Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same sex or gender.[1] As of 2022, marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 33 countries (nationwide or in some jurisdictions), with the most recent being Cuba in September 2022.[2] In Andorra, a law allowing same-sex marriage will come into force on 17 February 2023.[3]
| Part of the LGBT rights series |
Legal status of same-sex unions |
|---|
 LGBT portal |
| Part of a series on |
| LGBT topics |
|---|
|
LGBT portal |
Adoption rights are not necessarily covered, though most states with same-sex marriage allow those couples to jointly adopt. In contrast, 34 countries (as of 2021) have definitions of marriage in their constitutions that prevent marriage between couples of the same sex, most enacted in recent decades as a preventative measure. Some other countries have constitutionally mandated Islamic law, which is generally interpreted as prohibiting marriage between same-sex couples. In six of the former and most of the latter, homosexuality itself is criminalized. There are records of marriage between men dating back to the first century.[4] In the modern era, the first civil government to knowingly issue a marriage license to a same-sex couple was Blue Earth County, Minnesota, United States in 1971.[5]
The first law providing for marriage equality between same-sex and opposite-sex couples was passed in the continental Netherlands in 2000 and took effect on 1 April 2001, after being signed by Queen Beatrix.[6] The application of marriage law equally to same-sex and opposite-sex couples has varied by jurisdiction, and has come about through legislative change to marriage law, court rulings based on constitutional guarantees of equality, recognition that marriage of same-sex couples is allowed by existing marriage law, and by direct popular vote, such as through referendums and initiatives.[7][8] The most prominent supporters of same-sex marriage are the world's major medical and scientific communities, and human rights and civil rights organizations, while most prominent opponents are religious fundamentalist groups. Polls consistently show continually rising support for the recognition of same-sex marriage in all developed democracies and in some developing democracies.
Scientific studies show that the financial, psychological, and physical well-being of gay people are enhanced by marriage, and that the children of same-sex parents benefit from being raised by married same-sex couples within a marital union that is recognized by law and supported by societal institutions.[9] Social science research indicates that the exclusion of same-sex couples from marriage stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against gay and lesbian people, with research also repudiating the notion that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon restricting marriage to heterosexuals.[10][11] Same-sex marriage can provide those in committed same-sex relationships with relevant government services and make financial demands on them comparable to that required of those in opposite-sex marriages, and also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights.[12] Opposition to same-sex marriage is based on claims such as that homosexuality is unnatural and abnormal, that children are better off when raised by opposite-sex couples, that recognition of same-sex marriage violates freedom of religion and undermines religion, that legalizing same-sex marriage would lead to polygamous and incestuous marriages being legalized, that legalization would undermine the institutions of marriage and the family, that same-sex couples cannot procreate, and that the recognition of same-sex unions will promote homosexuality in society.[13][14][15] The first two claims are refuted by scientific studies, which show that homosexuality is a natural and normal variation in human sexuality, and that sexual orientation is not a choice. Many studies have shown that children of same-sex couples fare just as well as the children of opposite-sex couples; some studies have shown benefits to being raised by same-sex couples.[16]
Terminology
Alternative terms
Some proponents of the legal recognition of same-sex marriage—such as Marriage Equality USA (founded in 1998), Freedom to Marry (founded in 2003), and Canadians for Equal Marriage—have long used the terms marriage equality and equal marriage to signal that their goal was for same-sex marriage to be recognized on equal ground with opposite-sex marriage.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] The Associated Press recommends the use of same-sex marriage over gay marriage.[24]
Use of the term marriage
Anthropologists have struggled to determine a definition of marriage that absorbs commonalities of the social construct across cultures around the world.[25][26] Many proposed definitions have been criticized for failing to recognize the existence of same-sex marriage in some cultures, including those of more than 30 African peoples, such as the Kikuyu and Nuer.[26][27][28]
With several countries revising their marriage laws to recognize same-sex couples in the 21st century, all major English dictionaries have revised their definition of the word marriage to either drop gender specifications or supplement them with secondary definitions to include gender-neutral language or explicit recognition of same-sex unions.[29][30] The Oxford English Dictionary has recognized same-sex marriage since 2000.[31]
Opponents of same-sex marriage who want marriage to be restricted to pairings of a man and a woman, such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Catholic Church, and the Southern Baptist Convention, use the term traditional marriage to mean opposite-sex marriage.[32][33]
History
Ancient
A reference to marriage between same-sex couples appears in the Sifra, which was written in the 3rd century CE. The Book of Leviticus prohibited homosexual relations, and the Hebrews were warned not to "follow the acts of the land of Egypt or the acts of the land of Canaan" (Lev. 18:22, 20:13). The Sifra clarifies what these ambiguous "acts" were, and that they included marriage between same-sex couples: "A man would marry a man and a woman a woman, a man would marry a woman and her daughter, and a woman would be married to two men."[34]
What is arguably the first historical mention of the performance of marriages between same-sex couples occurred during the early Roman Empire according to controversial[35] historian John Boswell.[36] These were usually reported in a critical or satirical manner.[37]
Child emperor Elagabalus referred to his chariot driver, a blond slave from Caria named Hierocles, as his husband.[38] He also married an athlete named Zoticus in a lavish public ceremony in Rome amidst the rejoicings of the citizens.[39][40][41]
According to Craig A. Williams, some Romans as early as the first century clearly did participate in formal ceremonies in which two males were married. These marriages were seen as atypical: Williams writes that "a marriage between two fully gendered 'men' was inconceivable; if two males were joined together, one of them had to be 'the woman.'"[42]
The first Roman emperor to have married a man was Nero, who is reported to have married two other males on different occasions. The first was with one of Nero's own freedmen, Pythagoras, with whom Nero took the role of the bride.[43] Later, as a groom, Nero married Sporus, a young boy, to replace his wife Poppaea Sabina following her death,[44][45] and married him in a very public ceremony with all the solemnities of matrimony, after which Sporus was forced to pretend to be the female concubine that Nero had killed and act as though they were really married.[44] A friend gave the "bride" away as required by law. The marriage was celebrated in both Greece and Rome in extravagant public ceremonies.[46]
Conubium existed only between a civis Romanus and a civis Romana (that is, between a male Roman citizen and a female Roman citizen), so that a marriage between two Roman males (or with a slave) would have no legal standing in Roman law (apart, presumably, from the arbitrary will of the emperor in the two aforementioned cases).[47] Furthermore, according to Susan Treggiari, "matrimonium was then an institution involving a mother, mater. The idea implicit in the word is that a man took a woman in marriage, in matrimonium ducere, so that he might have children by her."[48]
In 342 AD, Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans issued a law in the Theodosian Code (C. Th. 9.7.3) prohibiting marriage between same-sex couples in Rome and ordering execution for those so married.[49] Professor Fontaine of Cornell University Classics Department has pointed out that there is no provision for marriage between same-sex couples in Roman Law, and the text from 342 CE is corrupt, "marries a woman" might be "goes to bed in a dishonorable manner with a man" as a condemnation of homosexual behavior between men.[50]
The Boxer Codex, dated 1590, records the normality and acceptance of same-sex marriage in the native cultures of the Philippines prior to colonization.[51]
Contemporary
Historians variously trace the beginning of the modern movement in support of same-sex marriage to anywhere from around the 1980s to the 1990s. In United States of America same-sex marriage became an official request of gay rights movement after the Second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights in 1987.[52][53]
In 1989, Denmark became the first country to legally recognize a relationship for same-sex couples, establishing registered partnerships, which gave those in same-sex relationships "most rights of married heterosexuals, but not the right to adopt or obtain joint custody of a child".[54] In 2001, the continental Netherlands became the first country to broaden marriage laws to include same-sex couples.[6][55] Since then, same-sex marriage has been established by law in 31 other countries, including most of the Americas and Western Europe. Yet its spread has been uneven — South Africa is the only country in Africa to take the step; Taiwan is the only one in Asia.[56]
Timeline
The summary table below lists in chronological order the sovereign states (United Nations member states plus Taiwan) that have legalized same-sex marriage. As of October 2022, 33 states have legalized, either partially or in full, with one state pending.
