Tanager

Tanagers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Emberizoidea
Family:	Thraupidae; Cabanis, 1847
Genera
	Many: see text

The tanagers (singular /ˈtænədʒər/) comprise the bird family Thraupidae, in the order Passeriformes. The family has a Neotropical distribution and is the second-largest family of birds. It represents about 4% of all avian species and 12% of the Neotropical birds.[1]

Traditionally, the family contained around 240 species of mostly brightly colored fruit-eating birds.[2] As more of these birds were studied using modern molecular techniques, it became apparent that the traditional families were not monophyletic. Euphonia and Chlorophonia, which were once considered part of the tanager family, are now treated as members of the Fringillidae, in their own subfamily (Euphoniinae). Likewise, the genera Piranga (which includes the scarlet tanager, summer tanager, and western tanager), Chlorothraupis, and Habia appear to be members of the cardinal family,[3] and have been reassigned to that family by the American Ornithological Society.[4]

Description

Tanagers are small to medium-sized birds. The shortest-bodied species, the white-eared conebill, is 9 cm (4 in) long and weighs 6 g (0.2 oz), barely smaller than the short-billed honeycreeper. The longest, the magpie tanager is 28 cm (11 in) and weighs 76 g (2.7 oz). The heaviest is the white-capped tanager, which weighs 114 g (4.02 oz) and measures about 24 cm (9.4 in). Both sexes are usually the same size and weight.

Tanagers are often brightly colored, but some species are black and white. Males are typically more brightly colored than females and juveniles. Most tanagers have short, rounded wings. The shape of the bill seems to be linked to the species' foraging habits.

Distribution

Tanagers are restricted to the Western Hemisphere and mainly to the tropics. About 60% of tanagers live in South America, and 30% of these species live in the Andes. Most species are endemic to a relatively small area.

Behavior

Most tanagers live in pairs or in small groups of three to five individuals. These groups may consist simply of parents and their offspring. These birds may also be seen in single-species or mixed flocks. Many tanagers are thought to have dull songs, though some are elaborate.

Diet

Tanagers are omnivorous, and their diets vary by genus. They have been seen eating fruits, seeds, nectar, flower parts, and insects. Many pick insects off branches or from holes in the wood. Other species look for insects on the undersides of leaves. Yet others wait on branches until they see a flying insect and catch it in the air. Many of these particular species inhabit the same areas, but these specializations alleviate competition.

Breeding

The breeding season is March through June in temperate areas and in September through October in South America. Some species are territorial, while others build their nests closer together. Little information is available on tanager breeding behavior. Males show off their brightest feathers to potential mates and rival males. Some species' courtship rituals involve bowing and tail lifting.

Most tanagers build cup nests on branches in trees. Some nests are almost globular. Entrances are usually built on the side of the nest. The nests can be shallow or deep. The species of the tree in which they choose to build their nests and the nests' positions vary among genera. Most species nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation. No information is yet known regarding the nests of some species.

The clutch size is three to five eggs. The female incubates the eggs and builds the nest, but the male may feed the female while she incubates. Both sexes feed the young. Five species have helpers assist in feeding the young. These helpers are thought to be the previous year's nestlings.

Taxonomy

The family Thraupidae was introduced (as the subfamily Thraupinae) in 1847 by German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The type genus is Thraupis.[5][6]

The family Thraupidae is a member of an assemblage of over 800 birds known as the New World, nine-primaried oscines. The traditional pre-molecular classification was largely based on the different feeding specializations. Nectar-feeders were placed in Coerebidae (honeycreepers), large-billed seed-eaters in Cardinalidae (cardinals and grosbeaks), smaller-billed seed-eaters in Emberizidae (New World finches and sparrows), ground-foraging insect-eaters in Icteridae (blackbirds) and fruit-eaters in Thraupidae.[1] This classification was known to be problematic as analyses using other morphological characteristics often produced conflicting phylogenies.[7] Beginning in the last decade of the 20th century, a series of molecular phylogenetic studies led to a complete reorganization of the tradition families. Thraupidae now includes large-billed seed eaters, thin-billed nectar feeders, foliage gleaners as well as fruit-eaters.[1]

One consequence of redefining the family boundaries is that for many species their common names are no longer congruent with the families in which they are placed. As of July 2020 there are 39 species with "tanager" in the common name that are not placed in Thraupidae. These include the widely distributed scarlet tanager and western tanager which are both now placed in Cardinalidae. There are also 106 species within Thraupidae that have "finch" in their common name.[8]

A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 revealed that many of the traditional genera were not monophyletic.[1] In the resulting reorganization six new genera were introduced, eleven genera were resurrected and seven genera were abandoned.[9][8]

As of July 2021 the family contains 386 species which are divided into 15 subfamilies and 106 genera.[1][8] For a complete list, see the article List of tanager species.

