Hurricane Hector (2018)

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale

Map key

Saffir–Simpson scale

  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown

Storm type

Tropical cyclone

Subtropical cyclone

Extratropical cyclone / Remnant low / Tropical disturbance / Monsoon depression

Hurricane Hector's origins can be traced to a low-latitude disturbance that was located north of French Guiana and Suriname around July 22. The disturbance's path prior to that time is uncertain: thunderstorm activity was subdued across the tropical Atlantic due to the presence of dry Saharan air, and the Intertropical Convergence Zone dipped southward and exhibited no fluctuations; this combination of events made it impossible to trace the disturbance to a particular tropical wave. Hector's precursor began producing convection while traveling westward over northern South America, entering the Eastern Pacific basin by July 25. A low-pressure trough formed on the next day south of Central America and southern Mexico.[4] The National Hurricane Center (NHC) first mentioned the possibility of tropical development on July 26.[5] Located within a favorable environment fueled by a kelvin wave and the Madden–Julian oscillation,[4] the disturbance gradually became more organized over the next five days as it continued generally westward.[6] The system developed into Tropical Depression Ten-E around 12:00 UTC on July 31 while about 805 mi (1,295 km) south-southwest of the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula.[4] At that time, the system was travelling west-northwest under the influence of a deep-layer ridge to its north. Initially, the depression was irregularly shaped and its circulation elongated,[7] but it steadily improved in organization over the next 12 hours, becoming Tropical Storm Hector at 00:00 UTC on August 1.[4][8]

Hurricane Hector at its initial peak on August 2

After strengthening into a tropical storm, Hector remained disorganized for several hours as a result of increasing easterly wind shear, with most of its convection displaced to the south and west.[9] Warm sea surface temperatures of 81–82 °F (27–28 °C) allowed Hector to begin a 30-hour period of rapid intensification at 12:00 UTC.[4] Around that time, the low- and mid-level centers were becoming more aligned and curved banding features were increasing. The system also turned westward as the aforementioned ridge built to the north of Hector.[10][11] Over the next several hours, Hector significantly improved in organization, with its low-level center becoming markedly embedded within the deep convection and the development of a mid-level eye.[12] Hector intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale around 12:00 UTC, developing a small eye on satellite imagery.[4][13] Six hours later, the storm reached its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 975 mbar (28.79 inHg).[4] Shortly thereafter, Hector began weakening, with its eye becoming cloud-filled and the northern eyewall eroding due to northerly shear.[14][4] Hector's structure continued to degrade over the next several hours with the eye becoming nearly indistinguishable from its surroundings and the formation of a secondary concentric eyewall structure.[15] The storm bottomed out as a Category 1 hurricane at approximately 12:00 UTC on August 3 as it continued to travel due west.[4]

Hurricane Hector as seen from International Space Station on August 7

Hector began to strengthen a short time later as it traversed an area of slightly cooler sea temperatures, low wind shear, and elevated mid-level moisture. The storm's eye cleared out on satellite imagery as convection intensified in the eyewall.[16] Hector became a Category 3 major hurricane around 00:00 UTC on August 4, while located approximately 1,680 mi (2,705 km) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California.[4] Later in the day, the system began to undergo an eyewall replacement cycle.[17] Six hours later, around 18:00 UTC, the eyewall cycle had completed, with only one eyewall remaining. At that time, the cyclone was also beginning to acquire some annular characteristics.[18] The hurricane's structure began to decay on August 5, with the eye becoming less distinct by 12:00 UTC. Meanwhile, microwave imagery showed two concentric eyewalls, indicating that Hector was entering a second eyewall replacement cycle.[19] Hector became a Category 4 hurricane at 18:00 UTC after completing the eyewall cycle.[4] The hurricane exhibited a symmetric central dense overcast with few banding features elsewhere, a characteristic of an annular tropical cyclone.[20]

Hector began to move slightly north of west due to a weakness in a subtropical ridge located to the northeast of the Hawaiian Islands. The hurricane crossed the 140th meridian west shortly after 06:00 UTC on August 6, entering the Central Pacific Hurricane Center's (CPHC) area of responsibility.[4] At that time, Hector possessed a distinct eye surrounded by −94 to −112 °F (−70 to −80 °C) clouds.[21] About six hours later, a 53rd Weather Reconnaissance Squadron plane recorded a stepped frequency microwave radiometer (SFMR) wind speed of 158 mph (254 km/h) as it surveyed the cyclone. Hector reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 936 mbar (27.64 inHg) around 18:00 UTC.[4] The storm turned towards the west-northwest shortly after as the ridge continued to weaken.[22] The hurricane maintained peak intensity for about six hours before beginning to weaken as it entered an area of mid-level dry air. Despite slightly degrading in structure, Hector still maintained a 12 mi (19 km) wide eye.[23]

Hector at its closest approach to Hawaii late on August 8

As Hector approached Hawaii, its weakening trend continued due to mid-level dry air, low ocean heat content, and 81 °F (27 °C) sea surface temperatures.[4][24] The hurricane's eye shrank and became nearly indistinguishable from surrounding clouds on satellite imagery as the system tracked westward.[24][25] Hector weakened into a low-end Category 3 hurricane as it passed about 230 mi (370 km) south of the Big Island on August 8. WSR-88D radar from Hawaii as well as microwave and satellite imagery showed Hector was undergoing a third eyewall replacement cycle during that time.[4]

