Vadodara

Vadodara (Gujarati pronunciation: [lang]), also known as Baroda, is the second[6] largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Vadodara district and is situated on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, 141 kilometres (88 mi) from the state capital of Gandhinagar. The railway line and National Highway 8, which connect Delhi with Mumbai, pass through Vadodara. The city is named for its abundance of the Banyan (Vad) tree. Vadodara is also locally referred to as the Sanskari Nagari (transl. 'Cultural City') and Kala Nagari (transl. 'City of Art')[7] of India.

Vadodara
Badoda
Baroda
Metropolis
Clockwise from top:
Lakshmi Vilas Palace, Khanderao Market, Downtown Vadodara, Vadodara Airport, Old Vadodara District Court, Saradar Patel Planetarium, Pratap Vilas Palace
Nickname(s): 
Sayaji Nagari (City of Sayajirao Gaekwad), Sanskari Nagari (Cultural City)
Vadodara
Location within the Indian state of Gujarat
Vadodara
Location within India
Coordinates: 22°18′N 73°12′E
CountryIndia
StateGujarat
DistrictVadodara
Zone4[1]
Ward25[1][2]
Government
 • BodyVUDA, Vadodara Municipal Corporation
 • MayorKeyur Rokadia
 • Municipal CommissionerBanchhanidhi Pani
Area
[1]
 • Total420.33 km2 (162.29 sq mi)
 • Rank(2nd in Gujarat State)
Elevation
32 m (105 ft)
Population
[3] 2020 [3]
 • Total4,000,000
 • Density9,500/km2 (25,000/sq mi)
DemonymBarodian
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
390 0XX
Telephone code(91)265
ISO 3166 codeISO 3166-2:IN
Vehicle registrationGJ-06 (Urban)/GJ-29 (Rural)
Literacy Rate94.5%
Legislature typeMunicipal Corporation
Legislature Strength76[1]
Lok Sabha constituency1[4]
Vidhan Sabha constituency5[5]
ClimateTropical savanna (Köppen: Aw)
Planning agency1 (VUDA)
Distance from Gandhinagar126 kilometres (78 mi) NE (Rail & Air)
Distance from Mumbai395 kilometres (245 mi) S (Rail & Air)
Distance from Ahmedabad100 kilometres (62 mi) NW (Road)
Websitewww.vmc.gov.in

The city is prominent for landmarks such as the Laxmi Vilas Palace, which served as the residence of the Maratha royal Gaekwad dynasty that ruled over Baroda State. It is also the home of the Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda.[8]

Etymology
Street scene in Baroda (c. 1880)

The city in one period was called Chandanavati after the rule of Chanda of the Dodiya Rajputs. The capital was also known as Virakshetra or Viravati (Land of Warriors). Later on, it was known as Vadpatraka or Vadodará, and according to tradition, is a corrupt form of the Sanskrit word vatodar, meaning "in the belly of the Banyan tree". It is, as of 2000, almost impossible to ascertain when the various changes in the name were made; early English travellers and merchants of the 18th century mention the town as Baroda,[9] and it is from this, that the name Baroda is derived; in 1974 (well after independence) the official name of the city was changed to Vadodara.

Geography

Vadodara is located at 22.30°N 73.19°E / 22.30; 73.19 in western India at an elevation of 39 metres (128 ft). It is the tenth-largest city in India with an area of 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi) and a population of 3.5 million, according to the 2010–11 census. The city sits on the banks of the Vishwamitri River, in central Gujarat. The Vishwamitri frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. The city is located on the fertile plain between the Mahi and Narmada Rivers. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the cosmopolis falls under seismic zone-III, on a scale of I to V (in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes).[10]

Climate

Vadodara features a borderline tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) that despite the roughly 850 millimetres or 33 inches of rain that the city receives annually is due to the area's high potential evapotranspiration very close to being classified as a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is dry. The weather is hot during March to July, when the average maximum is 39 °C or 102.2 °F, and the average minimum is 24 °C or 75.2 °F. From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C or 86 °F, the average minimum is 15 °C or 59 °F, and the climate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for mildly chilly days in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average rainfall is 85 cm (33 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause the river to flood[11] like the 2005 Gujarat flood or the 2008 Indian floods which were catastrophic.[12]