Catamblyrhynchinae

The plushcap has no close relatives and is now placed in its own subfamily. It was previously placed either in the subfamily Catamblyrhynchinae within the Emberizidae or in its own family Catamblyrhynchidae.[1]

Image	Genus	Species
	Catamblyrhynchus Lafresnaye, 1842	Catamblyrhynchus diadema– plushcap

Charitospizinae

The coal-crested finch is endemic to the grasslands of Brazil and has no close relatives. It is unusual in that both sexes have a crest. It was formerly placed in Emberizidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Charitospiza Oberholser, 1905	Charitospiza eucosma – coal-crested finch

Orchesticinae

Two species with large thick bills. Parkerthraustes was formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Orchesticus Cabanis, 1851	Orchesticus abeillei – brown tanager
	Parkerthraustes Remsen, 1997	Yellow-shouldered grosbeak, Parkerthraustes humeralis

Nemosiinae

Brightly colored sexually dichromatic birds, most form single-species flocks

Image	Genus	Species
	Nemosia Vieillot, 1816	Hooded tanager, Nemosia pileata Cherry-throated tanager, Nemosia rourei
	Cyanicterus Bonaparte, 1850	Cyanicterus cyanicterus – blue-backed tanager
	Sericossypha Lesson, 1844	Sericossypha albocristata – white-capped tanager
	Compsothraupis Richmond, 1915	Compsothraupis loricata – scarlet-throated tanager

Emberizoidinae

Grassland dwelling birds that were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Coryphaspiza G.R. Gray, 1840	Black-masked finch, Coryphaspiza melanotis
	Embernagra Lesson, 1831	Serra finch, Embernagra longicauda Pampa finch, Embernagra platensis
	Emberizoides Temminck, 1822	Wedge-tailed grass finch, Emberizoides herbicola Duida grass finch, Emberizoides duidae Lesser grass finch, Emberizoides ypiranganus

Porphyrospizinae

Yellow billed birds: The blue finch (Porphyrospiza caerulescens) was formerly placed in the Cardinalidae; the other species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Incaspiza Ridgway, 1898	Great Inca finch, Incaspiza pulchra Rufous-backed Inca finch, Incaspiza personata Grey-winged Inca finch, Incaspiza ortizi Buff-bridled Inca finch, Incaspiza laeta Little Inca finch, Incaspiza watkinsi
	Rhopospina Cabanis, 1851	Rhopospina fruticeti – mourning sierra finch
	Porphyrospiza Sclater & Salvin, 1873	Blue finch, Porphyrospiza caerulescens Band-tailed sierra finch, Porphyrospiza alaudina Carbonated sierra finch, Porphyrospiza carbonaria

Hemithraupinae

These species are sexually dichromatic and many have yellow and black plumage. Except for Heterospingus they have slender bills.

Image	Genus	Species
	Chlorophanes Reichenbach, 1853	Chlorophanes spiza – green honeycreeper
	Iridophanes Ridgway, 1901	Iridophanes pulcherrimus – golden-collared honeycreeper
	Chrysothlypis Berlepsch, 1912	Black-and-yellow tanager, Chrysothlypis chrysomelas Scarlet-and-white tanager, Chrysothlypis salmoni
	Heterospingus Ridgway, 1898	Sulphur-rumped tanager, Heterospingus rubrifrons Scarlet-browed tanager, Heterospingus xanthopygius
	Hemithraupis Cabanis, 1850	Guira tanager, Hemithraupis guira Rufous-headed tanager, Hemithraupis ruficapilla Yellow-backed tanager, Hemithraupis flavicollis

Dacninae

Sexually dichromatic species—males have blue plumage and females are green.

Image	Genus	Species
	Tersina Vieillot, 1819	Tersina viridis – swallow tanager
	Cyanerpes Oberholser, 1899	Short-billed honeycreeper, Cyanerpes nitidus Shining honeycreeper, Cyanerpes lucidus Purple honeycreeper, Cyanerpes caeruleus Red-legged honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus
	Dacnis Cuvier, 1816	Scarlet-breasted dacnis, Dacnis berlepschi Scarlet-thighed dacnis, Dacnis venusta Blue dacnis, Dacnis cayana Yellow-bellied dacnis, Dacnis flaviventer Turquoise dacnis, Dacnis hartlaubi Black-faced dacnis, Dacnis lineata Yellow-tufted dacnis, Dacnis egregia Viridian dacnis, Dacnis viguieri Black-legged dacnis, Dacnis nigripes White-bellied dacnis, Dacnis albiventris