Dates are when marriages between same-sex couples began to be officially certified.
| 2001 |  Netherlands (1 April) |
|---|---|
| 2002 | |
| 2003 |
|
| 2004 |
|
| 2005 | |
| 2006 |  South Africa (30 November) |
| 2007 | |
| 2008 |
|
| 2009 |
|
| 2010 |
|
| 2011 |
|
| 2012 |
|
| 2013 |
|
| 2014 |
|
| 2015 |
|
| 2016 |
|
| 2017 |
|
| 2018 |
|
| 2019 |
|
| 2020 |
|
| 2021 | |
| 2022 |
|
| 2023 |
|
| TBD |
|
Same-sex marriage around the world
Same-sex marriage is legally performed and recognized (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Australia,[lower-alpha 1] Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Denmark,[lower-alpha 2] Ecuador,[lower-alpha 3] Finland, France,[lower-alpha 4] Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico,[lower-alpha 5] the Netherlands,[lower-alpha 6] New Zealand,[lower-alpha 7] Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan,[lower-alpha 8] the United Kingdom,[lower-alpha 9] the United States,[lower-alpha 10] and Uruguay. It will become legal in Andorra on 17 February 2023.
.svg.png.webp)
Same-sex marriage is under consideration by the legislature or the courts in the Czech Republic,[59] Greece,[60] Honduras,[61] India,[62] Liechtenstein,[63] the remaining states in Mexico,[64][65] the Navajo Nation,[66] Peru,[67] Thailand[68] and Venezuela.[69]
Civil unions are being considered in a number of countries, including Latvia, Lithuania,[70] the Philippines,[71] Serbia,[72] Thailand[68] and Ukraine.[73]
On 12 March 2015, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution encouraging EU institutions and member states to "[reflect] on the recognition of same-sex marriage or same-sex civil union as a political, social and human and civil rights issue".[74][75][76] In 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ruled that all signatory countries must allow same-sex marriage.
Notable countries:
United States: The first local jurisdiction to knowingly issue a marriage license to a same-sex couple (1971)
Denmark: The first country to offer civil unions (1989)- Netherlands: The first country to legalize same-sex marriage (2001)
.svg.png.webp)
Canada: The first American country to legalize same-sex marriage (2005)- South Africa: The first African country to legalize same-sex marriage (2005)
Argentina: The first South American country to legalize same-sex marriage (2010)
Brazil: The first country to legalize same-sex marriage through court ruling (2013)
New Zealand: The first Oceanian country to legalize same-sex marriage (2013)
Ireland: The first country to legalize same-sex marriage through referendum (2015)
Taiwan: The first Asian country to legalize same-sex marriage (2019)
Cuba: The first one-party state to legalize same-sex marriage (2022)[77]
In response to the international spread of same-sex marriage, a number of countries have enacted preventative constitutional bans, with the most recent being Georgia in 2018 and Russia in 2020. In other countries, constitutions have been adopted which have wording specifying that marriage is between a man and a woman, although, especially with the older constitutions, they were not necessarily worded with the intent to ban same-sex marriage.
European Court of Human Rights
In 2010, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) ruled in Schalk and Kopf v Austria, a case involving an Austrian same-sex couple who were denied the right to marry.[78] The court found, by a vote of 4 to 3, that their human rights had not been violated.[79] The court further stated that same-sex unions are not protected under art. 12 of ECHR ("Right to marry"), which exclusively protects the right to marry of opposite-sex couples (without regard if the sex of the partners is the result of birth or of sex change), but they are protected under art. 8 of ECHR ("Right to respect for private and family life") and art. 14 ("Prohibition of discrimination"). Furthermore, under European Convention of Human Rights, states are not obliged to allow same-sex marriage:[80]
The Court acknowledged that a number of Contracting States had extended marriage to same-sex partners, but went on to say that this reflected their own vision of the role of marriage in their societies and did not flow from an interpretation of the fundamental right as laid down by the Contracting States in the Convention in 1950. The Court concluded that it fell within the State’s margin of appreciation as to how to regulate the effects of the change of gender on pre-existing marriages.
— European Court of Human Rights, Schalk and Kopf v Austria[78]
British Judge Sir Nicolas Bratza, then head of the European Court of Human Rights, delivered a speech in 2012 that signaled the court was ready to declare same-sex marriage a "human right", as soon as enough countries fell into line.[81][82][83]
Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that: "Men and women of marriageable age have the right to marry and to found a family, according to the national laws governing the exercise of this right",[84] not limiting marriage to those in a heterosexual relationship. However, the ECHR stated in Schalk and Kopf v Austria that this provision was intended to limit marriage to heterosexual relationships, as it used the term "men and women" instead of "everyone".[78]
European Union
On 5 June 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled, in a case from Romania, that, under the specific conditions of the couple in question, married same-sex couples have the same residency rights as other married couples in an EU country, even if that country does not permit or recognize same-sex marriage.[85][86] However, the ruling was not implemented in Romania and on 14 September 2021 the European Parliament passed a resolution calling on the European Commission to ensure that the ruling is respected across the EU.[87][88]
Inter-American Court of Human Rights
On 8 January 2018, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) ruled that the American Convention on Human Rights mandates and requires the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. The landmark ruling was fully binding on Costa Rica and set binding precedent in the other signatory countries. The Court recommended that governments issue temporary decrees recognizing same-sex marriage until new legislation is brought in. Among states without universal same-sex marriage, the ruling applies to Barbados, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru and Suriname.
The Court said that governments "must recognize and guarantee all the rights that are derived from a family bond between people of the same sex". They also said that it was inadmissible and discriminatory for a separate legal provision to be established (such as civil unions) instead of same-sex marriage. The Court demanded that governments "guarantee access to all existing forms of domestic legal systems, including the right to marriage, in order to ensure the protection of all the rights of families formed by same-sex couples without discrimination". Recognizing the difficulty in passing such laws in countries where there is strong opposition to same-sex marriage, it recommended that governments pass temporary decrees until new legislation is brought in.[89]
The ruling has directly led to the legal recognition of same-sex marriage in Costa Rica and Ecuador. In the wake of the ruling, lawsuits regarding same-sex marriage have also been filed in Bolivia, Honduras,[90] Panama,[91] Paraguay (to recognize marriages performed abroad),[92] and Peru,[93] all of which are under the jurisdiction of the IACHR.
International organizations
The terms of employment of the staff of international organizations (not commercial) in most cases are not governed by the laws of the country where their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard these organizations' impartiality.
Despite their relative independence, few organizations recognize same-sex partnerships without condition. The agencies of the United Nations recognize same-sex marriages if the country of citizenship of the employees in question recognizes the marriage.[94] In some cases, these organizations do offer a limited selection of the benefits normally provided to mixed-sex married couples to de facto partners or domestic partners of their staff, but even individuals who have entered into a mixed-sex civil union in their home country are not guaranteed full recognition of this union in all organizations. However, the World Bank does recognize domestic partners.[95]
Other arrangements
Civil unions
Civil union, civil partnership, domestic partnership, registered partnership, unregistered partnership, and unregistered cohabitation statuses offer varying legal benefits of marriage. As of 24 October 2022, countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level are: Andorra, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, and San Marino.[97][98] Poland and Slovakia offer more limited rights. On a subnational level, the Dutch constituent country of Aruba allows same-sex couples to access civil unions or partnerships, but restrict marriage to couples of the opposite sex. Additionally, various cities and counties in Cambodia and Japan offer same-sex couples varying levels of benefits, which include hospital visitation rights and others.