Kirti Mandir
Raopura Tower

The highest recorded temperature was 46.7 °C (116.1 °F) on 11 May 1960 crossed with 48.0 °C (118.4 °F) on 19 May 2016,[13] while the lowest recorded temperature was −1.1 °C (30.0 °F) on 15 January 1935.[14]

Climate data for Vadodara Airport (1981-2010, extremes 1952-2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.4
(99.3)		 40.6
(105.1)		 44.2
(111.6)		 45.9
(114.6)		 46.2
(115.2)		 45.6
(114.1)		 40.1
(104.2)		 39.1
(102.4)		 41.1
(106.0)		 41.4
(106.5)		 39.4
(102.9)		 37.2
(99.0)		 46.2
(115.2)
Average high °C (°F) 29.7
(85.5)		 32.0
(89.6)		 36.3
(97.3)		 39.1
(102.4)		 39.9
(103.8)		 37.2
(99.0)		 32.6
(90.7)		 31.5
(88.7)		 33.4
(92.1)		 35.9
(96.6)		 33.7
(92.7)		 30.9
(87.6)		 34.4
(93.9)
Average low °C (°F) 13.2
(55.8)		 14.9
(58.8)		 19.2
(66.6)		 23.6
(74.5)		 27.0
(80.6)		 27.5
(81.5)		 26.0
(78.8)		 25.3
(77.5)		 25.0
(77.0)		 22.2
(72.0)		 17.6
(63.7)		 14.1
(57.4)		 21.3
(70.3)
Record low °C (°F) 2.8
(37.0)		 3.9
(39.0)		 9.3
(48.7)		 14.4
(57.9)		 19.4
(66.9)		 21.2
(70.2)		 22.2
(72.0)		 21.7
(71.1)		 18.1
(64.6)		 12.8
(55.0)		 6.0
(42.8)		 5.5
(41.9)		 2.8
(37.0)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 1.2
(0.05)		 0.0
(0.0)		 0.1
(0.00)		 1.0
(0.04)		 6.3
(0.25)		 118.6
(4.67)		 298.5
(11.75)		 265.5
(10.45)		 122.4
(4.82)		 24.9
(0.98)		 6.7
(0.26)		 0.8
(0.03)		 846.0
(33.31)
Average rainy days 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 4.1 12.5 11.8 5.6 1.2 0.4 0.1 36.3
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 36 29 25 23 32 51 74 75 63 44 41 41 45
Source: India Meteorological Department[15][16]

Demographics
Ganesh Chaturthi Celebration at JKSP Home Vadodara
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1820 100,000—    
1865 140,000+40.0%
1881 101,800−27.3%
1891 116,400+14.3%
1901 103,800−10.8%
1911 99,300−4.3%
1921 94,700−4.6%
1931 112,900+19.2%
1941 153,300+35.8%
1951 211,400+37.9%
1961 295,100+39.6%
1968 400,700+35.8%
1971 467,000+16.5%
1981 744,000+59.3%
1991 1,126,800+51.5%
2001 1,891,045+67.8%
2011 3,522,221+86.3%
Source: [17][18]

According to the 2011 India census, Vadodara metropolitan area had a population of 1,822,221. In Vadodara, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.[19] Gujarati, Marathi, Hindi, and English are the languages spoken in the city. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%.

Economy

In Vadodara various large-scale industries such as Indian Oil Corporation(IOCL), Gujarat State Fertilizers & Chemicals (GSFC), Vadodara Manufacturing Division(VMD)(Formerly IPCL) of Reliance Industries Limited, Parikh Industries, Linde Engineering India, L&T and Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Limited (GACL) have come up in the vicinity of Gujarat Refinery and all of them are dependent on it for their fuel and feedstock. Other large-scale public sector units are Heavy Water Project, Gujarat Industries Power Company Limited (GIPCL), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) & Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL). In addition to these public sector enterprises, a number of other large-scale enterprises have come up in the private sector such as Avalanch Global Solutions, Bombardier Transportation.[20][21]

