyon Drive to stroll amid the food and craft vendors.[177]

Events related to films and film-craft are sponsored by the Desert Film Society.[178]

The city and various individuals have sponsored different public art projects in the city.[179][180]

Numerous galleries and studios are located in the city and region.[181] The California Art Club has a chapter in Palm Springs.[182] The Desert Art Center of Coachella Valley was established in Palm Springs in 1950.[183]

Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium.

• Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians
  • Agua Caliente Cultural Museum[184] (presently located downtown at the Village Green)
  • Indian Canyons (Palm Canyon,[185] Andreas Canyon, Murray Canyon)[186]
  • Tahquitz Canyon,[187] wildlife area and one-time staging place for the outdoor "Desert Plays" in the 1920s[188]
  • Tahquitz Falls, 60-foot (18 m) waterfall used as a scene in Frank Capra's 1937 film, Lost Horizon.[189]
  • Agua Caliente Casino in Rancho Mirage
  • Spa Resort Casino, which is based on the original hot springs of the town[190]
• Forever Marilyn sculpture by Seward Johnson in downtown Palm Springs[191]
• Moorten Botanical Garden and Cactarium
• Palm Springs Historical Society Museums[192] (and Village Green[193])
  • Miss Cornelia White's "Little House" (railroad ties from the defunct Palmdale Railroad were used to build the house)
  • The McCallum Adobe – the oldest remaining building, built in 1884
  • Ruddy's General Store Museum – a 1930s general store[194]
• Palm Springs Air Museum – located at the Palm Springs International Airport
• Palm Springs Art Museum – originally developed as the Desert Museum
  • Annenberg Theater[195]
• Palm Springs Walk of Stars
• San Jacinto Mountains
  • Cactus to Clouds Trail – leads from the Art Museum to San Jacinto Peak
  • Mount San Jacinto State Park
  • Palm Springs Aerial Tramway
  • Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
• Children's Discovery Museum of the Desert – in Rancho Mirage[196]
• Living Desert Zoo and Gardens – in Palm Desert, California
• Joshua Tree National Park
  • Little San Bernardino Mountains

Palm Springs is home to the Palm Springs POWER, a semi-pro collegiate league baseball team composed of college all-stars of the Southern California Collegiate Baseball Association.[197] It has a winter league baseball team, the POWER winter team and Palm Springs Chill of the California Winter League (2010) consists of 12 other teams as of 2016. The League plays its games in Palm Springs Stadium and also on the baseball field in nearby Palm Springs High School. Both sites feature 6 teams of the Palm Springs Collegiate League in the summer.[198]

The Palm Springs stadium was once the spring training site of the Major League Baseball California Angels (now the Los Angeles Angels) of the American League from 1961 to 1993.[199] The stadium also hosted spring training of the Chicago White Sox[200] in the late 1940s–1950s, the Oakland A's in the 1970s, and the 1950s minor league Seattle Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League also trained there.

In 2019, Palm Springs was approved to become the home to an American Hockey League (AHL) expansion team to begin play for the 2021–22 season and serve as the development affiliate of the National Hockey League's 2021 expansion team, the Seattle Kraken.[201] However, the original project to build an arena in Palm Springs fell through, leading to the team's launch to be delayed by one year to the 2022–23 season.[202] The team, later named as the Coachella Valley Firebirds, then began building Coachella Valley Arena in nearby Palm Desert, California.[203][204]

The Palm Springs area features numerous major sports events, including the annual BNP Paribas Open in March, voted by professional players over several years in the early 21st century as the premier mandatory Tournament of the Year.[205] The Easter Bowl, sponsored by the United States Tennis Association is a showcase tournament for junior tennis players (girls and boys aged 12 to 18 years) held annually in March among several tennis centers of the Palm Springs area.[206]

Aerial view overlooking the O'Donnell Golf Club during the 1960s

With more golf courses than any other region in California, Coachella Valley is the most popular golf vacation destination in California. Early golf courses in Palm Springs were the O'Donnell Golf Club (built by oil magnate Thomas A. O'Donnell)[207] and the El Mirador Hotel course, both of which opened in the 1920s.[25]^: 120 After the Cochran-Odlum (Indio) and Shadow Mountain pitch and putt courses were built after World II, the first 18-hole golf course in the area was the Thunderbird Country Club, established 1951 in Rancho Mirage.[208][209] Thunderbird was designed by golf course architects Lawrence Hughes and Johnny Dawson[210] and in 1955 it hosted the 11th Ryder Cup championship.

