National Assembly (France)

The National Assembly (French: Assemblée nationale; pronounced [asɑ̃ble nɑsjɔnal]) is the lower house of the bicameral French Parliament under the Fifth Republic, the upper house being the Senate (Sénat). The National Assembly's legislators are known as députés (French pronunciation: ​[depyˈte]), meaning "delegate" or "envoy" in English; etymologically, it is a cognate of the English word deputy, which is the standard term for legislators in many parliamentary systems).

National Assembly

Assemblée nationale
16th legislature of the French Fifth Republic
Type
Type
History
Founded4 October 1958 (1958-10-04)
Preceded byNational Assembly
(French Fourth Republic)
Leadership
President
Yaël Braun-Pivet, REN
since 28 June 2022
Structure
Seats577
Political groups
Minority government (250)
  •   ENS (250)

Opposition (327)

Elections
Two-round system
Last election
12 and 19 June 2022
Next election
2027
Meeting place
Palais Bourbon, Paris
Website
www.assemblee-nationale.fr
Rules
Règlement de l’Assemblée nationale
Politics of France
Constitutions
Executive
Legislature
  • National Assembly: Membership
    President: Yaël Braun-Pivet
  • Senate
    President: Gérard Larcher
  • Congress of the French Parliament
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
  • Metropolitan regions
  • Overseas regions
  • Overseas country
Elections
  • Referendums
  • Presidential
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  • Political parties
Foreign relations
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Related topics
  • Human rights
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  •  France portal
  • Other countries

There are 577 députés, each elected by a single-member constituency (at least one per department) through a two-round system; thus, 289 seats are required for a majority. The president of the National Assembly, Yaël Braun-Pivet, presides over the body. The officeholder is usually a member of the largest party represented, assisted by vice presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The National Assembly's term is five years; however, the President of France may dissolve the Assembly, thereby calling for new elections, unless it has been dissolved in the preceding twelve months. This measure has become rarer since the 2000 French constitutional referendum reduced the presidential term from seven to five years; since the 2002 French legislative election and until the 2022 French legislative election, the President of the Republic has always had a coattail effect of majority in the Assembly two months after the presidential election, and it would accordingly be of little benefit to dissolve it. Due to the separation of powers, the President of the Republic may not take part in parliamentary debates. They can address the Congress of the French Parliament, which meets at the Palace of Versailles, or have the address read by the presidents of both chambers of Parliament, with no subsequent debate.

Following a tradition started by the first National Assembly during the French Revolution, the left-wing parties sit to the left as seen from the president's seat and the right-wing parties to the right; the seating arrangement thus directly indicates the left–right political spectrum as represented in the Assembly. The official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the Rive Gauche of the Seine in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. The Assembly also uses other neighbouring buildings, including the Immeuble Chaban-Delmas on the Rue de l'Université, Paris. Like most institutions of importance in Paris, it is guarded by Republican Guards.

Relations with the executive
Jacques Chaban-Delmas served three times President of the Assembly between 1958 and 1988

The Constitution of France in the Fifth Republic greatly increased the power of the executive at the expense of Parliament, compared to previous constitutions (Third and Fourth Republics), following the May 1958 crisis.[1]

The President of the Republic can decide to dissolve the National Assembly and call for new legislative elections. This is meant as a way to resolve stalemates where the Assembly cannot decide on a clear political direction. This possibility is seldom exercised. The last dissolution was by President Jacques Chirac in 1997, following from the lack of popularity of Prime Minister Alain Juppé. However, the plan backfired, as the newly elected majority was opposed to Chirac.

The National Assembly can overthrow the executive government (that is, the Prime Minister and other ministers) by a motion of no confidence (motion de censure). For this reason, Prime Ministers and their government are necessarily from the dominant party or coalition in the assembly. In the case of a President of the Republic and National Assembly from opposing parties, this leads to the situation known as cohabitation; this situation, which has occurred three times (twice under François Mitterrand, once under Jacques Chirac), is likely to be rarer now that terms of the President and Assembly are the same length (5 years since the 2000 referendum) and are elected in the same year.