Saltatorinae

Mainly arboreal with long tails and thick bills. Formerly placed in Cardinalidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Saltatricula Burmeister, 1861	Many-colored Chaco finch, Saltatricula multicolor Black-throated saltator, Saltatricula atricollis
	Saltator Vieillot, 1816	Orinoco saltator, Saltator orenocensis Green-winged saltator, Saltator similis Greyish saltator, Saltator coerulescens Streaked saltator, Saltator striatipectus Lesser Antillean saltator, Saltator albicollis Buff-throated saltator, Saltator maximus Black-winged saltator, Saltator atripennis Black-headed saltator, Saltator atriceps Black-cowled saltator, Saltator nigriceps Black-throated grosbeak, Saltator fuliginosus Slate-coloured grosbeak, Saltator grossus Masked saltator, Saltator cinctus Thick-billed saltator, Saltator maxillosus Golden-billed saltator, Saltator aurantiirostris

Coerebinae

Diversity of Darwin's finches

This subfamily includes Darwin's finches that are endemic to the Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island. Most of these species were formerly placed in the Emberizidae; the exceptions are the bananaquit that was placed in the Parulidae and the orangequit that was placed in the Thraupidae. These species build domed or covered nests with side entrances. They have evolved a variety of foraging techniques, including nectar-feeding (Coereba, Euneornis), seed-eating (Geospiza, Loxigilla, Tiaris), and insect gleaning (Certhidea).[1]

Image	Genus	Species
	Coereba Vieillot, 1809	Coereba flaveola – bananaquit
	Tiaris Swainson, 1827	Tiaris olivaceus – yellow-faced grassquit
	Euneornis Fitzinger, 1856	Euneornis campestris – orangequit
	Melopyrrha Bonaparte, 1853	Puerto Rican bullfinch, Melopyrrha portoricensis (formerly placed in Loxigilla) †St. Kitts bullfinch Melopyrrha grandis Greater Antillean bullfinch, Melopyrrha violacea (formerly placed in Loxigilla) Cuban bullfinch Melopyrrha nigra
	Loxipasser Bryant, 1866	Loxipasser anoxanthus – yellow-shouldered grassquit
	Phonipara Bonaparte, 1850	Phonipara canora – Cuban grassquit
	Loxigilla Lesson, 1831	Lesser Antillean bullfinch, Loxigilla noctis Barbados bullfinch, Loxigilla barbadensis
	Melanospiza Ridgway, 1897	Melanospiza richardsoni Saint Lucia black finch Melanospiza bicolor Black-faced grassquit
	Asemospiza Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016	Asemospiza fuliginosa Sooty grassquit Asemospiza obscura Dull-coloured grassquit

Darwin's finches:

Image	Genus	Species
	Certhidea Gould, 1837	Green warbler-finch (Certhidea olivacea) Grey warbler-finch (Certhidea fusca)
	Platyspiza Ridgway, 1897	Platyspiza crassirostris – vegetarian finch
	Pinaroloxias Sharpe, 1885	Pinaroloxias inornata – Cocos finch
	Camarhynchus Gould, 1837	Small tree finch (Camarhynchus parvulus) Medium tree finch (Camarhynchus pauper) Large tree finch (Camarhynchus psittacula) Woodpecker finch (Camarhynchus pallidus) Mangrove finch (Camarhynchus heliobates)
	Geospiza Gould, 1837	Española cactus finch (Geospiza conirostris) Sharp-beaked ground finch (Geospiza difficilis) Vampire ground finch (Geospiza septentrionalis) Genovesa ground finch (Geospiza acutirostris) Medium ground finch (Geospiza fortis) Small ground finch (Geospiza fuliginosa) Large ground finch (Geospiza magnirostris) Common cactus finch (Geospiza scandens) Genovesa cactus finch (Geospiza propinqua)

Tachyphoninae

Most of these are lowland species. Many have ornamental features such as crests, and many have sexually dichromatic plumage.[1]

