Sanofi

Sanofi was founded in 1973[4] as a subsidiary of Elf Aquitaine (a French oil company subsequently acquired by Total), when Elf Aquitaine took control of the Labaz group, a pharmaceutical company formed in 1947, by Sociéte Belge de l'Azote et des Produits Chimiques du Marly;[5] Labaz developed benziodarone in 1957.[6]^: 146 In 1993, Sanofi made a move into the Eastern Europe market by acquiring a controlling interest in Chinoin, a Hungarian drug company that had about US$104 million in sales in 1992.[7][8] In that same year, Sanofi's made its first significant venture into the U.S., and strengthened its presence in Eastern Europe, by first partnering with Sterling Winthrop and then acquiring the prescription pharmaceuticals business in 1994.[7][9] Sanofi was incorporated under the laws of France in 1994, as a société anonyme, a form of limited liability company.[10]^: 18

Synthélabo was founded in 1970, through the merger of two French pharmaceutical laboratories, Laboratoires Dausse (founded in 1834) and Laboratoires Robert & Carrière (founded in 1899). In 1973, the French cosmetics group L'Oréal acquired the majority of its share capital.[10]^: 19 In 1991, Synthelabo acquired Laboratories Delalande[11] and Laboratoires Delagrange, and through this deal picked up the product metoclopramide.[12][13]

Logo for Sanofi-Synthélabo (1999—2004)

Sanofi-Synthélabo was formed in 1999, when Sanofi merged with Synthélabo; at the time of the merger Sanofi was the second largest pharmaceutical group in France in terms of sales and Synthélabo was the third largest. The merged company was based in Paris, France.[10]^: 18–19[14]

The merged companies focused on pharmaceuticals, divesting several businesses soon after the merger, including beauty, diagnostics, animal health and nutrition, custom chemicals, and two medical equipment businesses.[10]^: 19

Aventis was formed in 1999, when French company Rhône-Poulenc S.A. merged with the German corporation Hoechst Marion Roussel, which itself was formed from the 1995 merger of Hoechst AG with Cassella, Roussel Uclaf and Marion Merrell Dow. Hoechst AG, the majority partner at the time in Hoechst Marion Roussel, was itself a merger of two of the three forcibly separated subsidiaries of IG Farben, exploiter of Auschwitz slave labor and supplier of Zyklon B during The Holocaust.[15] The merged company was based in Schiltigheim, near Strasbourg, France.[16]^: 13[17]^: 9–11[18]^: 40–41

At the time of the merger, Rhône-Poulenc's business included the pharmaceutical businesses Rorer, Centeon (blood products), and Pasteur Merieux (vaccines), the plant and animal health businesses Rhône-Poulenc Agro, Rhône-Poulenc Animal Nutrition, and Merial, and a 67 percent share in Rhodia, a speciality chemicals company.[17]^: 10 Hoechst, one of the companies resulting from the post-WWII split of IG Farben, had seven primary businesses: Hoechst Marion Roussel (pharmaceuticals), AgrEvo (a joint venture with Schering in crop protection agents and pest control products), HR Vet (veterinary products), Dade Behring (diagnostics), Centeon, Celanese (chemicals), and Messer (chemicals).[17]^: 9 Merieux has been in the business of selling blood products, and in the 1980s during the AIDS epidemic, Merieux and other companies were involved in scandals related to HIV-contaminated haemophilia blood products that were sold to developing nations.[19]

In 2000, Aventis and Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a US biotechnology company formed to discover new drugs based on the then-new science of genomics, announced that Aventis would make a $250M investment in Millennium and would pay $200M to Millennium in research fees over five years, one of the largest such deals between a big pharmaceutical company and a biotech company at the time.[20]

In late 2000, in the midst of the recall of Starlink, its genetically modified maize product, Aventis announced that it had determined to sell off Aventis Cropscience, the seed and pesticide business unit it had created from the agriculture businesses of its predecessors.[21] In October 2001, Bayer and Aventis announced that Bayer would acquire the unit for about $6.6 billion, with the unit becoming Bayer CropScience and making Bayer the world's second-largest agrochemical company behind Syngenta.[22]

In 2003, Aventis entered into a collaboration with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, a New York biotechnology company, to develop Regeneron's VEGF-inhibiting drug, aflibercept, in the field of cancer, which was then in Phase I clinical trials. Aventis invested $45 million in Regeneron and made an upfront payment of $80 million in cash.[23] Regeneron partnered the drug with Bayer Healthcare in the field of proliferative eye diseases, and under the name Eylea it was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2011;[24] after several setbacks in clinical trials,[25] Regeneron and Sanofi got the drug approved in metastatic colorectal cancer in combination with other agents, under the brand name Zaltrap in 2012.[26]