Additionally, seventeen countries that have legally recognized same-sex marriage also have an alternative form of recognition for same-sex couples, usually available to heterosexual couples as well: Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, France, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom and Uruguay.[99][100][101][102]
They are also available in parts of the United States (Arizona,[lower-alpha 11] California, Colorado, Hawaii, Illinois, New Jersey, Nevada and Oregon) and Canada.[103][104]
Kenya
Female same-sex marriage is practiced among the Gikuyu, Nandi, Kamba, Kipsigis, and to a lesser extent neighboring peoples. About 5–10% of women are in such marriages. However, this is not seen as homosexual, but is instead a way for families without sons to keep their inheritance within the family.[105]
Nigeria
Among the Igbo people and probably other peoples in the south of the country, there are circumstances where a marriage between women is considered appropriate, such as when a woman has no child and her husband dies, and she takes a wife to perpetuate her inheritance and family lineage.[106]
Studies
The American Anthropological Association stated on 26 February 2004:
The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households, kinship relationships, and families, across cultures and through time, provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution. Rather, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of family types, including families built upon same-sex partnerships, can contribute to stable and humane societies.[11]
Research findings from 1998 to 2015 from the University of Virginia, Michigan State University, Florida State University, the University of Amsterdam, the New York State Psychiatric Institute, Stanford University, the University of California-San Francisco, the University of California-Los Angeles, Tufts University, Boston Medical Center, the Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, and independent researchers also support the findings of this study.[107]
Adolescence
A study of nationwide data from across the United States from January 1999 to December 2015 revealed that the rate of attempted suicide among school students in grades 9–12 declined by 7% and the rate of attempted suicide among high schoolers of a minority sexual orientation in grades 9–12 declined by 14% in states that established same-sex marriage, resulting in about 134,000 fewer attempting suicide each year in the United States. The researchers took advantage of the gradual manner in which same-sex marriage was established in the United States (expanding from one state in 2004 to all fifty states in 2015) to compare the rate of attempted suicide among youth in each state over the time period studied. Once same-sex marriage was established in a particular state, the reduction in the rate of attempted suicide among youth in that state became permanent. No reduction in the rate of attempted suicide among teenage youth occurred in a particular state until that state recognized same-sex marriage.[108][109] The lead researcher of the study stated that "laws that have the greatest impact on gay adults may make gay kids feel more hopeful for the future".[110][111][112]
Parenting
Professional organizations of psychologists have concluded that children stand to benefit from the well-being that results when their parents' relationship is recognized and supported by society's institutions, e.g. civil marriage. For example, the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA) stated in 2006 that "parents' financial, psychological and physical well-being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally-recognized union."[113] The CPA has stated that the stress encountered by gay and lesbian parents and their children are more likely the result of the way society treats them than because of any deficiencies in fitness to parent.[113]
The American Academy of Pediatrics concluded in 2006, in an analysis published in the journal Pediatrics:
There is ample evidence to show that children raised by same-gender parents fare as well as those raised by heterosexual parents. More than 25 years of research have documented that there is no relationship between parents' sexual orientation and any measure of a child's emotional, psychosocial, and behavioral adjustment... The rights, benefits, and protections of civil marriage can further strengthen these families.[114]
Health
The American Psychological Association stated in 2004: "Denial of access to marriage to same-sex couples may especially harm people who also experience discrimination based on age, race, ethnicity, disability, gender and gender identity, religion, socioeconomic status and so on." It has also averred that same-sex couples who may only enter into a civil union, as opposed to a marriage, "are denied equal access to all the benefits, rights, and privileges provided by federal law to those of married couples", which has adverse effects on the well-being of same-sex partners.[115]
As of 2006, the data of current psychological and other social science studies on same-sex marriage in comparison to mixed-sex marriage indicate that same-sex and mixed-sex relationships do not differ in their essential psychosocial dimensions; that a parent's sexual orientation is unrelated to their ability to provide a healthy and nurturing family environment; and that marriage bestows substantial psychological, social, and health benefits. Same-sex parents and carers and their children are likely to benefit in numerous ways from legal recognition of their families, and providing such recognition through marriage will bestow greater benefit than civil unions or domestic partnerships.[114][116]
In 2009, a pair of economists at Emory University tied the passage of state bans on same-sex marriage in the United States to an increase in the rates of HIV infection.[117][118] The study linked the passage of a same-sex marriage ban in a state to an increase in the annual HIV rate within that state of roughly 4 cases per 100,000 population.[119] In 2010, a Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health study examining the effects of institutional discrimination on the psychiatric health of lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals found an increase in psychiatric disorders, including a more than doubling of anxiety disorders, among the LGB population living in states that instituted bans on same-sex marriage. According to the author, the study highlighted the importance of abolishing institutional forms of discrimination, including those leading to disparities in the mental health and well-being of LGB individuals. Institutional discrimination is characterized by societal-level conditions that limit the opportunities and access to resources by socially disadvantaged groups.[120][121]
Issues
While few societies have recognized same-sex unions as marriages, the historical and anthropological record reveals a large range of attitudes towards same-sex unions ranging from praise, through full acceptance and integration, sympathetic toleration, indifference, prohibition and discrimination, to persecution and physical annihilation. Opponents of same-sex marriages have argued that same-sex marriage, while doing good for the couples that participate in them and the children they are raising,[122] undermines a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father.[123] Some supporters of same-sex marriages take the view that the government should have no role in regulating personal relationships,[124] while others argue that same-sex marriages would provide social benefits to same-sex couples.[lower-alpha 12] The debate regarding same-sex marriages includes debate based upon social viewpoints as well as debate based on majority rules, religious convictions, economic arguments, health-related concerns, and a variety of other issues.
Parenting
Scientific literature indicates that parents' financial, psychological and physical well-being is enhanced by marriage and that children benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union (either a mixed-sex or same-sex union). As a result, professional scientific associations have argued for same-sex marriage to be legally recognized as it will be beneficial to the children of same-sex parents or carers.[125][113][126][127][128]
Scientific research has been generally consistent in showing that lesbian and gay parents are as fit and capable as heterosexual parents, and their children are as psychologically healthy and well-adjusted as children reared by heterosexual parents.[113][128][129][130] According to scientific literature reviews, there is no evidence to the contrary.[114][131][132][133]
Adoption
All states that allow same-sex marriage also allow the joint adoption of children by people of the same sex with the exceptions of Ecuador, Taiwan, and half a dozen states in Mexico; in Taiwan, only step-child adoption is allowed, in the others, no adoption is allowed. In addition, Andorra and Israel, which do not recognize same-sex marriage nonetheless permit joint adoption by unmarried same-sex couples. Some additional states that do not recognize same-sex marriage allow stepchild adoption by couples in civil unions: Croatia, Estonia, Italy (on a case-by-case basis) and Slovenia.[134]
As of 2010, more than 16,000 same-sex couples were raising an estimated 22,000 adopted children in the United States,[135] 4% of all adopted children.[136]
Surrogacy and IVF treatment
A gay or bisexual man has the option of surrogacy, the process in which a woman bears a child for another person through artificial insemination or carries another woman's surgically implanted fertilized egg to birth. A lesbian or bisexual woman has the option of artificial insemination.[137][138] Whether these arrangements are legal are subject to controversy in several jurisdictions.[139]
Transgender and intersex people
The legal status of same-sex marriage may have implications for the marriages of couples in which one or both parties are transgender, depending on how sex is defined within a jurisdiction. Transgender and intersex individuals may be prohibited from marrying partners of the "opposite" sex or permitted to marry partners of the "same" sex due to legal distinctions. In any legal jurisdiction where marriages are defined without distinction of a requirement of a male and female, these complications do not occur. In addition, some legal jurisdictions recognize a legal and official change of gender, which would allow a transgender male or female to be legally married in accordance with an adopted gender identity.[140]