While motions de censure are periodically proposed by the opposition following government actions that it deems highly inappropriate, they are purely rhetorical; party discipline ensures that, throughout a parliamentary term, the Government is never overthrown by the Assembly.[2] Since the beginning of the Fifth Republic, there has only been one single successful motion de censure, in 1962 in hostility to the referendum on the method of election of the President of the Republic;[3] President Charles de Gaulle dissolved the Assembly within a few days.[4]

The Government (the Prime Minister and the Minister in charge of Relations with Parliament) used to set the priorities of the agenda for the Assembly's sessions, except for a single day each month. In practice, given the number of priority items, it meant that the schedule of the Assembly was almost entirely set by the executive; bills generally only have a chance to be examined if proposed or supported by the executive. This, however, was amended on 23 July 2008. Under the amended Constitution, the Government sets the priorities for two weeks in a month. Another week is designated for the Assembly's "control" prerogatives (consisting mainly of oral questions addressed to the Government). The fourth one is also set by the Assembly. Furthermore, one day per month is set by a "minority" (group supporting the Government but which is not the largest group) or "opposition" group (having officially declared it did not support the Government).

Legislators of the Assembly can ask written or oral questions to ministers. The Wednesday afternoon 3 p.m. session of "questions to the government" is broadcast live on television. Like Prime Minister's Questions in the United Kingdom, it is largely a show for the viewers, with members of the majority asking flattering questions, while the opposition tries to embarrass the government.[5]

Elections

Since 1988, the 577 deputies are elected by direct universal suffrage with a two-round system by constituency, for a five-year mandate, subject to dissolution. The constituencies each have about 100,000 inhabitants. The electoral law of 1986 specifies their variance of population within a department should not exceed 20%, when conducting any redistribution.[6] However, none were redrawn between 1982 and 2009. As a result of population movements, births and deaths inequalities between the less populous rural districts and the urban districts arose. The deputy for the most populous (within Val-d'Oise), represented 188,000 voters, while that for the other extreme (for Lozère at-large), represented 34,000. That for Saint Pierre and Miquelon serves fewer than 6,000. Most were redrawn in 2009 (boundaries officially adopted in 2010, effective in 2012),[7] but this redistribution was controversial,[8] such as the creation of eleven constituencies for French residents overseas without increasing the number of seats.[9][10] The electoral map is drawn by an independent commission.

To be elected in the first round of voting, a candidate must obtain at least 50% of the votes cast, with a turnout of at least 25% of the registered voters on the electoral rolls. If no candidate is elected in the first round, those who account for in excess of 12.5% (1⁄8) of the registered voters are entered in the second round of voting. If no three or more meet such conditions, the two highest-placing candidates automatically advance to the second round of voting – at which, the candidate who receives the most votes is elected. Each candidate is enrolled along with a substitute, who takes the candidate's place if during tenure incapacitated or barred – if the deputy becomes a government member, most notably.

The organic law of 10 July 1985 established a system of party-list proportional representation within the framework of the département. It was necessary within this framework to obtain at least 5% of the vote to elect an official. However, the legislative election of 1986, carried out under this system, gave France a new majority which returned the National Assembly to the aforementioned two-round system.

Of the 577 elected deputies, 539 represent metropolitan France, 27 represent the overseas departments and overseas collectivities; 11 represent French residents overseas.[11]

Procedure

The agenda of the National Assembly is mostly decided by the Government, although the Assembly can also enforce its own agenda. Indeed, article 48 of the Constitution guarantees at least a monthly session decided by the Assembly.[12]

Law proposal

A law proposal is a document divided into three distinct parts: a title, an exposé des motifs and a dispositif. The exposé des motifs describes the arguments in favour of a modification of a given law or new measurements that are proposed. The dispositif is the normative part, which is developed within articles.[12]

A proposal for a law can originate from the Government (projet de loi) or a Member of Parliament (proposition de loi). Certain laws must come from the Government, including financial regulations.[13] The law proposals may pass through the National Assembly and Senate in an indifferent order, except for financial laws which must go through the Assembly first, or territorial organisational laws or laws for French citizens living in foreign countries, which must first pass through the Senate.[14]