Located in Vadodara are over 35% of India's power transmission and distribution equipment manufacturers and an estimated 800 ancillaries supporting the big players in Power Sector equipment manufacturing and engineering industry.Besides this Vadodara also manufactured and exports metro coaches throughout the world. Vadodara is turning out to become major IT hub of India.Vadodara is also included in top exporting district of India.[22]

The revenue for the city is generated through taxes, service provision, and state government assistance. The taxes include general taxes, conservancy taxes, water taxes whereas the non-tax or service can be water charges, rent from municipal properties, public service charges, etc.[23] The VMC budget for the year 2020–2021 against the proposed budget of Rs 3,554 crore last year, stood at Rs 3,770 crore this year.[24]

Government and politics
Vadodara City Officials
Mayor Mr Keyur Rokadiya[25]
Municipal Commissioner Mrs . Shalini Agarwal
Police Commissioner Shamsher Singh IPS
Khanderao Market – Vadodara Mahanagar Seva Sadan Building

The Vadodara city's municipal corporation or Maha Nagar Palika is a part of the Vadodara district. The district is set up in three distinct levels of administration, which are the collectorate - the district falls under the jurisdiction of a collector; the prant offices which take care of the affairs of taluka and other state government offices and the mamlatdar or taluka offices. The overall district administration has four departments: city survey, district supply office, district planning office, and district election office.[26]

The City elects one[4] member to the Lok Sabha (parliament) and five[5] to the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha (Assembly). All of the five assembly seats of Vadodara were won by the BJP during the legislative elections in 2017. In the 2021 VMSS/VMC elections, the BJP won 69[27] seats, seven seats went to the Congress.

  • Election wards: 19[1]
  • Seats (Corporators): 76[1]
  • Population per ward: 87,826
  • Seats reserved for women: 38
  • Total voters (as on 1 January 2019): 1,638,300

Civic administration
Mandvi Gate

According to the 2011 census, the total Urban Agglomeration (UA) population of Vadodara is 24,17,191.[28] This is governed by the Vadodara Municipal Corporation which was founded in 1951.[29] It was initially called the Baroda Municipal Corporation but later changed to Vadodara Municipal Corporation after the city's name was changed in the year 1974.[30] The Bombay Municipal Corporation Act of 1951 was setup as the main legislation for the administration and governance of the Vadodara Municipal Corporation.[31]

The city limits of Vadodara have expanded since: an area of 148 km2 (57 sq mi) was added in the year 2002, followed by 15 to 20 km2 (5.8 to 7.7 sq mi) of additional expansion to the north of the city in 2006.[32] The villages Sayajipura, Bapod, Kapurai, Khatamba, Tarsal Kalali, Gorva, Chhani and Vemali were added to the VMC boundaries in 2017[33] and the latest expansion notice has been given to the seven villages of Sevasi, Bhayli, Vemali, Bil, Karodiya, Undera and Vadadala in the year 2020.[34]

City governance
Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery

The Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949[35] governs the Vadodara Municipal Corporation. The Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act[36] of 1949 which is derived from the Bombay Act No. LIX of 1949 is another legislation which most municipal corporation, including Vadodara in Gujarat function under.

The highest body of power in the municipal corporation is the General Board, which is composed of elected members from each ward within the VMC. There are 19 wards under the VMC, each of which consists 4 seats of councilor which has a 50% reservation of seats for women. There are a total of 76 councilors elected for this VMC term where every councilor is appointed in various committees for a period of one year.

The VMC has twelve executive committees apart from the standing committee, which look after the specialized functions of VMC. These committees include public works committee, water work committee, drainage and sewerage committee, health committee, town planning committee, estate management committee, recreation and culture committee, electric committee, and legal committee. Each committee consists of 12 councilors each.[37] The formulation of an additional ward committee is recommended by the Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporation Act of 1949 for a city exceeding the population of three lakhs[38]- which is above the current population of Vadodara.

