Greek Orthodox Church

The term Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía, IPA: [elinorˈθoðoksi ekliˈsia]) has two meanings. The broader meaning designates "the entire body of Orthodox (Chalcedonian) Christianity, sometimes also called 'Eastern Orthodox,' 'Greek Catholic,' or generally 'the Greek Church'". The narrower meaning designates "any of several independent churches within the worldwide communion of [Eastern] Orthodox Christianity that retain the use of the Greek language in formal ecclesiastical settings".[1]

This article is about the term. For the Eastern Orthodox Church in Greece, see Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece. For the main independent Eastern Orthodox church in Greece, see Church of Greece.
Part of a series on the
Eastern Orthodox Church
Mosaic of Christ Pantocrator, Hagia Sophia
Overview
Background
Organization
Autocephalous jurisdictions
Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion:

Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches de jure:

Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches:

  • Ukraine (OCU)
Autonomous jurisdictions
  • Sinai
  • Finland
  • Estonia (EP)
  • Latvia (MP)
  • Japan (MP)
  • China (MP)
  • Americas (RP)
  • Bessarabia (RP)
  • Moldova (MP)

Questionally autonomous, declared independence from the MP, but has not declared itself autocephalous:

  • Ukraine (UOC-MP)

Semi-Autonomous:
Noncanonical jurisdictions
  • Old Believers
  • Spiritual Christianity
  • True Orthodoxy
    • Catacomb Church
    • Old Calendarists
  • American Orthodox Catholic Church
  • American World Patriarchs
  • National churches:
    • Abkhazia
    • Belarus
    • Italy
    • Montenegro
    • Turkey
    • UOC–KP
  • Evangelical Orthodox
  • Western Orthodoxy
    • Celts
    • France
    • Gaul
Ecumenical councils
  • First Seven Ecumenical Councils:
  • Other possible ecumenical councils:
  • Eighth
  • Ninth
  • Other important councils:
  • Quinisext Council
  • Jassy
  • Moscow
  • Jerusalem
History
Theology
  • History of Eastern Orthodox theology
    • (20th century (Neo-Palamism))
  • Apophaticism
  • Chrismation
  • Contemplative prayer
  • Essence vs. Energies
  • Hesychasm
  • Holy Trinity
  • Hypostatic union
  • Icons
  • Metousiosis
  • Mystical theology
  • Nicene Creed
  • Nepsis
  • Oikonomia vs Akribeia
  • Ousia
  • Palamism
  • Philokalia
  • Phronema
  • Sin
  • Theosis
  • Theotokos
  • Differences from the Catholic Church
  • Opposition to the Filioque
  • Opposition to papal supremacy
Liturgy and worship
  • Akathist
  • Apolytikion
  • Artos
  • Ectenia
  • Euchologion
  • Holy Water
  • Iconostasis
  • Jesus Prayer
  • Kontakion
  • Liturgical entrances
  • Liturgical fans
  • Lity
  • Memorial service
  • Memory Eternal
  • Omophorion
  • Eastern Orthodox bowing
  • Eastern Orthodox marriage
  • Praxis
  • Paraklesis
  • Paschal greeting
  • Paschal Homily
  • Paschal troparion
  • Prayer rope
  • Prosphora
  • Russian bell ringing
  • Semantron
  • Sign of the cross
  • Sticheron
  • Troparion
  • Vestments
  • Use of incense
Liturgical calendar
  • Paschal cycle
  • 12 Great Feasts
  • Other feasts:
  • Feast of Orthodoxy
  • Intercession of the Theotokos
  • The four fasting periods:
  • Nativity Fast
  • Great Lent
  • Apostles' Fast
  • Dormition Fast
Major figures
List
  • Architecture
  • Folk
  • Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs
  • Orthodox cross
  • Saint titles
  • Statistics by country

Etymology

Historically, the term "Greek Orthodox" has been used to describe all Eastern Orthodox churches, since the term "Greek" can refer to the heritage of the Byzantine Empire.[2][3][4] During the first eight centuries of Christian history, most major intellectual, cultural, and social developments in the Christian Church took place in the Byzantine Empire or its sphere of influence,[4][5][6] where the Greek language was widely spoken and used for most theological writings. The empire's capital, Constantinople, was an early important center of Christianity, and its liturgical practices, traditions, and doctrines were gradually adopted throughout Eastern Orthodoxy, still providing the basic patterns of contemporary Orthodoxy.[7][8][9] Thus, Eastern Orthodox came to be called "Greek" Orthodox in the same way that Western Christians came to be called "Roman" Catholic. However, the appellation "Greek" was abandoned by the Slavic and other Eastern Orthodox churches as part of their peoples' national awakenings, beginning as early as the 10th century A.D.[10][11][12] Thus, by the early 21st century, generally only those churches most closely tied to Greek or Byzantine culture and ethnicity were called "Greek Orthodox" in common parlance.[13]