Deposit of a law

For an ordinary proposition of law, texts must be first reviewed by a permanent parliamentary commission, or a special commission designated for this purpose. During the discussion in the commission, or in plenary sessions in the Assembly, the Government and Parliament can add, modify or delete articles of the proposal. The text is thus amended. Amendments proposed by a parliamentarian cannot mobilise further public funding. The Government has to right to ask the Assembly to pronounce itself in one vote only with the amendments proposed or accepted by the Government itself.[12]

Projects of propositions of laws will be examined succinctly by the two chambers of Parliament (National Assembly and Senate) until the text is identical. After two lectures by the two chambers (or just one if the Government chooses to engage an acceleration of the text adoption, which can happen only in certain conditions) and without any accord, the Prime Minister or the two presidents of the chambers, conjointly with first, can convoke a special commission composed by an equal number of members of Assembly and Senators to reach a compromise and propose a new text. The new proposition has to be approved by the Government before being re-proposed to the two chambers. No new amendments can be added except on the Government's approval. If the new proposal of law fails to be approved by the two chambers, the Government can, after a new lecture by the National Assembly and the Senate, ask the National Assembly to rule a final judgement. In that case, the National Assembly can either take back the text elaborated by the special commission or the last one that they voted for – possibly modified by several amendments by the Senate.[12]

The President of the Republic, on the Government or the two chambers' proposal, can submit every law proposal as a referendum if it concerns the organisation of public powers, reforms on the economy, social and environmental measures, or every proposition that would have an impact on the functioning of the institutions. A referendum on the previous conditions can also be initiated by a fifth of the membership of Parliament, supported by a tenth of the voters inscribed on the electoral lists.[15] Finally, the laws are promulgated by the President of the Republic's signature. The officeholder may call for a new legislative deliberation of the law or one of its articles in front of the National Assembly, which cannot be denied.[12]

Conditions and benefits of deputies

Remuneration
Deputies wear tricolor sashes on official occasions outside the Assembly or on public marches, like other elected officials in France; former President of the National Assembly Bernard Accoyer is pictured here.
The Palais Bourbon in Paris, where the National Assembly meets
Ceiling paintings in the Library of the Assemblée nationale in the Palais Bourbon, on a series of cupolas and pendentives, are by Eugène Delacroix.

Assembly legislators receive a salary of €7,043.69 per month. There is also the "compensation representing official expenses" (indemnité représentative de frais de mandat, IRFM) of €5,867.39 per month to pay costs related to the office, as well as a total of €8,949 per month to pay up to five employees. They also have an office in the Assembly, various perquisites in terms of transport and communications, social security, a pension fund and unemployment insurance. Under article 26 of the Constitution, deputies, like Senators, are protected by parliamentary immunity. In the case of an accumulation of mandates, a deputy cannot receive a wage of more than €9,779.11. Deputies' expenses can be scrutinised by a commission; sanctions can be pronounced if expenses were undue.

Accumulation of mandates and minimum age

The position of deputy of the National Assembly is incompatible with that of any other elected legislative position (Senator or since 2000, Member of European Parliament) or with some administrative functions (members of the Constitutional Council and senior officials such as prefects, magistrates, or officers who are ineligible for department where they are stationed).

Deputies may not have more than one local mandate (in a municipal, intercommunal, general, or regional council) in addition to their incumbent mandate. Since the 2017 legislative election, deputies cannot hold an executive position in any local government (municipality, department, region). However, they can hold a part-time councillor mandate. In July 2017, 58% of deputies held such a seat. Since 1958, the mandate is also incompatible with a ministerial function. Upon appointment to the Government, the elected deputy has one month to choose between the mandate and the office. If they choose the second option, then they are replaced by their substitute. Since a change validated by the National Assembly in 2008, deputies can return to their seat in the Assembly one month after the end of their cabinet position. Previously, a special election had to be held.

To be eligible to be elected to the National Assembly, one must be at least 18 years old,[16] of French citizenship, as well as not subject to a sentence of deprivation of civil rights or to personal bankruptcy.

