Caribbean Netherlands

The Caribbean Netherlands[8][9] (Dutch: Caribisch Nederland, pronounced [kaˈribisˌnedərˌlɑnt] (listen)) are the three special municipalities of the Netherlands that are located in the Caribbean Sea. They consist of the islands of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba,[10][nb 1] although the term "Caribbean Netherlands" is sometimes used to refer to all of the islands in the Dutch Caribbean. In legislation, the three islands are also known as Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba or the BES islands (an acronym of their names). The islands are currently classified as public bodies in the Netherlands and as overseas countries and territories of the European Union; thus, EU law does not automatically apply.

Caribbean Netherlands
Caribisch Nederland (Dutch)
Overseas region of the Netherlands

Flag
Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)
(English: "William of Nassau")
Location of the Caribbean Netherlands (green and circled). From left to right: Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius
CountryNetherlands
Special municipalities
Incorporated into the Netherlands10 October 2010 (dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles)
Official languagesDutch
Recognised regional languages
  • English (Saba, St. Eustatius)
  • Papiamentu (Bonaire)[1]
Government
• Monarch
Willem-Alexander
• Lt. Governors (see Politics of the Netherlands)
  • Edison Rijna (Bonaire)
  • Alida Francis (Sint Eustatius)[2]
  • Jonathan Johnson (Saba)
• National Rep.
Jan Helmond
Area
• Total
322[3] km2 (124 sq mi)
Highest elevation

(Mount Scenery)
887 m (2,910 ft)
Population
• 2020 estimate
25,987[4]
• Density
77/km2 (199.4/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
ISO 3166 codeBQ, NL-BQ1, NL-BQ2, NL-BQ3
CurrencyUnited States dollar ($) (USD)[5]
Internet TLD

Bonaire (including the islet of Klein Bonaire) is one of the Leeward Antilles and is located close to the coast of Venezuela. Sint Eustatius and Saba are in the main Lesser Antilles group and are located south of Sint Maarten and northwest of Saint Kitts and Nevis. The Caribbean Netherlands has a population of 25,157 as of January 2019.[3]

The three islands gained their current status following the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles on 10 October 2010.[11] At the same time, the islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten became autonomous countries (Dutch: landen) within the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[12] The island of Aruba is also a constituent country of the Kingdom located in the Caribbean. The term "Dutch Caribbean" may refer to the three special municipalities (e.g. for stamps), but may also refer to all of the Caribbean islands within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The population of the Caribbean Netherlands is 26,706.[13][14] Their total area is 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi). These figures are not consistent with the table below.

In 2012, the islands of the Caribbean Netherlands voted for the first time, due to being special municipalities of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, in the 2012 Dutch general election.[15]

Administration

The special municipalities (Dutch: bijzondere gemeenten) carry many of the functions normally performed by Dutch municipalities. The executive power rests with the Governing Council headed by an Island governor. The main democratic body is the island council. Dutch citizens of these three islands are entitled to vote in Dutch national elections and (as all Dutch nationals) in European elections.

Officially the islands are classed in Dutch law as being openbare lichamen (literally translated as "public bodies") and not gemeenten (municipalities). Unlike normal municipalities, they do not form part of a Dutch province[16] and the powers normally exercised by provincial councils within municipalities are divided between the island governments themselves and the central government by means of the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands. For this reason, they are called "special" municipalities.

Many Dutch laws make special provisions for the Caribbean Netherlands.[17] For example, social security is not on the same level as it is in the European Netherlands.[18]

Flag Name Capital Area[3] Population[3]
(January 2020)		 Density
Bonaire
Kralendijk
288 km2 (111 sq mi)20,91569/km2 (180/sq mi)
Sint Eustatius
Oranjestad
21 km2 (8.1 sq mi)3,139150/km2 (390/sq mi)
Saba
The Bottom
13 km2 (5.0 sq mi)1,933148/km2 (380/sq mi)
Total 322 km2 (124 sq mi) 25,987 77/km2 (200/sq mi)
Age Sex Pyramid for the Caribbian Netherlands in the year 2016