In the United Kingdom, the Gender Recognition Act 2004 allows a person who has lived in their chosen gender for at least two years to receive a gender recognition certificate officially recognizing their new gender. Because in the United Kingdom marriages were until recently only for mixed-sex couples and civil partnerships are only for same-sex couples, a person had to dissolve their civil partnership before obtaining a gender recognition certificate, and the same was formerly true for marriages in England and Wales, and still is in other territories. Such people are then free to enter or re-enter civil partnerships or marriages in accordance with their newly recognized gender identity. In Austria, a similar provision requiring transsexual people to divorce before having their legal sex marker corrected was found to be unconstitutional in 2006.[141] In Quebec, prior to the legalization of same-sex marriage, only unmarried people could apply for legal change of gender. With the advent of same-sex marriage, this restriction was dropped. A similar provision including sterilization also existed in Sweden, but was phased out in 2013.[142] In the United States, transgender and intersex marriages was subject to legal complications.[143] As definitions and enforcement of marriage are defined by the states, these complications vary from state to state,[144] as some of them prohibit legal changes of gender.[145]
Divorce
In the United States before the case of Obergefell v. Hodges, couples in same-sex marriages could only obtain a divorce in jurisdictions that recognized same-sex marriages, with some exceptions.[146]
Judicial and legislative
There are differing positions regarding the manner in which same-sex marriage has been introduced into democratic jurisdictions. A "majority rules" position holds that same-sex marriage is valid, or void and illegal, based upon whether it has been accepted by a simple majority of voters or of their elected representatives.[147]
In contrast, a civil rights view holds that the institution can be validly created through the ruling of an impartial judiciary carefully examining the questioning and finding that the right to marry regardless of the gender of the participants is guaranteed under the civil rights laws of the jurisdiction.[148]
Public opinion
|
5⁄6+
2⁄3+ |
1⁄2+
1⁄3+ |
1⁄6+
<1⁄6 |
no polls
|
Numerous polls and studies on the issue have been conducted. A trend of increasing support for same-sex marriage has been revealed across many countries of the world, often driven in large part by a generational difference in support. Polling that was conducted in developed democracies in this century shows a majority of people in support of same-sex marriage. Support for same-sex marriage has increased across every age group, political ideology, religion, gender, race and region of various developed countries in the world.[150][151][152][153][154]
Various detailed polls and studies on same-sex marriage that were conducted in several countries show that support for same-sex marriage significantly increases with higher levels of education and is also significantly stronger among younger generations, with a clear trend of continually increasing support.[155][156][157][158][159]
- Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by country
| Country | Pollster | Year | For[lower-alpha 13] | Against[lower-alpha 13] | Neither[lower-alpha 14] | Margin of error |
Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Andorra |
Institut d'Estudis Andorrans | 2013 | 70% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
11% | [160] | |
 Antigua and Barbuda |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | – | – | [161] | |
| Argentina |
Ipsos | 2021 | 73% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
(another 9% support some rights) 9% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] |
 Armenia |
Pew Research Center | 2015 | 3% (3%) |
96% (97%) |
1% | ±3% | [163][164] |
 Aruba |
2021 | 46% | [165] | ||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia |
Ipsos | 2021 | 62% (70%) |
27% (30%) |
(another 14% support some rights) 11% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
 Austria |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 66% (69%) |
30% (31%) |
4% | [166] | |
 Bahamas |
AmericasBarometer | 2015 | 11% | – | – | [167] | |
 Belarus |
Pew Research Center | 2015 | 16% (16%) |
81% (84%) |
3% | ±4% | [163][164] |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium |
Ipsos | 2021 | 72% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
(another 12% support some rights) 10% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
 Belize |
AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 8% | – | – | [167] | |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Bolivia |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 35% | 65% | – | ±1.0% | [161] |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Pew Research Center | 2015–2016 | 13% (14%) |
84% (87%) |
4% | ±4% | [163][164] |
| Brazil |
Ipsos | 2021 | 55% (63%) |
32% (37%) |
(another 14% support some rights) 14% not sure |
±3.5% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Bulgaria |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 16% (18%) |
74% (82%) |
10% | [166] | |
 Cambodia |
TNS Cambodia | 2015 | 55% (65%) |
30% (35%) |
15% | [168] | |
| Canada |
Ipsos | 2021 | 75% (83%) |
15% (17%) |
(another 7% support some rights) 10% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
 Chile |
Plaza Pública-Cadem | 2021 | 74% | 24% | 2% | [169] | |
| Ipsos | 2021 | 65% (72%) |
25% (28%) |
(another 17% support some rights) 11% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] | |
 China |
Ipsos | 2021 | 43% (52%) |
39% (48%) |
(another 20% support some rights) 18% not sure |
±3.5% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Colombia |
INVAMER-POLL | 2022 | 48% | 46% | 6% | [170] | |
 Costa Rica |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 35% | 65% | – | ±1.2% | [167] |
 Croatia |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 39% (41%) |
55% (59%) |
6% | [166] | |
| Cuba |
Apretaste | 2019 | 63% | 37% | – | [171] | |
 Cyprus |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 36% (38%) |
60% (62%) |
4% | [166] | |
 Czech Republic |
Median agency | 2019 | 67% | – | – | [172] | |
| Denmark |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 89% (92%) |
8% (8%) |
3% | [166] | |
 Dominica |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 10% | 90% | – | ±1.1% | [161] |
 Dominican Republic |
AmericasBarometer | 2016 | 27% | 73% | – | ±1.0% | [161] |
 Ecuador |
AmericasBarometer | 2019 | 23% (31%) |
51% (69%) |
26% | [173] | |
 El Salvador |
Universidad Francisco Gavidia | 2021 | 82.5% | – | [174] | ||
 Estonia |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 41% (45%) |
51% (55%) |
8% | [166] | |
 Finland |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 76% (78%) |
21% (22%) |
3% | [166] | |
 France |
Ipsos | 2021 | 59% (73%) |
22% (27%) |
(another 15% support some rights) 19% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
| Eurobarometer | 2019 | 79% (84%) |
15% (16%) |
6% | [166] | ||
 Georgia |
Women’s Initiatives Supporting Group | 2021 | 10% (12%) |
75% (88%) |
15% | [175] | |
 Germany |
Ipsos | 2021 | 68% (75%) |
23% (25%) |
(another 13% support some rights) 9% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
| Eurobarometer | 2019 | 84% (88%) |
12% (12%) |
4% | [166] | ||
 Greece |
Kapa Research | 2020 | 56% (58%) |
40% (42%) |
4% | ±3% | [176] |
 Grenada |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 12% | 88% | – | ±1.4% | [161] |
 Guatemala |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 23% | 77% | – | ±1.1% | [161] |
 Guyana |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 21% | 79% | – | ±1.3% | [167] |
 Haiti |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 5% | 95% | – | ±0.3% | [161] |
 Honduras |
CID Gallup | 2018 | 17% (18%) |
75% (82%) |
8% | [177] | |
 Hungary |
Ipsos | 2021 | 46% (55%) |
38% (45%) |
(another 20% support some rights) 17% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] |
 Iceland |
Gallup | 2006 | 89% | 11% | – | [178] | |
 India |
Ipsos | 2021 | 44% (58%) |
32% (42%) |
(another 14% support some rights) 25% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
| Mood of the Nation | 2019 | 24% (28%) |
62% (72%) |
14% | [179][180] | ||
| Ireland |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 79% (86%) |
13% (14%) |
8% | [166] | |
 Israel |
Hiddush | 2019 | 55% | 45%[181] | – | ±4.5% | [182] |
 Italy |
Ipsos | 2021 | 63% (68%) |
30% (32%) |
(another 20% support some rights) 7% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
 Jamaica |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 16% | 84% | – | ±1.0% | [161] |
 Japan |
Asahi Shimbun | 2021 | 65% (75%) |
22% (25%) |
13% | [183] | |
| Ipsos | 2021 | 40% (53%) |
35% (47%) |
(another 29% support some rights) 25% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] | |
 Kazakhstan |
Pew Research Center | 2016 | 7% (7%) |
89% (93%) |
4% | [163][164] | |
 Latvia |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 24% (26%) |
70% (74%) |
6% | [166] | |
 Liechtenstein |
Liechtenstein Institut | 2021 | 72% | 28% | 0% | [184] | |
 Lithuania |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 30% (32%) |
63% (68%) |
7% | [166] | |
 Luxembourg |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 85% (90%) |
9% (10%) |
6% | [166] | |
|
|
Ipsos | 2021 | 8% (10%) |
73% (90%) |
(another 8% support some rights) 19% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Malta |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 67% (73%) |
25% (27%) |
8% | [166] | |
 Mexico |
Ipsos | 2021 | 63% (73%) |
23% (27%) |
(another 13% support some rights) 14% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Moldova |
Pew Research Center | 2015 | 5% (5%) |
92% (95%) |
3% | ±4% | [163][164] |
 Mozambique (3 cities) |
Lambda | 2017 | 28% (32%) |
60% (68%) |
12% | [185] | |
| Netherlands |
Ipsos | 2021 | 84% (90%) |
9% (10%) |
(another 6% support some rights) 8% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] |
| New Zealand |
Colmar Brunton | 2012 | 63% (66%) |
31% (33%) |
5% | [186] | |
| Herald DigiPoll | 2013 | 50%? | 48% | 2%? | ±3.6% | [187] | |
 Nicaragua |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 25% | 75% | – | ±1.0% | [161] |
 Norway |
Pew Research Center | 2017 | 72% (79%) |
19% (21%) |
9% | [163][164] | |
 Panama |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 22% | 78% | – | ±1.1% | [161] |
 Paraguay |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 26% | 74% | – | ±0.9% | [161] |
 Peru |
Ipsos | 2021 | 35% (41%) |
51% (59%) |
(another 33% support some rights) 14% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Philippines |
SWS | 2018 | 22% (26%) |
61% (73%) |
16% | [188] | |
 Poland |
Ipsos | 2022 | 48% (50%) |
47% (49%) |
(another 10% support civil unions) 4% not sure |
[189] | |
| Ipsos | 2021 | 29% (33%) |
60% (67%) |
(another 38% support some rights) 12% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] | |
 Portugal |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 74% (79%) |
20% (21%) |
6% | [166] | |
 Romania |
ACCEPT Romania | 2021 | 26% | 74% | (another 17% support legal protection) | ±3% | [190] |
 Russia |
Ipsos | 2021 | 17% (21%) |
64% (79%) |
(another 12% support some rights) 20% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
| FOM | 2019 | 7% (8%) |
85% (92%) |
8% | ±3.6% | [191] | |
 Saint Kitts and Nevis |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 9% | 91% | – | ±1.0% | [161] |
 Saint Lucia |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 11% | 89% | – | ±0.9% | [161] |