Sanofi-Aventis was formed in 2004, when Sanofi-Synthélabo acquired Aventis. In early 2004, Sanofi-Synthélabo made a hostile takeover bid worth €47.8 billion for Aventis. Initially, Aventis rejected the bid because it felt that the bid offered inferior value based on the company's share value, and the board of Aventis went so far as to enact poison pill provisions and to invite Novartis to enter merger negotiations.[27] The three-month takeover battle concluded when Sanofi-Synthélabo launched a friendly bid of €54.5 billion in place of the previously rejected hostile bid. The French government played a strong role, desiring what it called a "local solution", by putting heavy pressure on Sanofi-Synthélabo to raise its bid for Aventis and for Aventis to accept the offer[28] and by rejecting Aventis' poison pill proposal.[29] One of the largest risks in the deal for both sides, was the fate of the patents protecting Clopidogrel (Plavix) which was one of the top-selling drugs in the world at the time and the major source of Sanofi's revenue.[30]

In 2006, Iraqis infected with HIV sued Sanofi and Baxter due to HIV-contaminated haemophilia blood products sold by Merieux in the 1980s.[31] In 2006, the US patents on clopidogrel (Plavix) were challenged when a Canadian generics company, Apotex, filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application under the Hatch-Waxman Act, received FDA approval, and started marketing a generic clopidogrel. While Sanofi-Aventis and its partner on the drug, Bristol Myers Squibb (BMS), were able to get an injunction to stop Apotex from selling the drug,[32] the case became complicated when settlement negotiations fell apart twice – the second time due to an oral agreement made by BMS CEO Peter Dolan that BMS failed to disclose to the Federal Trade Commission during the review of the settlement agreement to ensure that it did not violate antitrust law. When Apotex disclosed the oral agreement to the FTC, the FTC launched an investigation that led to Dolan being fired by BMS.[33] Apotex finally lost on the patent litigation issues after its third appeal was decided in favor of BMS/Sanofi in November 2011; Apotex had to pay ~$442 million in damages and ~$108 million in interest for infringing the patent,[34] which it paid in full by February 2012.[35] Apotex also sued BMS and Sanofi for $3.4 billion for allegedly breaching the settlement agreement, and Apotex lost a jury trial in March 2013.[36]

In 2007, Sanofi-Aventis expanded on Aventis' prior relationship with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; in the new deal Sanofi-Aventis agreed to pay Regeneron $100 million each year for five years, under which Regeneron would use its monoclonal antibody discovery platform to create new biopharmaceuticals, which Sanofi-Aventis gained the exclusive right to co-develop.[37] In 2009, the companies expanded the deal to $160 million per year and extended it through 2017.[37][38] As of 2009, the collaboration had four antibodies in clinical development and had filed an IND for a fifth. Two were against undisclosed targets, one targeted the interleukin-6 receptor as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, another targeted nerve growth factor for the treatment of pain, and another targeted delta-like ligand 4 as a treatment of cancer.[38]

Between 2008, when Chris Viehbacher was hired as CEO, and 2010, the company spent more than $17 billion in mergers and acquisitions to strengthen its consumer healthcare and generics platforms, especially in emerging markets, in the face of looming patent cliffs and the growth of the consumer healthcare segment.[39][40][41] In September, Zentiva was acquired for €1.8 billion, expanding the group's eastern European markets presence.[42]

In 2009, Medley Farma, the third largest pharmaceutical company in Brazil and a leading generics company in that country, was acquired for about $635 million.[43] Sanofi outbid Teva Pharmaceuticals.[44] The deal was approved by Brazil's antitrust authorities in May 2010.[43] Later that year, Indian vaccine manufacturer Shantha Biotechnics was acquired for $784 million.[45] In October Sanofi-Aventis announced that it would lay off about 1,700 US employees (about 25% of its US workforce) due to restructuring triggered by growing generic competition and other factors, and that the company would focus its US operations on diabetes, atrial fibrillation and oncology.[46]

In 2010, U.S. consumer healthcare company Chattem, Inc. was acquired for around $1.9 billion.[41] In the same year, Nepentes Pharma was acquired for $130 million and BMP Sunstone Corporation for $520.6 million.[47]