Politics

Three corporators are elected from each ward, who in turn elect a mayor. Executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner, who is an IAS officer appointed by the Gujarat state government. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services, municipal school board, the city bus service, the municipal hospital and the city library. The last municipal corporation election for Vadodara took place in the year 2015[39] where Bhartiya Janta Party won in the majority with 57 out of the total 76 seats, followed by the Indian National Congress (INC) with 14 seats.[40]

There are six sitting MLAs who have VMC under their jurisdiction and are currently part of the state ministry.[41][42] Rajendrabhai Trivedi is the BJP MLA and incumbent 14th Speaker of Gujarat Legislative Assembly, who was unanimously elected on 9 February 2018.[43] Jitendra Sukhadia is the Minister of Tourism, Non-resident Gujarati division as well as the Food, Civil Supplies, and Consumer Affairs.[44] Saurabhbhai Patel is the incumbent Energy Minister of Gujarat[45] while Yogeshbhai Patel heads the Ministry of State for Narmada Development.[46] The MLA Madhubhai Shrivastav is the state appointed Gujarat Agro Industries Corporation (GAIC) chief[47] and Manisha Vakil is BJP's Vadodara City Assembly Constituency MLA.[48]

Law and order

The Vadodara City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Vadodara, Gujarat. The Vadodara City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an IPS officer. They are a subdivision of the state police force of Gujarat and are headed by a commissioner. The Vadodara police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Vadodara citizens. Shamsher Singh, a previous serving as the Additional Director General of Police (State Crime Record Bureau cum Computer Centre), Gandhinagar, is the current Police commissioner of the Vadodara. He formally took charge on 1 January 2021.[49]

Civic services
The Flora Clock at Sayaji Baug

There are three civic service departments under the municipal corporation: the engineering department, the health department, and the support or administration department.

These departments together provide services, infrastructure and management for the entire city. The Engineering Department manages infrastructure and services provided through cells or sub-departments like bridge cell, drainage project, town development, streetlight, electrical sewerage, mechanical sewerage, building project, solid waste management, road, storm water drainage, water work, land and estate. The Health Department takes care of public health-related issues and services through its solid waste management, health and I.C.D.S. sub-departments. The health department also has a sub-department for managing Birth, Death & Marriage Registrations. The Support Department handles all IT and administration-related issues and services with cells like IT, accounts audit, census, P.R.O., election, land & estate (acquisition), shops & establishment, assessment, and U.C.D.-N.U.L.M departments.[50]

Urban planning

The two main institutions involved in planning and development in Vadodara are VMSS and the Vadodara Urban Development Authority (VUDA). The responsibilities of both these agencies are demarcated clearly not only physically but also functionally. The governing acts for both institutions differ. The principal responsibility of VUDA is to ensure a holistic development of the Vadodara agglomeration covering an area of 714.56 km2 (275.89 sq mi),[1] whereas VMSS is involved in the development of area of 235 km2 (91 sq mi).[1]

Solid waste management
Kalaghoda circle

The municipal corporation under its health department provides the solid waste management for the Vadodara city.[51] All zonal asst. municipal commissioners, zonal health officers, ward officers, sanitary inspectors are part of the solid waste management committee who need to be present during the weekly SWM coordination meetings. The department takes care of the sweeping, cleaning and maintenance along with complaint redressal. All zonal chief, assistant municipal commissioners, zonal health officers and other sanitary staff are expected to work on field between 7am to 11am on weekdays. The solid waste management also has a litter prevention system which carries out litter patrol and charges fines as administrative fees from the defaulters.[52]

Water supply

An average of 53.2 million gallon (240 million litres) of water per day, or 38 gallon (190 litres) per person per day is provided the city daily to meets its daily water requirement.[53] The water supply is provided by the water works department of the municipal corporation along with other agencies like the Sardar Sarovar Narmada limited who directly supply water to VMC which is looked after the Gujarat Pollution Control Board, the Gujarat Water Supply and Sewerage Board, and the Water and Sanitation Management Organization. The city receives its drinking water supply from 16 high rise water tanks and one busting station located within the city.[54][55][56]

The Sardar Sarovar Dam which is the one of the drinking water source for city, had halted supply temporarily after receiving complains about the high sulphur content Narmada river, but was restarted again after a few days.[57] The other sources of water are the Mahi River for which the water is obtained from French well which has naturally purified water through layers of sand. The Ajwa Sarovar is another source of drinking water, the water of which is filtered at Nimeta Water Purification Plant.[53]