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 4% | 96% | – | ±0.6% | [161] |
 Serbia |
Pew Research Center | 2015 | 12% (13%) |
83% (87%) |
5% | ±4% | [163][164] |
 Singapore |
IPS | 2019 | 27% (31%) |
60% (69%) |
13% | [192] | |
 Slovakia |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 20% (22%) |
70% (78%) |
10% | [166] | |
 Slovenia |
Eurobarometer | 2019 | 62% (64%) |
35% (36%) |
3% | [166] | |
| South Africa |
Ipsos | 2021 | 59% (69%) |
27% (31%) |
(another 12% support some rights) 14% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 South Korea |
Ipsos | 2021 | 36% (45%) |
44% (55%) |
(another 18% support some rights) 20% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] |
 Spain |
Ipsos | 2021 | 76% (85%) |
13% (15%) |
(another 8% support some rights) 11% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
 Suriname |
AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 18% | – | – | [167] | |
 Sweden |
Ipsos | 2021 | 79% (86%) |
13% (14%) |
(another 10% support some rights) 8% not sure |
±4.8% | [162] |
 Switzerland |
gfs-zürich | 2020 | 82% (83%) |
17% (17%) |
1% | ±3.2% | [193] |
| Taiwan |
Department of Gender Quality (DGE) | 2021 | 60.4% | [194] | |||
 Thailand |
NIDA Poll | 2015 | 59% (63%) |
35% (37%) |
6% | [195] | |
 Trinidad and Tobago |
AmericasBarometer | 2014 | 16% | – | – | [167] | |
 Turkey |
Ipsos | 2021 | 24% (35%) |
45% (65%) |
(another 20% support some rights) 32% not sure |
±4.8% [lower-alpha 15] | [162] |
 Ukraine |
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology | 2022 | 27% (39%) |
42% (61%) |
31% | ±2.4% | [196] |
 United Kingdom |
Ipsos | 2021 | 68% (76%) |
21% (24%) |
(another 14% support some rights) 11% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
| United States |
Ipsos | 2021 | 59% (68%) |
28% (32%) |
(another 13% support some rights) 13% not sure |
±3.5% | [162] |
| Gallup | 2021 | 70% (71%) |
29% (29%) |
1% | ±4% | [197] | |
 Uruguay |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 75% | 25% | – | ±1.1% | [161] |
 Venezuela |
AmericasBarometer | 2017 | 39% | 61% | – | ±1.2% | [161] |
 Vietnam |
iSEE | 2014 | 34% (39%) |
53% (61%) |
13% | [198] |
See also
- LGBT rights by country or territory
- List of same-sex married couples
- Religion and sexuality
- Legal status of same-sex marriage
- Societal attitudes toward homosexuality
Notes
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Australia and in the non-self-governing possessions of Norfolk Island, Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands, which follow Australian law.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in continental Denmark, the Faroe Islands and Greenland, which together make up the Realm of Denmark.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized throughout Ecuador, but such couples are not considered married for purposes of adoption and may not adopt children.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in metropolitan France and in all French overseas regions and possessions, which follow a single legal code.
- Same-sex marriage is legally recognized throughout Mexico, and it is legally available in most states and in its consulates abroad, though the process is not everywhere as straightforward as it is for opposite-sex marriage and does not always include adoption rights. Locally, it is freely available only in some municipalities in Guerrero, and only by court injunction in Tamaulipas, though courts in those states are legally required to issue an injunction when petitioned.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in the continental Netherlands, as well as in the Caribbean municipalities of Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. Marriages entered into there have minimal recognition in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten, which together make up the Kingdom of the Netherlands.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in New Zealand proper, but not in its possession of Tokelau, nor in the Cook Islands and Niue, which make up the Realm of New Zealand.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized in Taiwan, but unlike opposite-sex married couples, same-sex married couples have not been able to adopt unrelated children as a couple without a court order, though one spouse may adopt the other's genetic children.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all parts of the United Kingdom and in its non-Caribbean possessions, but not in its Caribbean possessions, namely Anguilla, Bermuda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands.
- Same-sex marriage is performed and recognized by law in all fifty states of the USA and in the District of Columbia, in all overseas territories except American Samoa, and in all tribal nations that do not have their own marriage laws, as well as in most nations that do. The largest of the dozen or so known exceptions among the federal reservations are Navajo and Gila River, and the largest among the shared-sovereignty Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Areas are the Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Citizen Potawatomi. These polities ban same-sex marriage and do not recognize marriages from other jurisdictions, though members may still marry under state law and be accorded all the rights of marriage under state and federal law.
- Legally available in the Arizona municipalities of Bisbee, Clarkdale, Cottonwood, Jerome, Sedona and Tucson.
- Dale Carpenter is a prominent spokesman for this view. For a better understanding of this view, see Carpenter's writings at "Dale Carpenter". Independent Gay Forum. Archived from the original on 17 November 2006. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- Because some polls do not report 'neither', those that do are listed with simple yes/no percentages in parentheses, so their figures can be compared.
- Comprises: Neutral; Don't know; No answer; Other; Refused.
- [+ more urban/educated than representative]
References
- "Same Sex Marriage States 2022". World Population Review. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
Same-sex marriage is the marriage of people of the same sex or gender
- Staff (26 September 2022). "Cuba Family Code: Country votes to legalise same-sex marriage". BBC News. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
- "Llei 30/2022, del 21 de juliol, qualificada de la persona i de la família". Bopa.ad. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
- Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 280, p. 284.
- William N. Eskridg Jr. and Christopher R. Riano, "Marriage Equality: From Outlaws to In-Laws", Yale University Press (2020), Chapter 24.
- Winter, Caroline (4 December 2014). "In 14 years, same-sex marriage has spread round the world". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 13 January 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
- "Same-sex Oklahoma couple marries legally under tribal law". KOCO. 26 September 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 22 October 2013.
- "Clela Rorex, former Boulder County Clerk who issued first same-sex marriage license in 1975 dies at 78". 19 June 2022.
- Multiple sources:
- American Psychological Association (2004). "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- American Sociological Association. "American Sociological Association Member Resolution on Proposed U.S. Constitutional Amendment Regarding Marriage". Archived from the original on 12 August 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement" (PDF). Canadian Psychological Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
- Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J. L.; Vickers, D. L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- "Brief of Amici Curiae American Anthropological Association et al., supporting plaintiffs-appellees and urging affirmance – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- American Anthropological Association (2004). "Statement on Marriage and the Family". Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
- Handbook of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Administration and Policy — Page 13, Wallace Swan – 2004
- Cline, Austin (16 July 2017). "Common Arguments Against Gay Marriage". Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
- "The freedom of religion argument could actually make gay marriage opponents more tolerant". The Washington Post. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
- "Arguments for and against gay marriage". Debating Europe. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- Multiple sources:
- Coghlan, Andy (16 June 2008). "Gay brains structured like those of the opposite sex". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
- "Statement on Marriage and the Family". American Anthropological Association. Archived from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
- Mary Ann Lamanna; Riedmann, Agnes; Susan D Stewart (2014). Marriages, Families, and Relationships: Making Choices in a Diverse Society. Cengage Learning. p. 82. ISBN 978-1305176898. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
[T]he APA says that sexual orientation is not a choice [...]. (American Psychological Association, 2010).
- Pawelski, J. G.; Perrin, E. C.; Foy, J. M.; Allen, C. E.; Crawford, J. E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J. D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J. L.; Vickers, D. L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–364. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
- American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, National Association of Social Workers, American Psychoanalytic Association, American Academy of Family Physicians; et al. "Brief of [medical organizations] as Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners" (PDF). supremecourt.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Davis, Annie (22 October 2017). "Children raised by same-sex parents do as well as their peers, study shows". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- Bever, Lindsey (7 July 2014). "Children of same-sex couples are happier and healthier than peers, research shows". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2018.
- "Same-sex Parents and Their Children". American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
Most research studies show that children with two moms or two dads fare just as well as children with heterosexual parents... Where research differences have been found, they have sometimes favored same-sex parents.
- Marcoux, Heather (23 July 2018). "Major long-term study:Kids with lesbian parents grow up to be happy adults". Retrieved 16 June 2019.
The researchers note that the kids in same-sex homes actually reported fewer difficulties than those born to heterosexual couples.
- Pawelski, James G.; Perrin, Ellen C.; Foy, Jane M.; Allen, Carole E.; Crawford, James E.; Del Monte, Mark; Kaufman, Miriam; Klein, Jonathan D.; Smith, Karen; Springer, Sarah; Tanner, J. Lane; Vickers, Dennis L. (July 2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
In fact, growing up with parents who are lesbian or gay may confer some advantages to children.