Image	Genus	Species
	Volatinia Reichenbach, 1850	Volatinia jacarina – blue-black grassquit
	Conothraupis Sclater, PL, 1880	Black-and-white tanager, Conothraupis speculigera Cone-billed tanager, Conothraupis mesoleuca
	Creurgops Sclater, PL, 1858	Rufous-crested tanager, Creurgops verticalis Slaty tanager, Creurgops dentatus
	Eucometis Sclater, PL, 1856	Eucometis penicillata – grey-headed tanager
	Trichothraupis Cabanis, 1851	Trichothraupis melanops – black-goggled tanager
	Heliothraupis Lane et al., 2021	Heliothraupis oneilli – Inti tanager
	Loriotus Jarocki, 1821	Flame-crested tanager, Loriotus cristatus Yellow-crested tanager, Loriotus rufiventer White-shouldered tanager, Loriotus luctuosus
	Coryphospingus Cabanis, 1851	Grey pileated finch, Coryphospingus pileatus Red pileated finch, Coryphospingus cucullatus
	Tachyphonus Vieillot, 1816	Fulvous-crested tanager, Tachyphonus surinamus Tawny-crested tanager, Tachyphonus delatrii Ruby-crowned tanager, Tachyphonus coronatus White-lined tanager, Tachyphonus rufus Red-shouldered tanager, Tachyphonus phoenicius
	Rhodospingus Sharpe, 1888	Rhodospingus cruentus – crimson-breasted finch
	Lanio Vieillot, 1816	Fulvous shrike-tanager, Lanio fulvus White-winged shrike-tanager, Lanio versicolor Black-throated shrike-tanager, Lanio aurantius White-throated shrike-tanager, Lanio leucothorax
	Ramphocelus Desmarest, 1805	Crimson-collared tanager, Ramphocelus sanguinolentus Masked crimson tanager, Ramphocelus nigrogularis Crimson-backed tanager, Ramphocelus dimidiatus Huallaga tanager, Ramphocelus melanogaster Silver-beaked tanager, Ramphocelus carbo Brazilian tanager, Ramphocelus bresilius Passerini's tanager, Ramphocelus passerinii Cherrie's tanager, Ramphocelus costaricensis Flame-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus flammigerus Lemon-rumped tanager, Ramphocelus (flammigerus) icteronotus

Sporophilinae

These species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Sporophila Cabanis, 1844	Seedeaters and seed finches (includes species previously assigned to Dolospingus and Oryzoborus) 41 species: Lesson's seedeater, Sporophila bouvronides Lined seedeater, Sporophila lineola Cinnamon-rumped seedeater, Sporophila torqueola Morelet’s seedeater, Sporophila morelleti Variable seedeater, Sporophila corvina Grey seedeater, Sporophila intermedia Wing-barred seedeater, Sporophila americana White-naped seedeater, Sporophila fringilloides Black-and-white seedeater, Sporophila luctuosa Double-collared seedeater, Sporophila caerulescens Yellow-bellied seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis Dubois's seedeater, Sporophila ardesiaca Thick-billed seed finch, Sporophila funerea Chestnut-bellied seed finch, Sporophila angolensis Nicaraguan seed finch, Sporophila nuttingi Great-billed seed finch, Sporophila maximiliani Large-billed seed finch, Sporophila crassirostris Black-billed seed finch, Sporophila atrirostris Slate-coloured seedeater, Sporophila schistacea Temminck's seedeater, Sporophila falcirostris Buffy-fronted seedeater, Sporophila frontalis Plumbeous seedeater, Sporophila plumbea Tropeiro seedeater, Sporophila beltoni Rusty-collared seedeater, Sporophila collaris White-throated seedeater, Sporophila albogularis White-bellied seedeater, Sporophila leucoptera Parrot-billed seedeater, Sporophila peruviana Chestnut-throated seedeater, Sporophila telasco Drab seedeater, Sporophila simplex Chestnut-bellied seedeater, Sporophila castaneiventris Ruddy-breasted seedeater, Sporophila minuta Copper seedeater, Sporophila bouvreuil Black-and-tawny seedeater, Sporophila nigrorufa Tawny-bellied seedeater, Sporophila hypoxantha Dark-throated seedeater, Sporophila ruficollis Pearly-bellied seedeater, Sporophila pileata Rufous-rumped seedeater, Sporophila hypochroma Chestnut seedeater, Sporophila cinnamomea Marsh seedeater, Sporophila palustris Black-bellied seedeater, Sporophila melanogaster Ibera seedeater, Sporophila iberaensis

Poospizinae

Some of these species were formerly placed in Emberizidae.