In the 1970s the area had over 40 courses and in 2001 the 100th course was opened.[25]^: 121 The area is also home to the PGA Tour's Humana Challenge in partnership with the Clinton Foundation (formerly the Bob Hope Chrysler Classic), the LPGA's ANA Inspiration and the Canadian Tour's Desert Dunes Classic.[211]

The Palm Springs AYSO Region 80 plays in Section 1H of the American Youth Soccer Organization.[212][213]

• The Palm Springs Desert Ice Palace ice skating rink opened in nearby Cathedral City in October 2011.[217][218]
• Boomers! is a family entertainment center in Cathedral City.[219]
• A city skatepark was designed after the noted Nude Bowl.[220]
• CNL Financial Group operates the Wet'n'Wild Palm Springs water park in the summer. (Formerly operated as Knott's Soak City by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company.)

In 1931 the Desert Riders was established.[221] Starting off as a social organization for the cream of Palm Springs society, the group sponsors horseback riding and trail building for equestrians, hikers, and bicyclists.[222] The Desert Riders were also significant in providing combination chuckwagon meals and rides through nearby canyons to hotel guests as Palm Springs developed its tourist industry.[223]

Business owners in the village first established a Palm Springs Board of Trade in 1918, followed by a chamber of commerce; the city itself was established by election in 1938[57][224] and converted to a charter city, with a charter adopted by the voters in 1994.[225]

Presently the city has a council-manager type government, with a five-person city council that hires a city manager and city attorney. The mayor is directly elected and serves a four-year term. The other four council members also serve four-year terms, with staggered elections. The city is considered a full-service city, in that it staffs and manages its own police and fire departments including parks and recreation programs, public library,[226] sewer system and wastewater treatment plant, international airport, and planning and building services.

The city government is a member of the Southern California Association of Governments.[227]

Christy Holstege, who took office as mayor in December 2020. was the first female and the first openly bisexual mayor in the city's history, and the first openly bisexual mayor in American history.[107][108] Lisa Middleton, the first transgender mayor in California history, took office in 2021.[228]

Palm Springs' longest-tenured mayor was Frank Bogert (1958–66 and 1982–88). He was credited with leading the city as it evolved from a small resort town into a larger community.[229] Bogert's actions as mayor have proved controversial in recent years, as allegations that Bogert removed hundreds of citizens of color from a city neighborhood led to the removal of a statue on city property that honored him.[230]

Former entertainer Sonny Bono had the most recognizable name; Bono served from 1988 to 1992 and was eventually elected to the U.S. Congress.[231]

Palm Springs is in Supervisorial District 4 of Riverside County represented by Democrat V. Manuel Perez[232]

In the California State Legislature, Palm Springs is in the 28th Senate District, represented by Republican Melissa Melendez, and in the 42nd Assembly District, represented by Independent Chad Mayes.[233]

In the United States House of Representatives, Palm Springs is in California's 36th congressional district, represented by Democrat Raul Ruiz.[234]

Palm Springs is the seat of government and the administrative capital for the tribal council of the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians.[235] The tribal government governs over parts of the city where reservation jurisdictions overlap.[236]

Public education in Palm Springs is under the jurisdiction of the Palm Springs Unified School District, an independent district with five board members.[237] The Palm Springs High School[238] is the oldest school in the district, built in 1938. Originally it was a K–12 school in the 1920s and had the College of the Desert campus from 1958 to 1964. And Raymond Cree Middle School in its current site since the mid-1960s.

Elementary schools in Palm Springs include:[239]

• Cahuilla Elementary School
• Cielo Vista Charter School (received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011, and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016[240])
• Katherine Finchy Elementary School[241] (received a U.S. Department of Education National Blue Ribbon award in 2011, and U.S. Department of Education National Gold Ribbon Award in 2016[240])
• Vista del Monte Elementary School

Alternative education is provided by the Ramon Alternative Center.[242]

Private schools in Palm Springs and nearby communities include Desert Chapel Christian School (K-12), Desert Adventist Academy (K–8), Sacred Heart School (PS-8), St. Theresa (PreK–8), King's School – formerly known as Palm Valley School (K–8), Desert Christian (K–12), Marywood-Palm Valley School, and The academy.

In 2006 the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino built the Xavier College Preparatory High School[243] in Palm Desert.

The Desert Community College District, headquartered with its main campus, College of the Desert, is located in Palm Desert. California State University, San Bernardino and University of California, Riverside used to have satellite campuses available within the College of the Desert campus, but now have their own buildings in Palm Desert.