- "Marriage Equality". Garden State Equality. Archived from the original on 18 October 2014. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- "Marriage 101". Freedom to Marry. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Pratt, Patricia (29 May 2012). "Albany area real estate and the Marriage Equality Act". Albany Examiner. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
On July 24, 2011 the Marriage Equality Act became a law in New York State forever changing the state's legal view of what a married couple is.
- "Vote on Illinois marriage equality bill coming in January: sponsors". Chicago Phoenix. 13 December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- "Commission endorses marriage and adoption equality". Human Right Commission New Zealand. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- Mulholland, Helene (27 September 2012). "Ed Miliband calls for gay marriage equality". The Guardian. London, UK. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2012.
- Ring, Trudy (20 December 2012). "Newt Gingrich: Marriage Equality Inevitable, OK". The Advocate. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
He [Newt Gingrich] noted to HuffPo that he not only has a lesbian half-sister, LGBT rights activist Candace Gingrich, but has gay friends who've gotten married in Iowa, where their unions are legal. Public opinion has shifted in favor of marriage equality, he said, and the Republican Party could end up on the wrong side of history if it continues to go against the tide.
- @apstylebook (12 February 2019). "The term same-sex marriage is preferred over gay marriage. In places where it's legal, same-sex marriage is no different than other marriages, so the term should be used only when germane and needed to distinguish from marriages between heterosexual couples. #APStyleChat" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- Fedorak, Shirley A. (2008). Anthropology matters!. [Toronto], Ont.: University of Toronto Press. pp. Ch. 11, p. 174. ISBN 978-1442601086.
- Gough, Kathleen E. (January–June 1959). "The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 89 (1): 23–34. doi:10.2307/2844434. JSTOR 2844434.
- Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (2001). Boy-wives and female husbands : studies of African homosexualities (1st pbk. ed.). New York: St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0312238292. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- Njambi, Wairimu; O'Brien, William (Spring 2001). "Revisiting "Woman-Woman Marriage": Notes on Gikuyu Women". NWSA Journal. 12 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/nwsa.2000.0015. S2CID 144520611. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- "Dictionaries take lead in redefining modern marriage". The Washington Times. 24 May 2004. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Webster Makes It Official: Definition of Marriage Has Changed". American Bar Association. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Redman, Daniel (7 April 2009). "Noah Webster Gives His Blessing: Dictionaries recognize same-sex marriage—who knew?". Slate. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- "The Divine Institution of Marriage". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 13 August 2008. Archived from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- "Marriage Protection Sunday: Churches encouraged to address 'gay marriage'". Baptist Press. 19 May 2006. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
- Rabbi Joel Roth. Homosexuality Archived 24 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine rabbinicalassembly.org 1992.
- Shaw criticizes Boswell's methodology and conclusions as disingenuous Shaw, Brent (July 1994). "A Groom of One's Own?". The New Republic. pp. 43–48. Archived from the original on 7 May 2006. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
- Boswell, John (1995). Same-sex unions in premodern Europe. New York: Vintage Books. pp. 80–85. ISBN 978-0-679-75164-9. Archived from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- Frier, Bruce. "Roman Same-Sex Weddings from the Legal Perspective". University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- Bunson, M., Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire, Infobase Publishing, 2009, p. 259.
- "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 80". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- Herodian. "Herodian of Antioch, History of the Roman Empire (1961) pp.135–152. Book 5". Tertullian.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- Scarre, Chris (1995). Chronicles of the Roman Emperors. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-500-05077-4. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 279–284.
- Williams, CA., Roman Homosexuality: Second Edition, Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 284.
- Nero missed her so greatly that, on learning of a woman who resembled her, he sent for her and kept her; but later he caused a boy of the freedmen, whom he used to call Sporus, ... "he formally "married" Sporus, and assigned the boy a regular dowry according to contract;" q.v., Suetonius Nero 28; Dio Cassius Epitome 62.28
- "Bill Thayer's Web Site". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- "Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 62". Penelope.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- Corbett, The Roman Law of Marriage (Oxford, 1969), pp. 24–28; Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), pp. 43–49.; "Marriages where the partners had conubium were marriages valid in Roman law (iusta matrimonia)" [Treggiari, p. 49]. Compare Ulpian (Tituli Ulpiani) 5.3–5: "Conubium is the capacity to marry a wife in Roman law. Roman citizens have conubium with Roman citizens, but with Latins and foreigners only if the privilege was granted. There is no conubium with slaves"; compare also Gaius (Institutionum 1:55–56, 67, 76–80).
- Treggiari, Roman Marriage (Oxford, 1991), p. 5.
- Kuefler, Mathew (2007). "The Marriage Revolution in Late Antiquity: The Theodosian Code and Later Roman Marriage Law". Journal of Family History. 32 (4): 343–370. doi:10.1177/0363199007304424. S2CID 143807895.
- Eidolon, 2015, Michael Fontaine, Associate Professor of Classics and Assistant Dean, Cornell University "nubit…feminam" for "cubit...infamen," and the Law does not provide for it."
- George Bryan Souza. The Boxer Codex: Transcription and Translation of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geography, History and ... (European Expansion and Indigenous Response) Annotated Edition. Brill; Annotated edition (November 20, 2015). 148 Archived 14 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- "How Same-Sex Marriage Came to Be". Harvard Magazine. March–April 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- "The secret history of same-sex marriage". The Guardian. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Rule, Sheila (2 October 1989). "Rights for Gay Couples in Denmark". New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- "Same-sex marriage around the world". CBC News. Toronto. 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- "The Dutch went first in 2001; who has same-sex marriage now?". Associated Press. 28 April 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- Periódico Oficial (PDF) (in Spanish). GOBIERNO DEL ESTADO DE ZACATECAS. CXXXI (104). 29 December 2021 https://www.congresozac.gob.mx/coz/images/uploads/20220112131924.pdf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 January 2022.
{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - "Última Reforma POG 29 de diciembre de 2021 (Decreto 42) – Código publicado en el Suplemento del Periódico Oficial del Estado de Zacatecas, el sábado 10 de mayo de 1986". CÓDIGO FAMILIAR DEL ESTADO DE ZACATECAS (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 January 2022.
- "Czech lawmakers give nod to same-sex marriage, final vote uncertain". Reuters. 29 April 2021. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- Cyprus Digest, Marriage for LOATKI + couples: The SYRIZA bill was submitted – What does it provide for childbearing June 19, 2022
- "Presentarán iniciativa de ley para que el matrimonio igualitario sea legal en Honduras". 18 May 2022.
- "NCP's Supriya Sule brings Bill to legalise same-sex marriage". The Indian Express. 2 April 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- "Motion für Ehe für alle im Novemberlandtag".
- "Diputado de Guerrero presenta iniciativa para matrimonio igualitario". Milenio (in Mexican Spanish). 27 September 2022. Retrieved 29 September 2022.
- "Delegates sponsor bill to legalize same-sex marriage on Navajo Nation". Daily-times.com. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
- "Presentan proyecto de ley sobre el matrimonio igualitario entre personas del mismo sexo". elcomercio.pe. 23 October 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
- "House panel allows same-sex foreign couples to register civil partnership in Thailand". 27 July 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - "Diputada plantea iniciativa para el matrimonio civil igualitario en la Asamblea Nacional". El Acarigueño (in Spanish). 24 February 2022.
- "Lithuanian MPs propose civil union as compromise on same-sex partnership". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved 23 May 2022.
- "Padilla wants same-sex unions institutionalized".
- "Јавне консултације за израду текста Нацрта закона о истополним заједницама". Archived from the original on 8 February 2021.
- Anna Kholodnova (2 August 2022). "Zelensky responded to the petition on the legalization of same-sex marriages in Ukraine". Бабель.
- "UKIP and Tories abstain on EU motion to recognise same-sex marriage". PinkNews. 13 March 2015. Archived from the original on 9 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- "Texts adopted – Thursday, 12 March 2015 – Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter". European Parliment. Archived from the original on 7 August 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- "Annual report on human rights and democracy in the world 2013 and the EU policy on the matter". Vote Watch Europe. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- "How the Chinese internet saw Cuba's vote on gay marriage, surrogacy". South China Morning Post. 3 October 2022. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
- "HUDOC – European Court of Human Rights". Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Buyse, Antoine (24 June 2010). "Strasbourg court rules that states are not obliged to allow gay marriage". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- Avram, Marieta (2016). Drept civil Familia [Civil law Family] (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Hamangiu. ISBN 978-606-27-0609-8.