The company dropped the -Aventis suffix of its name on 6 May 2011, after receiving approval at its annual general meeting. The reason given by the company for the change was to make its name easier to pronounce in countries such as China.[48]

In 2011, Genzyme Corporation was acquired for around $20.1 billion. This biotechnology company headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts specializes in the treatment of orphan diseases, renal diseases, endocrinology, oncology and biosurgery.[49]

In January 2012, Sanofi co-invested in the $125 million Series A financing of Warp Drive Bio. Sanofi sought support for its internal cancer research program and also took on an obligation to acquire Warp Drive if certain milestones were met.[50]

In January 2014, Genzyme and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, a US biotechnology company developing RNAi therapeutics, announced that Genyzme would invest $700 million in Alnylam. Under the deal, Genzyme obtained further rights to patisiran, an RNAi treatment for transthyretin-mediated amyloidosis – a condition that can result in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy and familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy -[51] and obtained rights to other compounds in Alnylam's pipeline.[52]

In March 2014, Sanofi joined the bidding for Merck & Co.'s over-the-counter health-products unit, the maker of Coppertone sunblock and Claritin allergy medicine; bids were expected to range between $10 billion and $12 billion.[53]

In October 2014, Sanofi's directors fired US-resident chief executive Chris Viehbacher, blaming his alleged lack of communication with the board and poor execution of his strategy.[54] Board chairperson Serge Weinberg took over as interim CEO until 2 April 2015 when Bayer Healthcare board chairperson Olivier Brandicourt (appointed by Sanofi on 19 February 2015[55]) took over. Before Brandicourt even started his new job, French government ministers Stéphane Le Foll and Ségolène Royal attacked the $4.5 million golden handshake he was getting from Sanofi – and his pay of about $4.7 million a year.[56] Further, in 2014, the business took a 66% stake in Globalpharma, Dubai-based generics manufacturer.[57]

In July 2015, Genzyme announced it would acquire the rare cancer drug Caprelsa (vandetanib) from AstraZeneca for up to $300 million.[58] In the same month in July 2015, the company announced a new global collaboration with Regeneron Pharmaceuticals to discover, develop, and commercialise new immuno-oncology drugs, which could generate more than $2 billion for Regeneron,[59] with $640 million upfront, $750 million for proof of concept data and $650 million from the development of REGN2810.[60]

In June 2016, the company announced it had struck an asset-swap deal with Boehringer Ingelheim. Sanofi would sell its Merial animal health division (valuing it at €11.4 billion), whilst acquiring Boehringer's consumer health division (valuing it at €6.7 billion) and €4.7 billion in cash. The deal means Sanofi is now one of the global consumer healthcare leaders by market share.[61]

In July 2017, the company announced its intention to acquire Protein Sciences, a privately held, Connecticut-based vaccines biotechnology company, for $650 million and with up to $100 million in milestone achievements.[62]

In January 2018, Sanofi announced that it would acquire Bioverativ for $11.6 billion[63] and days later announced it would acquire Ablynx for €3.9 billion ($4.8 billion).[64]

In December 2019, the company announced it would acquire Synthorx for $2.5 billion ($68 per share), adding the lead product candidate THOR-707 (SAR444245), a form of interleukin-2 (IL-2) being developed for use against multiple solid tumours.[65][66] In October 2022, Sanofi announced that it had stopped the ongoing Phase 2 tests of THOR-707 (SAR444245) because the drug’s efficacy “was lower than projected”.[67] Sanofi would take a roughly $1.6 billion impairment charge because of delays to the program.[68][69]

In May 2020 Regeneron announced it would repurchase around $5 billion of its shares, held directly by Sanofi. Prior to the transaction Sanofi held 23.2 million Regeneron shares.[70] In June, the company announced it had agreed a potential $2 billion deal with Translate Bio, expanding an already existing collaboration for COVID-19 treatments.[71] The company agreed to produce 60 million doses of a coronavirus vaccine for the United Kingdom government in July 2020. It uses recombinant protein-based technology for Sanofi's flu vaccine along with GSK's pandemic technology and was seeking regulatory approval by the first half of 2021.[72] Sanofi also agreed to a $2.1 billion deal with the United States for 100 million doses.[73] In August, Sanofi announced it would acquire Principia Biopharma for $3.7 billion, acquiring its BTK inhibitor programme.[74][75][76] The acquisition was completed in September 2020.[77] In November, Sanofi announced it would acquire Kiadis Pharma for €308 million (around $359 million, or €5.45 per share) expanding its immuno-oncology pipeline with the acquisition of Kiadis' three clinical compounds: K-NK002 in Phase II trials for hematopoietic stem cell transplants in blood cancer, K-NK003 for relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia and K-NK-ID101 for COVID-19.[78]