Image	Genus	Species
	Piezorina Lafresnaye, 1843	Piezorina cinerea – cinereous finch
	Xenospingus Cabanis, 1867	Xenospingus concolor – slender-billed finch
	Cnemoscopus Bangs & Penard, 1919	Cnemoscopus rubrirostris – grey-hooded bush tanager
	Pseudospingus Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1896	Drab hemispingus, Pseudospingus xanthophthalmus Black-headed hemispingus, Pseudospingus verticalis
	Poospiza Cabanis, 1847	Bolivian warbling finch, Poospiza boliviana Cinnamon warbling finch, Poospiza ornata Black-and-rufous warbling finch, Poospiza nigrorufa Black-and-chestnut warbling finch, Poospiza whitii Collared warbling finch, Poospiza hispaniolensis Rufous-breasted warbling finch, Poospiza rubecula Tucumán mountain finch, Poospiza baeri Cochabamba mountain finch, Poospiza garleppi Slaty-backed hemispingus, Poospiza goeringi Rufous-browed hemispingus, Poospiza rufosuperciliaris
	Kleinothraupis Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016	Grey-capped hemispingus, Kleinothraupis reyi Black-capped hemispingus, Kleinothraupis atropileus White-browed hemispingus, Kleinothraupis auricularis Orange-browed hemispingus, Kleinothraupis calophrys Parodi's hemispingus, Kleinothraupis parodii
	Sphenopsis Sclater, 1862	Oleaginous hemispingus, Sphenopsis frontalis Black-eared hemispingus, Sphenopsis melanotis Piura hemispingus, Sphenopsis piurae Western hemispingus, Sphenopsis ochracea
	Thlypopsis Cabanis, 1851	Fulvous-headed tanager, Thlypopsis fulviceps Rufous-chested tanager, Thlypopsis ornata Brown-flanked tanager, Thlypopsis pectoralis Orange-headed tanager, Thlypopsis sordida Buff-bellied tanager, Thlypopsis inornata Rust-and-yellow tanager, Thlypopsis ruficeps
	Castanozoster Burns, Unitt, & Mason, 2016	Castanozoster thoracicus – bay-chested warbling finch
	Donacospiza Cabanis, 1851	Donacospiza albifrons – long-tailed reed finch
	Cypsnagra Lesson, R, 1831	Cypsnagra hirundinacea – white-rumped tanager
	Poospizopsis Berlepsch, 1893	Rufous-sided warbling finch, Poospizopsis hypocondria Chestnut-breasted mountain finch, Poospizopsis caesar
	Urothraupis Taczanowski & Berlepsch, 1885	Urothraupis stolzmanni – black-backed bush tanager
	Nephelornis Lowery & Tallman, 1976	Nephelornis oneilli – pardusco
	Microspingus Taczanowski, 1874	Buff-throated warbling finch, Microspingus lateralis Grey-throated warbling finch, Microspingus cabanisi Rusty-browed warbling finch, Microspingus erythrophrys Plain-tailed warbling finch, Microspingus alticola Ringed warbling finch, Microspingus torquatus Three-striped hemispingus, Microspingus trifasciatus Black-capped warbling finch, Microspingus melanoleucus Cinereous warbling finch, Microspingus cinereus

Diglossinae

This is a morphologically diverse group that includes seed-eaters (Nesospiza, Sicalis, Catamenia, Haplospiza), arthropod feeders (Conirostrum), a bamboo specialist (Acanthidops), an aphid feeder (Xenodacnis), and boulder field specialists (Idiopsar). Many species live at high altitudes. Conirostrum was previously placed in Parulidae, Diglossa was placed in Thraupidae and the remaining genera were placed in Emberizidae.[1]