- Booker, Christopher (9 February 2013). "Gay marriage: the French connection". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- Clarke, Jamie (6 June 2013). "Gay marriage politically, rather than ethically motivated". So So Gay. So So Gay Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- "Sir Nicholas Bratza". Press Complaints Commission. Press Complaints Commission. 2013. Archived from the original on 8 November 2013. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- "European Convention on Human Rights" (PDF). ECHR.coe.int. European Court of Human Rights. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 July 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
- "EU court backs residency rights for gay couple in Romania – AP". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- "Same-sex spouses have EU residence rights, top court rules – BBC". BBC News. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
- "Texts adopted – LGBTIQ rights in the EU – Tuesday, 14 September 2021". www.europarl.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- "MEPs condemn failure to respect rights of same-sex partners in EU". The Guardian. 14 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
- ""Major Advance for Marriage Equality and Gender Identity Rights in Latin America". San Francisco Bay Times, 2018 January 29". Sfbaytimes.com. 25 January 2018. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
- "Worldwide Marriage Equality Watch List". Retrieved 5 October 2018.
- "Panama Supreme Court judge withdraws draft ruling against marriage". 16 February 2018. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- "LGTBI anuncia presión a Corte para aceptar unión igualitaria y habrá 'guerra'". Hoy (Paraguay). 12 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- "Tribunal Constitucional debate reconocimiento de matrimonio gay realizado en México". 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
- "UN Secretary-General Bulletin" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Jobs — Compensation & Benefits". The World Bank Group. Archived from the original on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2007.
- Towle, Andy (13 November 2008). "NYC Protest and Civil Rights March Opposing Proposition 8". Towleroad. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Pearson, Mary. "Where is Gay Marriage Legal?". christiangays.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- Williams, Steve. "Which Countries Have Legalized Gay Marriage?". Care2.com (news.bbc.co.uk as source). Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- "Loi du 9 juillet 2004 relative aux effets légaux de certains partenariats. – Legilux". Eli.legilux.public.lu. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- "Loi n° 99-944 du 15 novembre 1999 relative au pacte civil de solidarité". Legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 16 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- "WETTEN, DECRETEN, ORDONNANTIES EN VERORDENINGEN LOIS, DECRETS, ORDONNANCES ET REGLEMENTS" (PDF). Ejustice.jkust.fgov.be. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
- "Civil Partnership Act 2004". Legislation.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
- "Same-Sex Marriage, Civil Unions and Domestic Partnerships". National Conference of State Legislatures. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- Ramstack, Tom (11 January 2010). "Congress Considers Outcome of D.C. Gay Marriage Legislation". AHN. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010.
- Gender and Language in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2013:35
- Igwe, Leo (19 June 2009). "Tradition of same gender marriage in Igboland". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010.
- "Same-sex marriage and children's well-being: Research roundup". Journalist's Resource. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2015.
- Raifman, Julia; Moscoe, Ellen; Austin, S. Bryn; McConnell, Margaret (2017). "Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent Suicide Attempts". JAMA Pediatrics. 171 (4): 350–356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529. PMC 5848493. PMID 28241285.
- "Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Linked to Reduction in Suicide Attempts Among High School Students". Johns Hopkins University. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- "Study: Teen suicide attempts fell as same-sex marriage was legalized". USA Today. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- "Same-sex marriage laws linked to fewer youth suicide attempts, new study says". PBS. 20 February 2017. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
- "Same-sex marriage laws tied to fewer teen suicide attempts". Reuters. 23 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
- "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association" (PDF). 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009.
- Pawelski, J.G.; Perrin, E.C.; Foy, J.M.; Allen, C.E.; Crawford, J.E.; Del Monte, M.; Kaufman, M.; Klein, J.D.; Smith, K.; Springer, S.; Tanner, J.L.; Vickers, D.L. (2006). "The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-being of Children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
- American Psychological Association (2004). "Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- Herek, Gregory M. "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: A social science perspective." American Psychologist, Vol 61(6), September 2006, pp. 607–21.
- Contact: Elaine Justice: 404.727.0643. "Study Links Gay Marriage Bans to Rise in HIV infections". Emory University. Archived from the original on 9 April 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- Peng, Handie. "The Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Public Health and Welfare". Userwww.service.emory.edu. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
- Francis, AM; Mialon, HM (March 2010). "Tolerance and HIV" (PDF). Journal of Health Economics. 29 (2): 250–267. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.11.016. PMID 20036431. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
- Hasin, Deborah. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual individuals risk psychiatric disorders from discriminatory policies". Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- Mustanski, Brian (22 March 2010). "New study suggests bans on gay marriage hurt mental health of LGB people". Psychology Today. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- Laurie, Timothy (3 June 2015). "Bigotry or biology: the hard choice for an opponent of marriage equality". The Drum. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015.
- Blankenhorn, David (19 September 2008). "Protecting marriage to protect children". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 September 2009. Retrieved 6 October 2009.
- "See discussion of prenuptial and postmarital agreements at Findlaw". Family.findlaw.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, the American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as amici curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees – Appeal from United States District Court for the Northern District of California Civil Case No. 09-CV-2292 VRW (Honorable Vaughn R. Walker)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
- Lamb, Ph.D., Michael. "Expert Affidavit for U.S. District Court (D. Mass. 2009)" (PDF). Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
- "Pediatricians: Gay Marriage Good for Kids' Health". news.discovery.com. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2013.
- "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and The American Association of Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellees" (PDF). United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
- Herek, GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
- Biblarz, Timothy J.; Stacey, Judith (February 2010). "How Does the Gender of Parents Matter?" (PDF). Journal of Marriage and Family. 72 (1): 3–22. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.593.4963. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013.
- "Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association – 2 June 2005" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
- "Austrian court rules to allow same-sex adoptions". The Privateer. 16 January 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
- "LGBT Adoption Statistics". lifelongadoptions.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- "Families are created with love". gayadoption.org. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2016.
- The Fertility Sourcebook, Third Edition – Page 245, M. Sara Rosenthal – 2002
- An Introduction to Family Social Work – Page 348, Donald Collins, Catheleen Jordan, Heather Coleman – 2009
- "Same-sex couples seeking IVF on the NHS face discrimination". vardags.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
- Bockting, Walter, Autumn Benner, and Eli Coleman. "Gay and Bisexual Identity Development Among Female-to-Male Transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a Transgender Sexuality." Archives of Sexual Behavior 38.5 (October 2009): 688–701. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. 29 September 2009
- "Austria gets first same-sex marriage". 365gay.com. 5 July 2006. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2008.
- "Sweden ends forced sterilization of trans". gaystarnews.com. 11 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
- Deborah, Anthony (Spring 2012). "CAUGHT IN THE MIDDLE: TRANSSEXUAL MARRIAGE AND THE DISCONNECT BETWEEN SEX AND LEGAL SEX". Texas Journal of Women & the Law. 21 (2).
- Schwartz, John (18 September 2009). "U.S. Defends Marriage Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 29 September 2009.
- "Movement Advancement Project | Equality Maps". www.lgbtmap.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
- Matthew S. Coleman, Esq. (16 September 2015). "Obergefell v. Hodges". Einhorn Harris. Archived from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- Leff, Lisa (4 December 2008). "Poll: Calif. gay marriage ban driven by religion". USA Today. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) archived here. - Mirchandani, Rajesh (12 November 2008). "Divisions persist over gay marriage ban". BBC News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
- For old polling data, figures have been adjusted upward @1%/year.
- Newport, Frank (20 May 2011). "For First Time, Majority of Americans Favor Legal Gay Marriage". Gallup. Archived from the original on 29 July 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Public Opinion: Nationally". australianmarriageequality.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Gay Life in Estonia". globalgayz.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- Jowit, Juliette (12 June 2012). "Gay marriage gets ministerial approval". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 6 May 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Most Irish people support gay marriage, poll says". PinkNews. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Survey – Generations at Odds: The Millennial Generation and the Future of Gay and Lesbian Rights". Public Religion Research Institute. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Pew Forum: Part 2: Gay Marriage". Pew Research Center. 18 November 2003. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- Poirier, Justine. "Same-Sex Marriage: Let's Make a Change". Montréalités Justice. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Data Points: Support for Legal Same-Sex Marriage". The Chronicle of Higher Education. 16 March 2010. Archived from the original on 24 September 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Support for Same‐Sex Marriage in Latin America" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
- "Un 70% d'andorrans aprova el matrimoni homosexual". Diari d'Andorra (in Catalan). 7 July 2013.
- "Cultura polítical de la democracia en la República Dominicana y en las Américas, 2016/17" (PDF). Vanderbilt University (in Spanish). 13 November 2017. p. 132.