Eligibility conditions

1. Eligibility due to personal requirements

The essential conditions to run for elections are the following. First, a candidate must have French citizenship. Secondly, the minimum age required to run for a seat at the National Assembly is set at 18 years old.[17] The candidate must also have fulfilled his National Civic Day, a special day created to replace the military service.[18] Finally, a candidate under guardianship and curatorship cannot be elected to the Assembly.[19]

Furthermore, a person cannot be elected if they were declared ineligible following fraudulent funding of a previous electoral campaign. Indeed, the voter could be considered as highly influenced and their decision making could be impacted. The sincerity of the results could thus not be regarded as viable and legitimate.[20]

2. Eligibility due to positions that a person may occupy

The deputy mandate cannot be cumulated with a mandate of Senator, MEP, member of the Government or of the Constitutional Council.[17]

The deputy mandate is also incompatible with being a member of the military corps on duty, as well as with the exercise of one of the following mandates: regional council executive, Corsican Assembly executive, departmental council executive or municipal council executive in a municipality of a least or more than 3,500 inhabitants.[21] Prefects are also unable to be elected in France in every district they are exercising power or exercised power for less than three years before the date of the election.[22]

Since the 31 March 2017, being elected deputy is incompatible with most executive local mandates such as mayors, president of a regional council or member of the departmental council.[23]

Historical composition
Election Metropolitan
France		 Overseas France Total seats Changes
Overseas
departments
(DOM)		 Overseas
territories
(TOM)		 Territorial
collectivities
1958 465 10[lower-alpha 12] + 71[lower-alpha 13] 33[lower-alpha 14] − 579 −
1962 465 10 7 − 482
  • French Algeria became independent.
  • A new constituency was created for Wallis and Futuna (TOM) in 1961.
1967 470 10 7 − 487
  • 5 new constituencies were created in 1966.
1968 470 10 7 − 487 −
1973 473 10 7 − 490
  • 3 new constituencies were created in 1972.
1978 474 11 5 1 491
  • An additional constituency was created in Corsica in 1975.
  • In 1976, Comoros gained their independence except Mayotte, which became a Territorial collectivity (one constituency), and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (formerly TOM) became a DOM.
  • In 1977, French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (formerly known as French Somali Coast) became independent; moreover, a new constituency was created in Polynesia (TOM) and another in New Caledonia (TOM).
1981 474 11 5 1 491 −
1986 555
(95 departments)		 15
(5 DOM)		 5
(3 TOM)		 2
(2 Territorial collectivities)		 577
  • In 1985, Saint Pierre and Miquelon (formerly DOM) became a Territorial collectivity.
  • In 1986, party-list proportional representation system was introduced and the majoritarian two-ballot system remained only in 3 single-member constituencies: Wallis et Futuna (TOM), Mayotte and Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Territorial collectivities).
1988 555 15 5 2 577
  • In 1988, the majoritarian two-ballot system was re-established. In comparison to 1981 elections, 96 new constituencies were created (91 in the Metropolitan France, 5 in the Overseas departments), while 10 parisian constituencies (n. 22 to n. 31) were suppressed.

French Revolution (1789–1799)
Further information: French Revolution
  Extreme Left
  Montagnards
  Jacobin
  The Plain
  Girondins
  Thermidorians
  Independent
  Feuillant
  Clichy Club
  Ultra Royalists
1791
136 345 264
1792
200 389 160
1795
63 54 33
1797
28 44 105
1798
106 44
1799
30 240 150 80

Kingdom of France (1815–1848)
  Jacobin Republicans
  Miscellaneous left
  Republicans
  Liberals
  Movement Party
  Third Party
  Doctrinaires
  Resistance Party
  Orléanist
  Bonapartists
  Ultra Royalists / Legitimists
May 1815
40 510 80
August 1815
50 350
1816
20 10 136 92
1820
80 194 160
1824
17 413
1827
170 260
1830
274 282
1831
73 282 104
1834
75 50 320 15
1837
19 142 56 64 168 15
1839
240 199 20
1842
193 266
1846
168 290

French Second Republic (1848–1852)
Further information: French Second Republic
  The Mountain
  Republicans
  Party of Order
1848
80 600 200
1849
180 75 450

Second French Empire (1852–1870)
Further information: Second French Empire
  Republicans
  Bonapartists
  Legitimists
1852
3 253 7
1857
7 276
1863
17 251 15
1869
30 212 41