National Office

The National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands (Dutch: Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland) is responsible for taxation, policing, immigration, transport infrastructure, health, education, and social security in the islands and provides these services on behalf of the Government of the Netherlands.[19] This agency was established as the Regional Service Center in 2008 and became the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands on 1 September 2010.[20][21] The current director is Jan Helmond.[22] The Representative for the public bodies of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba represents the Government of the Netherlands on the islands and also performs tasks similar to a King's Commissioner. The current representative is Gilbert Isabella.[23]

Relationship with the European Union
The special territories of the European Union (pre-Brexit)

The islands do not form part of the European Union and instead constitute "overseas countries and territories" (OCT status) of the Union, to which special provisions apply.[nb 2] The Lisbon Treaty introduced a procedure where the European Council may change the status of an overseas territory of Denmark, France, or the Netherlands regarding the application of the EU treaties to that territory.[nb 3] In June 2008, the Dutch government published a survey of the legal and economic impacts by a switched status from OCT to outermost region (OMR).[24][25] The position of the islands was reviewed after a five-year transitional period, which began with the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in October 2010.[26] The review was conducted as part of the planned review of the Dutch "Act for the public bodies Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" (Dutch: "Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (WolBES)"), where the islands have been granted the option to become an OMR – and thus a direct part of the European Union.[27] In October 2015, the review concluded the present legal structures for governance and integration with European Netherlands was not working well within the framework of WolBES, but no recommendations were made in regards of whether a switch from OCT to OMR status would help improve this situation.[28][29][30][31]

Foreign Policy and Defence

The Kingdom of the Netherlands has overarching responsibility for foreign relations, defence and Dutch nationality law in the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom.[32] Units of the Netherlands Armed Forces deployed in the Caribbean include:

  • 32 Infantry Company of the Royal Netherlands Marine Corps on Aruba;[33]
  • a Marine Corps detachment on St Maarten;
  • a Fast Raiding Interception and Special Forces Craft (FRISC) troop (fast boats) on Curaçao and Aruba;
  • a company of the Royal Netherlands Army on Curaçao on a rotational basis;
  • a guardship, normally a Holland-class offshore patrol vessel, from the Royal Netherlands Navy on station on a rotational basis;
  • the Royal Netherlands Navy support vessel HNLMS Pelikaan;
  • Arumil (Aruban) and Curmil (Curaçaoan) militia elements;
  • a Netherlands Armed Forces Royal Marechaussee brigade.[34]

Additionally, the Dutch Caribbean Coast Guard is funded by the four countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Coast Guard is managed by the Ministry of Defence and is directed by the commander of the Royal Netherlands Navy in the Caribbean.[35]

Geography

The Caribbean Netherlands form part of the Lesser Antilles. Within this island group:

  • Bonaire is part of the ABC islands within the Leeward Antilles island chain off the Venezuelan coast. The Leeward Antilles have a mixed volcanic and coral origin.
  • Saba and Sint Eustatius are part of the SSS islands. They are located east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Although in the English language they are usually described as being part of the Leeward Islands, in French, Spanish, Dutch and the English spoken locally, they are considered to be part of the Windward Islands. The Windward Islands are all of volcanic origin and hilly, leaving little ground suitable for agriculture. The highest point is Mount Scenery, 887 metres (2,910 ft), on Saba (also the highest point in all the Kingdom of the Netherlands).
  • Map showing Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
  • Relative distance between mainland Netherlands in Europe and the Caribbean Netherlands
  • The Caribbean BES islands are subdivisions of the country of the Netherlands and are therefore referred to as the "Caribbean Netherlands."

Climate

The islands of the Caribbean Netherlands enjoy a tropical climate with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Antilles are warmer and drier than the Windward islands. In summer, the Windward Islands can be subject to hurricanes.

Currency

Until 1 January 2011, the three islands used the Netherlands Antillean guilder; after that all three switched to the U.S. dollar, rather than the euro (which is used in the European Netherlands) or the Caribbean guilder (which is being adopted by the other two former Antillean islands of Curaçao and Sint Maarten).[36]

Communications

The telephone country code remains 599, that of the former Netherlands Antilles, and is shared with Curaçao. The International Organization for Standardization has assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code ISO 3166-2:BQ for these islands.[37] The IANA has not established a root zone for the .bq Internet ccTLD and whether it will be used is unknown.