- LGBT+ PRIDE 2021 GLOBAL SURVEY (PDF). Ipsos. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
- "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Pew. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
- "Religious belief and national belonging in Central and Eastern Europe - Appendix A: Methodology". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- "Bevolking Aruba pro geregistreerd partnerschap zelfde geslacht". Antiliaans Dagblad (in Dutch). 26 February 2021.
- "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU" (PDF). TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2019. The question was whether same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe.
- "Barómetro de las Américas: Actualidad – 2 de junio de 2015" (PDF). Vanderbilt University. 2 July 2015.
- Vinh, Dany; Menh, Vuthisokunna. "TNS Research Report on Opinions Attitudes and Behavior toward the LGBT Population in Cambodia" – via www.academia.edu.
- "PLAZA PÚBLICA Nº 364 – 4 DE ENERO" (PDF) (in Spanish). cadem. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
- https://www.eltiempo.com/uploads/files/2022/02/17/2022-02%20Invamer%20Poll.pdf
- "Encuesta: Un 63,1% de los cubanos quiere matrimonio igualitario en la Isla". Diario de Cuba (in Spanish). 18 July 2019.
- "67% of Czechs support same-sex marriage, says new poll". 23 January 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- America's Barometer Topical Brief #034, Disapproval of Same-Sex Marriage in Ecuador: A Clash of Generations?, 23 July 2019. Counting ratings 1–3 as 'disapprove', 8–10 as 'approve', and 4–7 as neither.
- https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-salvador-elecciones_partido-de-bukele-se--consolida--en-preferencias-electorales-en-el-salvador/46307812
- "წინარწმენიდან თანასწორობამდე (From Prejudice to Equality), part 2" (PDF). WISG. 2022.
- Liberalism in Greece today (PDF) (Report). Kapa Research. October 2020.
- "Más del 70% de los hondureños rechaza el matrimonio homosexual". Diario La Prensa (in Spanish). 17 May 2018.
- "Litlar breytingar á viðhorfi til giftinga samkynhneigðra" (PDF) (in Icelandic). Gallup. September 2006.
- "Where is the love: 62 per cent Indians say same-sex marriages not accepted, finds Mood of the Nation poll". India Today. 25 January 2019.
- Sengar, Shweta (2 February 2019). "Prejudice Before Love? 62 Per Cent Indians Still Don't Approve Same-Sex Marriage, Finds Survey". India Times.
- Of which 23% were in favor of some kind of civil union
- Einhorn, Alon (7 June 2019). "54% OF RELIGIOUS JEWS SUPPORT GAY MARRIAGE, PARTNERSHIP". The Jerusalem Post.
- "同性婚、法律で「認めるべき」65% 朝日新聞世論調査" (in Japanese). The Asahi Shimbun. March 2021.
- Vogt, Desiree (March 2021). "Rückhalt für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German).
- "Most Mozambicans against homosexual violence, study finds". MambaOnline - Gay South Africa online. 4 June 2018., (full report)
- "Views on whether same-sex couples should be able to marry" (PDF). Colmar Brunton. May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2012.
- Davison, Isaac (25 March 2013). "Shock poll over gay marriage bill" – via www.nzherald.co.nz.
- "First Quarter 2018 Social Weather Survey: 61% of Pinoys oppose, and 22% support, a law that will allow the civil union of two men or two women". 29 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2019.
- "Wyborcy opozycji: w przyszłym Sejmie chcemy równości małżeńskiej dla osób LGBT [SONDAŻ OKO.PRESS]". 22 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- "Valori și percepții ale românilor cu privire la familie și căsătorie" (PDF) (in Romanian). 15 April 2021.
- "Отношение к сексменьшинствам" (in Russian). ФОМ. June 2019.
- Results were same-sex marriage is: always wrong (48.5%), almost always wrong (11.5%), only wrong sometimes (13.1%), not wrong most of the time (10.5%), not wrong at all (16.4%).
Religion, Morality and Conservatism in Singapore (PDF) (Report). Institute of Policy Studies. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019. - Faki, Sermîn (9 February 2020). "Schweizer wollen die Homo-Ehe" (in German). Blick. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202105230004
- "Nida Poll: Most Thais agree with same sex marriage". Thai PBS. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 27 July 2015.
- "Ukrainians have dramatically improved their attitude towards LGBT people". 1 June 2022.
- "Record-High 70% in U.S. Support Same-Sex Marriage". Gallup. 8 June 2021.
- "One in three Vietnamese support marriage equality". GayStarNews. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 April 2014.
Bibliography
- Boswell, John (1995). The Marriage of Likeness: Same-sex Unions in Pre-modern Europe. New York: Simon Harper and Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-255508-1.
- Boswell, John (1994). Same-sex Unions in Premodern Europe. New York: Villard Books. ISBN 978-0-679-43228-9.
- Brownson, James V. (2013). Bible, Gender, Sexuality: Reforming the Church's Debate on Same-Sex Relationships. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6863-3.
- Calò, Emanuele (2009). Matrimonio à la carte — Matrimoni, convivenze registrate e divorzi dopo l'intervento comunitario. Milano: Giuffrè.
- Caramagno, Thomas C. (2002). Irreconcilable Differences? Intellectual Stalemate in the Gay Rights Debate. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-97721-4.
- Cere, Daniel (2004). Divorcing Marriage: Unveiling the Dangers in Canada's New Social Experiment. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2895-6.
- Chauncey, George (2004). Why Marriage?: The History Shaping Today's Debate over Gay Equality. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00957-2.
- Dobson, James C. (2004). Marriage Under Fire. Sisters, Or.: Multnomah. ISBN 978-1-59052-431-2.
- George, Robert P.; Elshtain, Jean Bethke, eds. (2006). The Meaning of Marriage: Family, State, Market, And Morals. Dallas: Spence Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-890626-64-8.
- Goss, Robert E.; Strongheart, Amy Adams Squire, eds. (2008). Our Families, Our Values: Snapshots of Queer Kinship. New York, NY: The Harrington Park Press, An Imprint of the Haworth Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-56023-910-9.
- Greenwich, Alex; Robinson, Shirleene (2018). Yes Yes Yes: Australia's Journey to Marriage Equality. Australia: NewSouth Books. ISBN 9781742235998.
- Larocque, Sylvain (2006). Gay Marriage: The Story of a Canadian Social Revolution. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company. ISBN 978-1-55028-927-5.
- Laycock, Douglas; Picarello, Anthony Jr.; Wilson, Robin Fretwell, eds. (2008). Same-Sex Marriage and Religious Liberty: Emerging Conflicts. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7425-6326-1.
- Moats, David (2004). Civil Wars: A Battle For Gay Marriage. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc. ISBN 978-0-15-101017-2.
- Oliver, Marilyn Tower (1998). Gay and lesbian rights: a struggle. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 978-0-89490-958-0. Archived from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
- Rauch, Jonathan (2004). Gay Marriage: Why It Is Good for Gays, Good for Straights, and Good for America. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. ISBN 978-0-8050-7815-2.
- Rugg, Sally (2019). How Powerful We Are : Behind the scenes with one of Australia's leading activists. Australia: Hachette Australia. ISBN 9780733642227. OCLC 1103918151.
- Smart, Carol; Heaphy, Brian; Einarsdottir, Anna (2013). Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Genders and sexualities in the social sciences. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300231.
- Spedale, Darren (2006). Gay Marriage: For Better or For Worse? What We've Learned From the Evidence. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518751-9.
- Sullivan, Andrew, ed. (2004). Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con — A Reader, Revised Updated Edition. New York, NY: Vintage Books, a division of Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-7866-0.
- Truluck, Rembert S. (2000). Steps to Recovery from Bible Abuse. Gaithersburg, MD: Chi Rho Press, Inc. ISBN 978-1-888493-16-0.
- Wolfson, Evan (2004). Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People's Right to Marry. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-6459-4.
External links
Status of same-sex unions around the world | ||
|---|---|---|
| Africa |
|  |
| Americas |
| |
| Asia |
| |
| Europe |
| |
| Oceania |
| |
| Antarctica |
| |
| Same-sex marriage prohibited by constitutional amendment |
|
|---|---|
| Same-sex marriage and civil unions prohibited by constitutional amendment |
|
Types of marriages | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Legal scenarios | |||||||||
| Religious |
| ||||||||
| Age |
| ||||||||
| Arranged |
| ||||||||
| Ceremonial |
| ||||||||
| Circumstantial basis |
| ||||||||
| De facto |
| ||||||||
| Endogamy |
| ||||||||
| Exogamy |
| ||||||||
| Non-monogamous |
| ||||||||
| Sexless |
| ||||||||
| Other |
| ||||||||
| |||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||