Private post-secondary education institutions include Brandman University (branch in Palm Desert),[244] California Desert Trial Academy College of Law (in Indio),[245] Kaplan College (Palm Springs),[246] University of Phoenix (Palm Desert),[247] Mayfield College (Cathedral City),[248] and California Nurses Educational Institute (Palm Springs).[249]

Palm Springs is the 144th largest TV market as defined by AC Nielsen. The Palm Springs DMA is unique among TV markets as it is entirely located within only a small portion of Riverside County. Also, while most areas received their first local television stations during the 1950s, Palm Springs did not receive its first TV stations until October 1968 when stations KPLM-TV (now KESQ) and KMIR-TV debuted. Prior to that time, Palm Springs was served by TV stations from the Los Angeles market, which were carried on the local cable system that began operations in the 1950s and which predated the emergence of local broadcast stations by more than a decade.

TV stations serving the Palm Springs and Coachella Valley area include:

• KDFX-CD Fox Channel 33 (Channel 11 on cable)
• KESQ-TV ABC, Channel 42 (Channel 3 on cable)
• KMIR-TV NBC, Channel 36 (Channel 6 on cable)
• KPSP-CD CBS, Channel 38 (Channel 2 on cable)

The CW, MyNetworkTV, PBS, and other networks are covered by low power TV stations in the market.

Additionally, Palm Springs and the surrounding area are served by AM and FM radio stations including the following:

• The Desert Sun is the local daily newspaper serving Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley region. It is owned by the Gannett Corporation, parent company of USA Today.
• The Palm Springs Post is a digital-only news site and daily newsletter serving only Palm Springs. It is independently owned and operated.[250]
• Desert Magazine is a monthly lifestyle magazine delivered to 40,000 homes.
• The Desert Star Weekly (formerly the Desert Valley Star) is published in Desert Hot Springs, California.
• The Desert Daily Guide[251] is a weekly LGBT periodical.[252]
• Palm Springs Life is a monthly magazine; it also has publications on El Paseo Drive shopping in Palm Desert, desert area entertainment, homes, health, culture and arts, golf, plus annual issues on weddings and dining out.[253]
• The Palm Springs Villager[254][255] was published in the early 20th century until 1959.
• The Palm Canyon Times was published from 1993 to 1996.
• The Desert Post Weekly – Cathedral City.[256]
• The Public Record – Palm Desert, is a business and public affairs weekly.[257]

The city's library was started in 1924 and financed by Martha Hitchcock. It expanded in 1940 on land donated to the newly incorporated city by Dr. Welwood Murray and was financed through the efforts of Thomas O'Donnell.[258] The present site now operates as a branch library, research library for the Palm Springs Historical Society, and tourism office for the Palm Springs Bureau of Tourism.[259]

One of the first transportation routes for Palm Springs was on the Bradshaw Trail, an historic overland stage coach route from San Bernardino to La Paz, Arizona. The Bradshaw Trail operated from 1862 to 1877. In the 1870s the Southern Pacific Railroad expanded its lines into the Coachella Valley.[260]

Modern transportation services include:

• Palm Springs International Airport serves Palm Springs and the Coachella Valley.
  • Historical note: during World War II it was operated as the Palm Springs Army Airfield.
• SunLine Transit Agency provides bus service in the Coachella Valley.
• Morongo Basin Transit Authority provides bus service to and from Morongo Basin communities.
• Amtrak's Sunset Limited and Texas Eagle form a single train which stops thrice weekly at the Palm Springs Amtrak station.
  • Amtrak's Thruway Motorcoach connects Palm Springs to Bakersfield, Claremont, Indio, La Crescenta, Ontario, Pasadena, Riverside and San Bernardino.[261] Curbside Thruway bus stops are located in Downtown Palm Springs and at the airport.
  • Historical note: the Southern Pacific Railroad Argonaut served Palm Springs from 1926 to 1961; and its Imperial served the city from 1931 to 1967.[262]
• Greyhound Bus Lines has a stop (no ticketing) at the Palm Springs Amtrak station.[263]
• Flixbus provides service between Palm Springs and several destinations in Southern California and Arizona.[264]

Highways include:

SR 111 – California State Route 111, which intersects the city.

I-10 – Interstate 10 generally runs north of the city.

SR 74 – The Pines to Palms Scenic Byway (California State Route 74) runs from the coast, over the San Jacinto Mountains to nearby Palm Desert.

SR 62 – California State Route 62 (a Blue Star Memorial Highway) intersects I-10 northwest of the city and runs north to San Bernardino County and the Colorado River.

In 1890, the Jane Augustine Patencio Cemetery was established on Tahquitz Way with the burial of Jane Augustine Patencio.[61] It is maintained by the Agua Caliente Tribe.

The Welwood Murray Cemetery was started by hotel operator Welwood Murray in 1894 when his son died.[25]^: 46[265] It is maintained by the Palm Springs Cemetery District,[266] which also maintains the Desert Memorial Park in Cathedral City.

Also in Cathedral City is the Forest Lawn Cemetery, maintained by Forest Lawn Memorial-Parks & Mortuaries.