Image	Genus	Species
	Conirostrum d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1838	Chestnut-vented conebill, Conirostrum speciosum White-eared conebill, Conirostrum leucogenys Bicolored conebill, Conirostrum bicolor Pearly-breasted conebill, Conirostrum margaritae Cinereous conebill, Conirostrum cinereum Tamarugo conebill, Conirostrum tamarugense White-browed conebill, Conirostrum ferrugineiventre Rufous-browed conebill, Conirostrum rufum Blue-backed conebill, Conirostrum sitticolor Capped conebill, Conirostrum albifrons
	Sicalis F. Boie, 1828	Stripe-tailed yellow finch (Sicalis citrina) Puna yellow finch (Sicalis lutea) Bright-rumped yellow finch (Sicalis uropygialis) Citron-headed yellow finch (Sicalis luteocephala) Greater yellow finch (Sicalis auriventris) Greenish yellow finch (Sicalis olivascens) Monte yellow finch (Sicalis mendozae) Patagonian yellow finch (Sicalis lebruni) Orange-fronted yellow finch (Sicalis columbiana) Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) Grassland yellow finch (Sicalis luteola) Raimondi's yellow finch (Sicalis raimondii) Sulphur-throated finch (Sicalis taczanowskii)
	Phrygilus Cabanis, 1844	Black-hooded sierra finch, Phrygilus atriceps Peruvian sierra finch, Phrygilus punensis Grey-hooded sierra finch, Phrygilus gayi Patagonian sierra finch, Phrygilus patagonicus
	Nesospiza Cabanis, 1873	Inaccessible Island finch, Nesospiza acunhae Nightingale Island finch, Nesospiza questi Wilkins's finch, Nesospiza wilkinsi
	Rowettia Lowe, 1923	Rowettia goughensis – Gough finch
	Melanodera Bonaparte, 1850	White-bridled finch or canary-winged finch, Melanodera melanodera Yellow-bridled finch, Melanodera xanthogramma
	Geospizopsis Bonaparte, 1856	Plumbeous sierra finch, Geospizopsis unicolor Ash-breasted sierra finch, Geospizopsis plebejus
	Haplospiza Cabanis, 1851	Slaty finch, Haplospiza rustica Uniform finch, Haplospiza unicolor
	Acanthidops Ridgway, 1882	Acanthidops bairdi – peg-billed finch
	Xenodacnis Cabanis, 1873	Xenodacnis parina – tit-like dacnis
	Idiopsar Cassin, 1867	Red-backed sierra finch, Idiopsar dorsalis White-throated sierra finch, Idiopsar erythronotus Glacier finch, Idiopsar speculifer Boulder finch, Idiopsar brachyurus
	Catamenia Bonaparte, 1850	Band-tailed seedeater, Catamenia analis Plain-colored seedeater, Catamenia inornata Paramo seedeater, Catamenia homochroa
	Diglossa Wagler, 1832	Golden-eyed flowerpiercer, Diglossa glauca Bluish flowerpiercer, Diglossa caerulescens Masked flowerpiercer, Diglossa cyanea Indigo flowerpiercer, Diglossa indigotica Rusty flowerpiercer, Diglossa sittoides Slaty flowerpiercer, Diglossa plumbea Cinnamon-bellied flowerpiercer, Diglossa baritula Moustached flowerpiercer, Diglossa mystacalis Glossy flowerpiercer, Diglossa lafresnayii Chestnut-bellied flowerpiercer, Diglossa gloriosissima Scaled flowerpiercer, Diglossa duidae Greater flowerpiercer, Diglossa major Venezuelan flowerpiercer, Diglossa venezuelensis White-sided flowerpiercer, Diglossa albilatera Grey-bellied flowerpiercer, Diglossa carbonaria Black-throated flowerpiercer, Diglossa brunneiventris Mérida flowerpiercer, Diglossa gloriosa Black flowerpiercer, Diglossa humeralis