In January 2019, VUDA and GWSSB joined hands to reduce the acute shortage of drinking water for residential societies near close to the Vadodara city. A quantity of 3 MLD water per day for three years will be provided as a temporary measure until water from the Timbi pond and Narmada canal reaches these residences.[58]

Drainage and sewage
Nyay Mandir, Vadodara High Court

The drainage is provided under the Engineering department's drainage projects or the Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL). The department provides planning, designing, estimating, tendering, executing and operating and maintaining the sewerage systems like the sewerage network, sewage pumping stations, sewage pumping mains, sewage treatment and effluent disposal works.[59]

The sewage as of 2001 covered 55% area and 65% of the present population when the VMC limits extended to 108.00 km2 (41.70 sq mi). The Public Health Engineering Laboratory (PHEL) has been working on a comprehensive sewerage system Master Plan for 1,425 km2 (550 sq mi) of sewers and nine sewage treatment works. The plan master plan is designed for the year 2021 where the project aims to increase the sewage coverage from 55% to 95% by area and 65% to 93% by population for an area of 159.31 km2 (61.51 sq mi).[60]

Electricity

Madhya Gujarat Vij Company Limited (MGVCL) is the main electricity provision company for the Gujarat state and Vadodara.[61] Hydroelectricity is additionally being generated by water from Sardar Sarovar Dam with six units of river bed power houses of 200 megawatt each.[62]

Fire and emergency

Fire and rescue operations are provided by the VMC under its fire department which is provided according to the Section 285 to 289 of the BPMC Act. VMC has fixed rates for rescue operations & fire extinguishing within the VMC limits and outside it. The VMC's fire department also provide additional services like water tanker provision for domestic, religious or marriage purposes, providing ambulance, dead body carrier.[63]

Transport

The city is on the major rail and road arteries joining Mumbai with Delhi and Mumbai with Ahmedabad.

  • Vadodara Airport
  • Vadodara Junction Railway Station
  • Bus terminus in Vadodara
  • Ahmedabad-Vadodara Expressway

Air

Vadodara Airport (IATA: BDQ) is located north-east of the city. Vadodara has flight connections with Mumbai, New Delhi,Hyderabad and Bangalore. Air India and IndiGo are currently operating their services from the airport. A new integrated international terminal has been constructed at the Vadodara airport and was inaugurated in October 2016. Vadodara is the first Green Airport in Gujarat and Second Green Airport in India after Kochi.[64][65][66][67][68]

Railway

Vadodara was part of the historic Bombay, Baroda and Central India Railway (BBCI), which arrived in the city in January 1861.[69] On 5 November 1951 the BBCI Railway was merged with the Saurashtra, Rajputana and Jaipur railways to create the Western Railway. Vadodara Railway Station now belongs to the Western Railway zone of Indian Railways and is a major junction on the Western Railway Main Line.

The under-construction Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor, India's first High-speed rail line will have a stop at the existing Vadodara Junction railway station. The station is planned for renovation to accommodate the new line.[70]

Bus

Vadodara bus station is also beautifully designed as a symbol of Banyan (Vad) trees and located near by Railway Station. It also has a market, food court and multiplex facilities.

Religions and festivals
Religions in Vadodara city (2011)[19]
Hinduism
 
 85.39%
Islam
 
 11.40%
Jainism
 
 1.32%
Christianity
 
 1.22%
Sikhism
 
 0.45%
Others
 
 0.22%
Distribution of religions


United Way of Baroda Navratri Garba Festival

The most followed religion in the city is Hinduism, practiced by 85% of the population. The second most followed religion is Islam, followed by 11% of the population. All other religious groups make up the remaining 4% of the population.[71]

Sports

Vadodara has a professional cricket team, the Baroda cricket team, as well as the oldest cricket ground in Asia, called Moti Baug.[72] The team has won the Ranji Trophy six times. Reliance Stadium, a private cricket ground owned by Reliance Industries, hosts ODIs. Some of the notable cricketer's from Baroda are Kiran More, Nayan Mongia, Atul Bedade, Irfan Pathan, Yusuf Pathan, Hardik Pandya, Krunal Pandya, Deepak Hooda.