Hurricane Hector warranted the issuance of tropical storm watches and warnings from August 6–8 as it passed near the Big Island, as well as tropical storm watches for Johnston Atoll and various islands in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument from August 9–13. Although forecasts depicted Hector remaining south of Hawaii, concerns were raised over the safety of residents displaced by the ongoing eruption of Kīlauea, many of whom were in temporary tent structures that could not withstand a hurricane. Plans were made to relocate people to sturdier structures.[26] Overall, the impact to Hawaii was minimal; peak 2-minute sustained winds of 25 mph (40 km/h) were recorded in South Point on the Big Island and 0.17 in (4.3 mm) of rain registered at Hilo International Airport.[4] The ports of Hilo and Kawaihae were closed on August 7 to inbound traffic as gale-force winds were expected to occur within the next 24 hours.[27] All Hawaiian ports resumed normal operations on August 10.[28] Also on August 8, the acting mayor of Hawaii County, Wil Okabe, declared a state of emergency.[29] As the hurricane passed south of the island on August 8, all absentee walk-in voting sites in Hawaii County were shut down. Whittington, Punaluu, and Milolii Beach Parks were also closed.[30] At the same time, surf was reported along the south-facing shores of the Big Island as 20 ft (6.1 m) high.[31] At least 90 people had to be rescued on Oahu due to dangerous swells generated by the cyclone.[32]

After passing by Hawaii, Hector began another period of strengthening on August 9 as it moved across a region of slightly warmer sea surface temperatures and higher ocean heat content.[4] The temperature of the hurricane's eye increased and the cloud tops of the eyewall cooled after the completion of the replacement cycle.[33][34] Hector reached its secondary peak as a Category 4 hurricane around 18:00 UTC on August 10 with 140 mph (220 km/h) winds. Around that time, the system had begun a west-northwest motion as it rounded the edge of a subtropical ridge that was located northeast.[4][35]

Tropical Storm Hector shortly after entering the western Pacific Ocean early on August 14

Hector began to weaken once more as an upper-level low located just east of the International Date Line imparted southerly shear and caused the cyclone to take on a more northwesterly track.[4] As a result, the storm's eye became cloud-filled on August 11.[36] Hector fell below major hurricane status around 18:00 UTC on August 11, the first time the hurricane had done so after spending a record 186 consecutive hours at that intensity.[4][37] By early August 12, the hurricane's eye had become invisible on satellite imagery and only a region of warmer cloud tops remained on infrared imagery.[38] Hector began to rapidly weaken soon after as wind shear increased further to 35 mph (55 km/h); the appearance of the cyclone quickly deteriorated as a result.[39] Later in the day, Hector's low-level center became displaced to the south of its thunderstorm activity as strong wind shear continued to bombard the system.[4][40] Hector weakened into a tropical storm around 00:00 UTC on August 13.[4] Convection associated with Hector began to dissipate on August 13, leaving the low-level center uncovered; all that remained were regions of cirrus clouds.[41] Hector crossed into the western Pacific Ocean shortly after 15:00 UTC on August 13 as a weakening tropical storm,[4] entering the Japan Meteorological Agency's (JMA) area of responsibility. Around that time, bursts of convection had formed northwest of the low-level center.[42] At the time Hector left the eastern Pacific basin, it had the highest accumulated cyclone energy of a Pacific hurricane since 1994's Hurricane John.[43]

Once Hector crossed the International Date Line, the JMA recognized it as a tropical storm with 45 mph (75 km/h) 10-minute sustained winds.[44] Meanwhile, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimated that Hector had 1-minute sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[45] After entering the western Pacific, Hector tracked westward under the influence of a subtropical high.[46] The tropical storm's structure consisted of weak banding features and a low-level center partially covered by convection on August 14.[47] At the same time, Hector was located within an environment of dry air, low-to-moderate wind shear, and neutral 81 °F (27 °C) sea surface temperatures.[48][49] Around 06:00 UTC, the JTWC downgraded Hector to a tropical depression.[4] Convection continually decreased in organization throughout the day.[50] Hector restrengthened into a tropical storm around 18:00 UTC on August 14 with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h).[4] Meanwhile, the storm turned towards the west-northwest as it rounded the southern edge of the subtropical high.[51] At 00:00 UTC on August 15, the JMA downgraded Hector to a tropical depression.[52] At the same time, the JTWC indicated that Hector had transitioned into a subtropical storm with no change in intensity. The JTWC downgraded Hector to a subtropical depression around 12:00 UTC on August 15. The JTWC continued tracking Hector until 06:00 UTC on August 16,[4] while the JMA monitored the cyclone until 18:00 UTC of that day.[53]

• Weather of 2018
• Tropical cyclones in 2018
• List of Category 4 Pacific hurricanes
• Other tropical cyclones with the same name
• List of Hawaii hurricanes
• Hurricane Dora (1999) – another hurricane that traversed all three North Pacific basins
• Hurricane Ioke (2006) – a storm that set similar longevity records
• Hurricane Lane (2018) – Category 5 hurricane that became Hawaii's wettest tropical cyclone on record

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Weather Service.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Hector (2018).

• The National Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Hector
• The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's advisory archive on Hurricane Hector