French Third Republic (1870–1940)
Further information: French Third Republic
  PUP
  PCF
  SFIO
  Far-Left / Radicals and Socialists / Radical Socialists
  Republican Union
  SI / PRS
  Radical Left / Independent Radicals
   Radical-Socialists
  Centre-Left
  Republican Left / Democratic Union / ARD
  Miscellaneous
  SE
  PDP
  Progressive Republicans
  Constitutional monarchists / Centre-Right
  Bonapartists
  Orléanist
  FR
  Clericals
  Legitimists / Monarchists / Right
  Nationalists / Far-Right
1871
38 112 72 20 214 182
1876
27 98 193 48 15 22 76 40 15 24
1877
27 73 147 66 3 111 38 56
1881
48 1 47 170 157 44 8 44 38
1885
60 40 200 83 65 63 73
1889
57 13 69 214 14 3 169 37
1893
67 41 99 242 30 27 61 14
1898
97 55 86 232 5 53 39 14
1902
43 104 129 62 127 89 35
1906
54 20 132 115 90 66 78 30
1910
75 24 261 1 66 30 131 7
1914
5 102 22 192 66 77 50 88
1919
68 26 86 107 21 29 183
1924
26 104 44 139 123 29 116
1928
11 102 60 125 180 24 100
1932
9 10 132 43 160 121 49 83
1936
6 72 149 44 115 82 42 100

French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
  PCF
  SFIO
  PRRRS / PR
  Miscellaneous
  RGR
  MRP
  CNIP
  PRL
  RPF / CNRS / UNR
  UFF
1945
159 146 60 6 151 64
June 1946
151 127 31 9 166 61
November 1946
182 102 69 29 173 72
1951
103 107 90 95 96 121 13
1956
150 95 77 14 7 83 95 22 52

French Fifth Republic (since 1958)
Further information: French Fifth Republic
  PCF
  LFI
  PSU
  FGDS
  The Greens / EELV / PE
  SFIO
  PS
  PRG
  TDP
  PRRRS / RP
  Miscellaneous
  Vacant
  LREM/REN
  CD
  UDF / MoDem
  Horizons
  LC
  UDI
  UDR
  RPR
  RI
  UMP / LR
  RN
1958
10 40 37 1 57 132 189
1962
41 2 65 44 6 36 233 28 27
1967
73 4 117 9 41 243
1968
34 57 9 33 354
1973
73 1 102 12 30 272
1978
86 104 10 17 121 150
1981
44 283 17 62 85
1986
35 206 2 23 127 149 35
1988
27 260 9 23 2 129 126 1
1993
24 53 50 207 242 1
1997
35 7 255 12 16 112 139 1
2002
21 3 140 7 20 29 357
2007
15 4 186 7 27 3 22 313
2012
7 17 280 12 6 45 2 12 194 2
2017
10 17 1 30 3 28 308 42 18 112 8
2022
12 72 21 26 1 3 64 150 48 27 3 61 89

16th legislature

Parliamentary groups
Composition of the National Assembly as of 28 June 2022[24]
Parliamentary group Members Related Total President
REN Renaissance 168 4 172 Aurore Bergé
RN National Rally 88 1 89 Marine Le Pen
FI La France Insoumise 75 0 75 Mathilde Panot
LR The Republicans 59 3 62 Olivier Marleix
DEM Democratic group, MoDem and Independents 48 0 48 Jean-Paul Mattei
SOC Socialists and associated 27 4 31 Boris Vallaud
HOR Horizons and Related Group 28 2 30 Laurent Marcangeli
ECO Ecologist Group 23 0 23 Julien Bayou, Cyrielle Chatelain
GDR Democratic and Republican Left 22 0 22 André Chassaigne
LIOT Group Liberties, İndependents, Overseas and Territories 16 0 16 Bertrand Pancher, Christophe Naegelen
NI Non-Attached Members – – 9 –