See also
  • 2010 Bonaire constitutional referendum
  • Identity cards of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba
  • ISO 3166-2:BQ, the ISO codes for the subdivisions of the Caribbean Netherlands
  • Postage stamps and postal history of the Caribbean Netherlands

Notes
  1. .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.[6][7] Like the rest of the Netherlands, .nl is primarily in use.
  1. "Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba" is the listed English name for the territorial grouping in the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1, where the English spelling was corrected with the release of ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-9 Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. Per the Annex II of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.
  3. Now contained in Article 355(6) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.

References
  1. "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2012.
  2. "Benoeming regeringscommissaris en plaatsvervanger Sint Eustatius". Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  3. Zaken, Ministerie van Algemene (19 May 2015). "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden?". Rijksoverheid.nl.
  4. "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl.
  5. "Wet geldstelsel BES". Dutch government. 30 September 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  6. "BQ – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba". ISO. Archived from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 29 August 2014.
  7. "Delegation Record for .BQ". IANA. 20 December 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
  8. "Changes per 10.10.10". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015. Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba (the Caribbean Netherlands)
  9. Island guide Caribbean Netherlands – Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, Saba (PDF) (in Dutch, Papiamento, and English). Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015. We proudly present you the Island Guide Caribbean Netherlands. This information booklet has been published by the Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland for all the three islands: Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba.
  10. "Nature Policy Plan The Caribbean Netherlands" (PDF). Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands. 3 February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018. ... while the other islands, Bonaire, St. Eustatius, and Saba, are Dutch overseas public bodies and as such are part of the country of the Netherlands. Collectively these three islands are known as the Caribbean Netherlands ...
  11. "Besluit van 23 september 2010 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de artikelen I en II van de Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen" (in Dutch). Overheid.nl. 1 October 2010. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
  12. "Caribbean Parts of the Kingdom". Government.nl. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016.
  13. "World Population Prospects 2022". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  14. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX). population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  15. "Verkiezingen Caribische graadmeter – Binnenland – Telegraaf.nl". www.telegraaf.nl. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  16. "31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010. De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province).
  17. "Wet- en regelgeving" (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 14 May 2011.
  18. Rob Bijl and Evert Pommer. "Summary and conclusions – The Caribbean Netherlands five years after the transition" (PDF). kennisopenbaarbestuur.nl.
  19. "Vacatures". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  20. "Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  21. "FAQ". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  22. "Agreement on labor conditions Civil servants Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  23. "Mr. Isabella will be Kingdom Representative for the public entities Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba". Rijksdienst Caribisch Nederland. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  24. "Schurende rechtsordes: Over juridische implicaties van de UPG-status voor de eilandgebieden van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen)" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 19 June 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 April 2015.
  25. "Economische gevolgen van de status van ultraperifeer gebied voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba / SEOR" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 19 June 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014.
  26. "Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 2008–2009, 31700 IV, nr.3: Brief van de staatssecretaris van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties met het kabinetsstandpunt over de rapporten over de UPG status voor de eilandgebieden van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba" (PDF) (in Dutch). Eerstekamer.nl. 21 October 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 July 2014.
  27. "Kamerstuk 31954 nr.7: Regels met betrekking tot de openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba (Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba)" (in Dutch). Overheid.nl. 14 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  28. Pro Facto – Rijksuniversiteit Groningen (August 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: De werking van wetgeving" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017.
  29. DSP-Groep (23 September 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: Werking van de nieuwe bestuurlijke structuur" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017.
  30. Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau (October 2015). "Vijf jaar Caribisch Nederland: Gevolgen voor de bevolking" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2017.
  31. Evaluatiecommissie Caribisch Nederland (12 October 2015). "VIJFJAAR VERBONDE BONAIRE, SINT EUSTATIUS, SABA EN EUROPEES NEDERLAND (Rapport van de commissie evaluatie uitwerking van de nieuwe staatkundige structuur Caribisch Nederland)" (PDF) (in Dutch). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 March 2017.
  32. https://www.government.nl/topics/caribbean-parts-of-the-kingdom/responsibilities-of-the-netherlands-aruba-curacao-and-st-maarten
  33. https://english.defensie.nl/organisation/navy/navy-units/dutch-naval-command-caribbean
  34. https://english.defensie.nl/topics/caribbean/units-and-locations
  35. https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/taken-in-nederland/kustwacht
  36. "The Dutch Caribbean". Dutch Caribbean Legal Portal. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014.
  37. "ISO 3166-1 decoding table". International Organization for Standardization. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2010.
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