Thraupinae

Typical tanagers

Image	Genus	Species
	CalochaetesSclater, PL, 1879	Calochaetes coccineus – vermilion tanager
	Iridosornis Lesson, 1844	Purplish-mantled tanager, Iridosornis porphyrocephalus Yellow-throated tanager, Iridosornis analis Golden-collared tanager, Iridosornis jelskii Golden-crowned tanager, Iridosornis rufivertex Yellow-scarfed tanager, Iridosornis reinhardti
	Rauenia Wolters, 1980	Rauenia bonariensis – blue-and-yellow tanager
	Pipraeidea Swainson, 1827	Pipraeidea melanonota – fawn-breasted tanager
	Pseudosaltator K.J. Burns, Unitt & N.A. Mason, 2016	Pseudosaltator rufiventris – rufous-bellied mountain tanager
	Dubusia Bonaparte, 1850	Buff-breasted mountain tanager, Dubusia taeniata Chestnut-bellied mountain tanager, Dubusia castaneoventris
	Buthraupis Cabanis, 1851	Buthraupis montana – hooded mountain tanager
	Sporathraupis Ridgway, 1898	Sporathraupis cyanocephala – blue-capped tanager
	Tephrophilus R. T. Moore, 1934	Tephrophilus wetmorei – masked mountain tanager
	Chlorornis Reichenbach, 1850	Chlorornis riefferii – grass-green tanager
	Cnemathraupis Penard, 1919	Black-chested mountain tanager, Cnemathraupis eximia Golden-backed mountain tanager, Cnemathraupis aureodorsalis
	Anisognathus Reichenbach, 1850	Santa Marta mountain tanager, Anisognathus melanogenys Lacrimose mountain tanager, Anisognathus lacrymosus Scarlet-bellied mountain tanager, Anisognathus igniventris Blue-winged mountain tanager, Anisognathus somptuosus Black-chinned mountain tanager, Anisognathus notabilis
	Chlorochrysa Bonaparte, 1851	Glistening-green tanager, Chlorochrysa phoenicotis Orange-eared tanager, Chlorochrysa calliparaea Multicoloured tanager, Chlorochrysa nitidissima
	Wetmorethraupis Lowery & O'Neill, 1964	Wetmorethraupis sterrhopteron – orange-throated tanager
	Bangsia Penard, 1919	Blue-and-gold tanager, Bangsia arcaei Black-and-gold tanager, Bangsia melanochlamys Golden-chested tanager, Bangsia rothschildi Moss-backed tanager, Bangsia edwardsi Gold-ringed tanager, Bangsia aureocincta Yellow-green tanager, Bangsia flavovirens
	Lophospingus Cabanis, 1878	Grey-crested finch, Lophospingus griseocristatus Black-crested finch, Lophospingus pusillus
	Neothraupis Hellmayr, 1936	Neothraupis fasciata – shrike-like tanager
	Diuca Reichenbach, 1850	Diuca diuca – diuca finch
	Gubernatrix Lesson, 1837	Gubernatrix cristata – yellow cardinal
	Stephanophorus Strickland, 1841	Stephanophorus diadematus – diademed tanager
	Cissopis Vieillot, 1816	Cissopis leveriana – magpie tanager
	Schistochlamys Reichenbach, 1850	Cinnamon tanager, Schistochlamys ruficapillus Black-faced tanager, Schistochlamys melanopis
	Paroaria Bonaparte, 1832	Red-crested cardinal, Paroaria coronata Red-cowled cardinal, Paroaria dominicana Red-capped cardinal, Paroaria gularis Masked cardinal, Paroaria nigrogenis Crimson-fronted cardinal, Paroaria baeri Yellow-billed cardinal, Paroaria capitata
	Ixothraupis Bonaparte, 1851	Dotted tanager, Ixothraupis varia Rufous-throated tanager, Ixothraupis rufigula Spotted tanager, Ixothraupis punctata Speckled tanager, Ixothraupis guttata Yellow-bellied tanager, Ixothraupis xanthogastra
	Chalcothraupis Bonaparte, 1851	Chalcothraupis ruficervix – golden-naped tanager
	Poecilostreptus Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016	Azure-rumped tanager, Poecilostreptus cabanisi Grey-and-gold tanager, Poecilostreptus palmeri
	Thraupis F. Boie, 1826	Blue-grey tanager, Thraupis episcopus Glaucous tanager, Thraupis glaucocolpa Sayaca tanager, Thraupis sayaca Azure-shouldered tanager, Thraupis cyanoptera Golden-chevroned tanager, Thraupis ornata Blue-capped tanager, Thraupis cyanocephala Blue-and-yellow tanager, Thraupis bonariensis Darwin's tanager, Thraupis (bonariensis) darwinii Yellow-winged tanager, Thraupis abbas Palm tanager, Thraupis palmarum
	Stilpnia Burns, KJ, Unitt, & Mason, NA, 2016	Black-headed tanager, Stilpnia cyanoptera Silver-backed tanager, Stilpnia viridicollis Sira tanager, Stilpnia phillipsi Straw-backed tanager, Stilpnia argyrofenges Black-capped tanager, Stilpnia heinei Golden-hooded tanager, Stilpnia larvata Blue-necked tanager, Stilpnia cyanicollis Masked tanager, Stilpnia nigrocincta Black-backed tanager, Stilpnia peruviana Chestnut-backed tanager, Stilpnia preciosa Green-capped tanager, Stilpnia meyerdeschauenseei Scrub tanager, Stilpnia vitriolina Burnished-buff tanager, Stilpnia cayana Lesser Antillean tanager, Stilpnia cucullata
	Tangara Brisson, 1760	49 species: Plain-coloured tanager (Tangara inornata) Cabanis's tanager (Tangara cabanisi) Gray-and-gold tanager (Tangara palmeri) Turquoise tanager (Tangara mexicana) Paradise tanager (Tangara chilensis) Seven-coloured tanager (Tangara fastuosa) Green-headed tanager (Tangara seledon) Red-necked tanager (Tangara cyanocephala) Brassy-breasted tanager (Tangara desmaresti) Gilt-edged tanager (Tangara cyanoventris) Blue-whiskered tanager (Tangara johannae) Green-and-gold tanager (Tangara schrankii) Emerald tanager (Tangara florida) Golden tanager (Tangara arthus) Silver-throated tanager (Tangara icterocephala) Saffron-crowned tanager (Tangara xanthocephala) Golden-eared tanager (Tangara chrysotis) Flame-faced tanager (Tangara parzudakii) Yellow-bellied tanager (Tangara xanthogastra) Spotted tanager (Tangara punctata) Speckled tanager (Tangara guttata) Dotted tanager (Tangara varia) Rufous-throated tanager (Tangara rufigula) Bay-headed tanager (Tangara gyrola) Rufous-winged tanager (Tangara lavinia) Burnished-buff tanager (Tangara cayana) Lesser Antillean tanager (Tangara cucullata) Black-backed tanager (Tangara peruviana) Chestnut-backed tanager (Tangara preciosa) Scrub tanager (Tangara vitriolina) Green-capped tanager (Tangara meyerdeschauenseei) Rufous-cheeked tanager (Tangara rufigenis) Golden-naped tanager (Tangara ruficervix) Metallic-green tanager (Tangara labradorides) Blue-browed tanager (Tangara cyanotis) Blue-necked tanager (Tangara cyanicollis) Golden-hooded tanager (Tangara larvata) Masked tanager (Tangara nigrocincta) Spangle-cheeked tanager (Tangara dowii) Green-naped tanager (Tangara fucosa) Beryl-spangled tanager (Tangara nigroviridis) Blue-and-black tanager (Tangara vassorii) Black-capped tanager (Tangara heinei) Sira tanager (Tangara phillipsi) Silver-backed tanager (Tangara viridicollis) Straw-backed tanager (Tangara argyrofenges) Black-headed tanager (Tangara cyanoptera) Opal-rumped tanager (Tangara velia) Opal-crowned tanager (Tangara callophrys)