Bureau of the National Assembly
Composition of the Bureau[25]
Post (in charge of) Name Constituency Group
Quaestor Florian Bachelier Ille-et-Vilaine's 8th LREM
Laurianne Rossi Hauts-de-Seine's 11th LREM
Éric Ciotti Alpes-Maritimes's 1st LR
Vice President (international relations) Laetitia Saint-Paul Maine-et-Loire's 4th LREM
Vice President (representatives of interest groups and study groups) Sylvain Waserman Bas-Rhin's 2nd MODEM
Vice President (communication and the press) Hugues Renson Paris's 13th LREM
Vice President (artistic and cultural heritage of the National Assembly) David Habib Pyrénées-Atlantiques's 3rd SOC
Vice President (application of the deputy's statute) Annie Genevard Doubs's 5th LR
Vice President (admissibility of proposals of law) Marc Le Fur Côtes-d'Armor's 3rd LR
Secretary Lénaïck Adam French Guiana's 2nd LREM
Ramlati Ali Mayotte's 1st LREM
Danielle Brulebois Jura's 1st LREM
Luc Carvounas Val-de-Marne's 9th SOC
Lionel Causse Landes's 2nd LREM
Alexis Corbière Seine-Saint-Denis's 7th FI
Laurence Dumont Calvados's 2nd SOC
Marie Guévenoux Essonne's 9th LREM
Annaïg Le Meur Finistère's 1st LREM
Sophie Mette Gironde's 9th MoDem
Gabriel Serville French Guiana's 1st GDR
Guillaume Vuilletet Val-d'Oise's 2nd LREM

Presidencies of committees
Presidencies of committees[25]
Standing committees President Group
Cultural and Education Affairs Committee Bruno Studer LREM
Economic Affairs Committee Roland Lescure LREM
Foreign Affairs Committee Jean-Louis Bourlanges MoDem
Social Affairs Committee Fadila Khattabi LREM
National Defence and Armed Forces Committee Françoise Dumas LREM
Sustainable Development, Spatial and Regional Planning Committee Laurence Maillart-Méhaignerie LREM
Finance, General Economy and Budgetary Monitoring Committee Éric Woerth LR
Constitutional Acts, Legislation and General Administration Committee Yaël Braun-Pivet LREM
Other committee President Group
European Affairs Committee Sabine Thillaye MoDem

Deputies
  • List of deputies of the 11th National Assembly of France
  • List of deputies of the 12th National Assembly of France
  • List of deputies of the 13th National Assembly of France
  • List of deputies of the 14th National Assembly of France
  • List of deputies of the 15th National Assembly of France
  • List of deputies of the 16th National Assembly of France

See also

Notes
    •   Renaissance (150)
    •   PRV (4)
    •   EC (4)
    •   Horizons (2)
    •   PÉ (1)
    •   FP (1)
    •   GNC (1)
    •   CE (1)
    •   DVC (5)
    •   DVD (3)
    •   MoDem (45)
    •   Renaissance (3)
    •   Horizons (27)
    •   LFA (1)
    •   CCB (1)
    •   Renaissance (1)
    •   LFI (69)
      •   PG (21)
      •   RÉ974 (1)
      •   PD (1)
      •   Péyi-A (1)
      •   REV (1)
    •   Ensemble! (5)
    •   POI (1)
    •   PS (27)
    •   FGPS (1)
    •   PPDG (1)
    •   PPM (1)
    •   DVG (1)
    •   EELV (16)
    •   G·s (4)
    •   GE (2)
    •   ND (1)
    •   RN (88)
    •   LS (1)
    •   LR (58)
    •   LR-SL (2)
    •   UDI (1)
    •   DVD (1)
    •   UDI (5)
    •   PS dissents (4)
    •   Femu (2)
    •   DVG (2)
    •   DVD (2)
    •   PRV dissents (1)
    •   AD (1)
    •   LC (1)
    •   PNC (1)
    •   REG (1)
    •   DVG (1)
    •   PRG (1)
    •   DVD (1)
    •   DLF (1)
    •   EXD (1)
  12. 3 seats for Martinique, 3 for Guadeloupe, 3 for Réunion and 1 for French Guiana
  13. 67 seats for French Algeria and 4 seats for French departments of Sahara.
  14. They weren't elected in 1958 and remained provisionally in office to represent the territories of French Community: Mauritania (1), Senegal (2), Sudan (4), Ivory Coast (1), Upper Volta (4), Dahomey (2) and Niger (2), previously included in French West Africa; Chad (2), Ubangi-Shari (1), Ubangi-Shari-Chad (1), Gabon (1), French Congo (1), Gabon-French Congo (1), previously included in French Equatorial Africa; Madagascar (5); Comoros, French Somali Coast, French Polynesia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and New Caledonia (with one seat each). In 1959, these last five entities decided to assume the status of Overseas territory (TOM) and new elections were held (in particular, 1959 Comoros by-election and 1959 French Somaliland by-election), while the other territories became independent and lost their representation. An additional seat was attributed to Comoros (multi-member costituency).