In January 2021, Sanofi announced it would buy the British biotech, Kymab Ltd and its potential first-in-class drug candidate – KY1005 –- for $1.45 billion.[79][80][81] In April, the business announced it would acquire Tidal Therapeutics for up to $470m.[82] in August the company announced it would acquire Translate Bio and its mRNA vaccine technology for $3.2 billion.[83] On 8 September, Sanofi announced it will acquire US biotech company Kadmon Corporation for $1.9 billion[84] On 18 November, it was reported that Sanofi would be investing $180 million in French startup Owkin, whose predictive algorithms aim to improve the research and development of new cures against cancer.[85] In December, the company announced it would acquire Origimm Biotechnology GmbH and its acne vaccine candidate (ORI-001),[86][87] as well as Amunix Pharmaceuticals for an initial $1 billion, plus potentially $200 million in additional milestones.[88]

In April 2022, Sanofi broke ground on its biggest industrial investment, a $638m vaccine and enzymes production facility in Tuas, Singapore, targeted for completion in 2025.[89]

Note. In 2001—2004 – Sanofi-Synthélabo, in 2004—2011 – Sanofi-Aventis.

As of 2013, Sanofi was in a race with Amgen and Pfizer to win approval for a drug that inhibits PCSK9, a protein that slows the clearance of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol – the form of cholesterol that leads to heart attacks.[117] Sanofi's drug was discovered by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals and is called alirocumab.[118] An FDA warning in March 2014, about possible cognitive adverse effects of PCSK9 inhibition threw the competition into disarray, as the FDA asked companies to include neurocognitive testing into their Phase III clinical trials.[119]

In 2013, Sanofi announced that another candidate from its collaboration with Regeneron, the monoclonal antibody against the interleukin 6 receptor, sarilumab, had better efficacy than placebo in its first Phase III trial for rheumatoid arthritis.[120]

• Serge Weinberg, chairman[121]
• Paul Hudson, chief executive officer[122][123]
• Jean-François Dehecq was the general manager of Sanofi from its creation in 1973 until 2007.
• Jean-Baptiste Chasseloup de Chatillon, CFO[124]

As of 31 December 2013:[125]^: 185

• Breakdown of share ownership: 8.93% by L'Oréal, 0.27% treasury shares and 1.31% employees. The remaining 89.49% were publicly traded.[upper-alpha 1]

In 2011, a Sanofi Pasteur plant flooded, causing it problems with mold.[134] The facility, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, produced BCG vaccine products, made with the Glaxo 1077 strain,[135] such as a tuberculosis vaccine ImmuCYST, a BCG Immunotherapeutic -a bladder cancer drug. By April 2012, the FDA had found dozens of documented problems with sterility at the plant including mold, nesting birds and rusted electrical conduits.[134] The resulting closure of the plant for over two years resulting in shortages of bladder cancer and tuberculosis vaccines.[136] The Toronto Sanofi plant[137] On 29 October 2014 Health Canada gave the permission for Sanofi to resume production of BCG.[138]

Sanofi together with GSK signed a deal with US government's Operation Warp Speed to provide 100 million doses COVID-19 vaccine for up to US$2.1 billion, if the vaccine is approved.[139]

As of August 2020, COVID-19 vaccine development in Sanofi underscores its fundamental competitiveness weakness, that management has been struggling and failed to deal with for past many years beyond cutting more cost. Unfortunately, even though Sanofi-GSK approach is based on pre-existing, approved platform and technology (as with Flublok flu) without reinventing the wheel of the necessary infrastructure,[140] the company lagged behind many other rivals in delivering a working vaccine. Sanofi planned to start Phase 1 clinical testing only in September and expected emergency use approval in the first half of 2021.[141] Competitors such as Novavax had already completed Phase 1 with promising results[142] and Moderna-NIH had already initiated its Phase 3 trial.[143] According to CNBC reports,[144] as part of the 2.1 billion US government deal, more than 750 million goes to supporting Sanofi-GSK in vaccine development and clinical trials. Sanofi turns out "accelerate" the development via smaller biotech firm Translate Bio, with a 425 million partnership.[145]

At the end of September 2021, Sanofi announced it would stop developing its mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Despite promising results the drug would not continue to Phase 3 trials, with the company stating that it would be 'too late to reach the market.'[146][147]