Genera formerly placed in Thraupidae

Passerellidae – New World sparrows[10]

Chlorospingus – eight species - bush-tanagers
Oreothraupis – tanager finch

Cardinalidae – cardinals[11][7]

Piranga – 9 species - northern tanagers
Habia – five species - ant-tanagers or habias
Chlorothraupis – three species
Amaurospiza – four species

Fringillidae – subfamily Euphoniinae

Euphonia – 27 species
Chlorophonia – five species

Phaenicophilidae – Hispaniolan tanagers[10][12]

Microligea – green-tailed warbler
Xenoligea – white-winged warbler
Phaenicophilus – two species

Mitrospingidae – Mitrospingid tanagers[10]

Mitrospingus – two species
Orthogonys – olive-green tanager
Lamprospiza – red-billed pied tanager

Nesospingidae

Nesospingus – Puerto Rican tanager[10][12]

Spindalidae

Spindalis – four species - spindalises[10][12]

Calyptophilidae

Calyptophilus – two species - chat-tanagers[10][12]

Rhodinocichlidae

Rhodinocichla – rosy thrush-tanager[10][12]

References

Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
Storer, Robert W. (1970). "Subfamily Thraupinae". In Paynter, Raymond A. Jr (ed.). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 246–408.
Yuri, T.; Mindell, D. P. (May 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2): 229–243. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X. PMID 12069553.
"Family: Cardinalidae". American Ornithological Society. Retrieved Feb 1, 2019.
Cabanis, Jean (1847). "Ornithologische Notizen". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 13: 186-256; 308-352 [316].
Melville, R.V. (1977). "Opinion 1069 Correction of entry in official list of family-group names in zoology for name number 428 (Thraupidae)". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 33 (3/4): 162–164.
Klicka, J.; Burns, K.; Spellman, G. M. (2007). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014–1032. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006. PMID 17920298.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 December 2021.
Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 4088 (3): 329–354. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2. PMID 27394344.
Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.
Burns, K.J.; Hackett, S.J.; Klein, N.K. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology". Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (4): 360–370. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03171.x.
Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". The Auk. 132 (2): 333–348. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.

External links

Jungle-walk.com tanager pictures
Tanager videos, photos and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
Thraupidae at Curlie
"Tanager" . The New Student's Reference Work . 1914.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[burns2014-1] Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.

[2] Storer, Robert W. (1970). "Subfamily Thraupinae". In Paynter, Raymond A. Jr (ed.). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 246–408.

[YM2002-3] Yuri, T.; Mindell, D. P. (May 2002). "Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Fringillidae, "New World nine-primaried oscines" (Aves: Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 23 (2): 229–243. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00012-X. PMID 12069553.

[4] "Family: Cardinalidae". American Ornithological Society. Retrieved Feb 1, 2019.

[5] Cabanis, Jean (1847). "Ornithologische Notizen". Archiv für Naturgeschichte (in German). 13: 186-256; 308-352 [316].

[6] Melville, R.V. (1977). "Opinion 1069 Correction of entry in official list of family-group names in zoology for name number 428 (Thraupidae)". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 33 (3/4): 162–164.

[klicka2007-7] Klicka, J.; Burns, K.; Spellman, G. M. (2007). "Defining a monophyletic Cardinalini: A molecular perspective". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 45 (3): 1014–1032. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.07.006. PMID 17920298.

[ioc-8] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 18 December 2021.

[burns2016-9] Burns, K.J.; Unitt, P.; Mason, N.A. (2016). "A genus-level classification of the family Thraupidae (Class Aves: Order Passeriformes)". Zootaxa. 4088 (3): 329–354. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4088.3.2. PMID 27394344.

[barker2013-10] Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.

[burns2003-11] Burns, K.J.; Hackett, S.J.; Klein, N.K. (2003). "Phylogenetic relationships of Neotropical honeycreepers and the evolution of feeding morphology". Journal of Avian Biology. 34 (4): 360–370. doi:10.1111/j.0908-8857.2003.03171.x.

[barker2015-12] Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". The Auk. 132 (2): 333–348. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.