References
  1. William G. Andrews (August 1978). Legislative Studies Quarterly (ed.). "The Constitutional Prescription of Parliamentary Procedures in Gaullist France". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 3 (3): 465–506. doi:10.2307/439454. JSTOR 439454.
  2. "La motion de censure : véritable moyen de contrôle?" [Motion of no confidence: a real mean of control?]. vie-publique.fr (in French). 30 June 2018.
  3. "ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE, CONSTITUTION DU 4 . OCTOBRE 1958" [NATIONAL ASSEMBLY, CONSTITUTION OF 4. OCTOBER 1958] (PDF) (in French). 4 October 1962. p. 3268. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  4. "Fac-similé JO du 10/10/1962". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). p. 9818. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  5. Anne-Laure Nicot (January 2007). E.N.S. Editions (ed.). "La démocratie en questions: L'usage stratégique de démocratie et de ses dérivés dans les questions au gouvernement de la 11e Législature" [Democracy in question. The strategic use of democracy and its derivatives in questions to the government of the 11th Legislature] (in French). pp. 9–21. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  6. Stéphane Mandard (7 June 2007). En 2005, un rapport préconisait le remodelage des circonscriptions avant les législatives de 2007 [In 2005, a report recommended the redesign of the constituencies before the 2007 legislative elections]. Le Monde.
  7. "Ordonnance n° 2009-935 du 29 juillet 2009 portant répartition des sièges et délimitation des circonscriptions pour l'élection des députés" [Order n° 2009-935 of 29 July 2009 relating to the distribution of seats and the delimitation of constituencies for the election of deputies] (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  8. Pierre Salvere. "La révision des circonscriptions électorales: Un échec démocratique annoncé" [Electoral districts review: an announced democratic failure]. Fondation Terra Nova (in French). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  9. "Elections 2012 – Votez à l'étranger" [Elections 2012 - Vote abroad]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  10. "Redécoupage électoral – 11 députés pour les Français de l'étranger" [Electoral cutting - 11 deputies for French citizens abroad]. Le Petit Journal. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  11. "Code électoral – Article LO119" [Electoral code - Article LO119]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  12. "Les Propositions De Loi, Du DEPOT à La Promulgation" [Bills of law, from filing to promulgation]. Assemblee-nationale.fr. (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  13. "Comment crée-t-on une loi?" [How do you make a law?]. Libération (in French). 9 June 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  14. "The Senate votes the law – Taking the initiative". Senat.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  15. Durand, A (7 December 2018). "Qu'est-ce que le référendum d'initiative citoyenne (RIC) demandé par des " gilets jaunes " ?" [What is the citizens' initiative referendum (RIC) requested by "yellow vests"?]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  16. "Quelles sont les conditions nécessaires pour devenir député ou sénateur ?" [What are the conditions for becoming a deputy or senator?]. vie-publique.fr (in French). 30 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  17. "Code électoral – Article LO137" [Electoral code - Article LO137]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  18. "Code électoral – Article L45" [Electoral code - Article L45]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  19. "Code électoral – Article LO129" [Electoral code - Article LO129]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  20. Nationale, A. "Fiche de synthèse n°14 : L'élection des députés" [Summary sheet n° 14: Election of deputies]. Assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  21. "Code électoral – Article LO141" [Electoral code - Article LO141]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  22. "Code électoral – Article LO132" [Electoral code - Article LO132]. legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  23. "LOI Organique N° 2014-125 Du 14 Février 2014 Interdisant Le Cumul De Fonctions Exécutives Locales Avec Le Mandat De Député Ou De Sénateur" [Organic LAW n° 2014-125 of 14 February 2014 prohibiting the combination of local executive functions with the mandate of deputy or senator]. Legifrance.gouv.fr. (in French). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  24. "Effectif des groupes politiques" [Membership of political groups] (in French). Assemblée nationale. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
  25. "Notices et portraits, Quinzième législature" [Instructions and portraits, Fifteenth legislature] (PDF). Assemblée nationale. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
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