Media

The city has five local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), Big FM (92.7 MHz), and All India Radio, Vividh Bharti (93.9 MHz)(Aakashwani). Radio City (91.1 MHz) is known all over Vadodara for its Rag Rag Ma Vadodara City profile. All India Radio is broadcast on the AM band.[73] Satellite radio was launched in nearby city of Ahmedabad by WorldSpace in 2005.[74] Vadodara News Magazine(VNM) is a local news TV channel that covers events in the city. Sandesh News is a local news TV channel.

Education
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

The city houses many Schools and Colleges, including Baroda High School. Higher Education Institutions across various disciplines attract international students mainly from the African countries such as Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Malawi, South Africa, and Kenya.[75]

Universities
  • The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
  • Sigma Group of Institute
  • Parul University
  • Navrachna University
  • GSFC University
  • National Rail and Transportation Institute (Railway University)
  • Sumandeep Vidyapeeth
  • ITM Vocational University

See also
  • Jarod (a village in Vaghodia Taluka)

References
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Further reading
  • Desai, Anjali (2007). India Guide, Gujarat – Visitor's Guide. India Guide Publications. ISBN 978-0-9789517-0-2.
  • F. A. H Elliot. The rulers of Baroda. Baroda State Press 1934. ASIN B0006C35QS.
  • Gense, James (1939). The Gaikwads of Baroda. D.B. Taraporevala Sons & Co 1942. ASIN B0007K1PL6.
  • Kothekara, Santa. The Gaikwads of Baroda and the East India Company, 1770–1820. Nagpur University. ASIN B0006D2LAI.
  • Gaekwad, Fatesinghrao (1989). Sayajirao of Baroda: The Prince and the Man. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-86132-214-5.
  • Gaekwar, Sayaji Rao. Speeches and addresses of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja Gaekwar of Baroda. H. Milford 1933. ASIN B000855T0I.
  • Rice, Stanley (1931). Life of Sayaji Rao III, Maharaja of Baroda. Oxford University Press 1931. ASIN B00085DDFG.
  • Clair, Edward. A Year with the Gaekwar of Baroda. D. Estes & co 1911. ASIN B0008BLVV8.
  • MacLeod, John (1999). Sovereignty, Power, Control: Politics in the State of Western India, 1916–1947. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-11343-6.
  • Kamerkar, Mani. British Paramountcy: British-Baroda Relations, 1818–1848. Popular Prakashan. ASIN B000JLZE6A.
  • Kooiman, Dick (2002). Communalism and Indian Princely States: Travancore, Baroda and Hyderabad in the 1930s. Manohar Pubns. ISBN 978-81-7304-421-2.
  • Desai, Govindbhai. Forty Years in Baroda: Being Reminiscences of Forty Years' Service in the Baroda State. Pustakalaya Sahayak Sahakari Mandal 1929. ASIN B0006E18R4.
  • Maharaja of Baroda (1980). The Palaces of India. Viking Pr. ISBN 978-0-00-211678-7.
  • Sadashiv, Anant. A History of important ancient towns & cities in Gujarat & Kathiawad. ASIN B0008B2NGA.
  • William, George (January 1999). Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0-543-93823-9.
  • Doshi, Saryu (1995). The royal bequest: Art treasures of the Baroda Museum and Picture Gallery. India Book House. ISBN 978-81-7508-009-6.
  • Roshan (1993). Sri Aurobindo in Baroda. Sri Aurobindo Ashram Publications Department. ISBN 978-81-7058-318-9.
  • Sheik, Gulammohammed (1997). Contemporary Art in Baroda. Manohar Pubns. ISBN 978-81-85229-04-1.
  • Bell, Horace. Railway Policy in India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1-4021-8443-3.
  • Shafer, Kathleen. Baroda: the Story of a Small Place. Celebrate Baroda 1890–1990. Baroda Centennial Committee, Michigan, United States. ASIN B000K016MG.
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