Greek Orthodoxy has also been defined as a religious tradition rooted in preserving the Greek identity.[14]

History

The Greek Orthodox churches are descended from churches which the Apostles founded in the Balkans and the Middle East during the first century A.D.,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] as well as maintenance of many ancient church traditions.[21]

Churches
  • The four ancient patriarchates:
    • The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, headed by the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, who is also the "first among equals" of the Eastern Orthodox Church
      • The semi-autonomous Archdiocese of Crete
      • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain
      • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy
      • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
      • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Canada
      • The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia
    • The Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria
    • The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
    • The Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
      • The autonomous Church of Sinai

See also

References
  1. Patte, Daniel (2019-11-20). "Orthodox Churches, Eastern: Greek Orthodox Church and Its Theology". The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity, Two Volume Set. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 895. ISBN 978-1-5326-8943-7.
  2. Boyd, Kelly (August 8, 1999). Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781884964336 – via Google Books.
  3. Edwin Pears, The Destruction of the Greek Empire and the Story of the Capture of Constantinople by the Turks, Haskell House, 1968
  4. Millar, Fergus (2006). A Greek Roman Empire : Power and Belief under Theodosius II (408–450). University of California Press. p. 279 pages. ISBN 0-520-24703-5.
  5. Tanner, Norman P. The Councils of the Church, ISBN 0-8245-1904-3
  6. The Byzantine legacy in the Orthodox Church by John Meyendorff – 1982
  7. Hugh Wybrew, The Orthodox Liturgy: The Development of the Eucharistic Liturgy in the Byzantine Rite – 1990
  8. The Christian Churches of the East, Vol. II: Churches Not in Communion with Rome, by Donald Attwater – 1962
  9. J Meyendorff, Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes (1987)
  10. Joan Mervyn Hussey, The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire, 1990
  11. Vlasto, A. P. (1970). The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521074592. OCLC 637411069.
  12. Pantev, Andrey Lazarov (2000). Българска история в европейски контекст (in Bulgarian). IK "Khristo Botev". ISBN 9544456708. OCLC 45153811.
  13. "Greek Orthodox and Russian Orthodox - Questions & Answers". www.oca.org. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  14. Saloutos, Theodore (1973). ""The Greek Orthodox Church in the United States and Assimilation."". The International Migration Review. 7 (4): 395–407. doi:10.2307/3002553. JSTOR 3002553.
  15. Janet Saltzman Chafetz; Helen Rose Ebaugh (18 October 2000). Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations. AltaMira Press. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7591-1712-9. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The distinctive characteristics of the Greek Orthodox Church are its sense of continuity with the ancient Church of Christ and the Apostles and its changelessness. The Orthodox church traces its existence, through the ordination of Bishops, directly back to the Apostles and through them to Jesus.
  16. Sally Bruyneel; Alan G. Padgett (2003). Introducing Christianity. Orbis Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-60833-134-5. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The Eastern Orthodox and the Roman Catholic Churches are the oldest with roots going back to the earliest Christian groups.
  17. Benjamin Jerome Hubbard; John T. Hatfield; James A. Santucci (2007). An Educator's Classroom Guide to America's Religious Beliefs and Practices. Libraries Unlimited. p. 63. ISBN 978-1-59158-409-4. Retrieved 2 September 2013. The Orthodox Church traces its origins to the churches founded by the apostles in the Middle East and the Balkans in the first century.
  18. Robert L. Plummer (6 March 2012). Journeys of Faith: Evangelicalism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Anglicanism. Zondervan. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-310-41671-5. Retrieved 2 September 2013. Catholicism holds that if a Church claims to be Christian, then it must be able to show that its leaders-its bishops and its presbyters (or priests)- are successors of the apostles. That is why the Catholic Church accepts Eastern Orthodox ordinations and sacraments as valid, even though Eastern Orthodoxy is not in full communion with Rome.
  19. William A. Dyrness; Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen (25 September 2009). Global Dictionary of Theology: A Resource for the Worldwide Church. InterVarsity Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-8308-7811-6. Retrieved 2 September 2013. This connection is apparent through the historical succession of bishops of churches in a particular geographic locale and by fidelity to the teachings of the apostles (cf. Acts 2:42) and life as it developed in the patristic tradition and was articulated by the seven ecumenical councils.
  20. Heidi Campbell (22 March 2010). When Religion Meets New Media. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-203-69537-1. Retrieved 2 September 2013. There are three branches within Christianity: Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant. ... The Christian church draws its lineage and roots from the time of Jesus Christ and the apostles in CE 25–30 and the birth of the Church at Pentecost in ...
  21. Wendy Doniger (January 1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 2 September 2013. EASTERN ORTHODOXY, one of the major branches of CHRISTIANITY, characterized by its continuity with the apostolic church, its liturgy, and its territorial churches.
  22. "About Cyprus – Towns and Population". Government Web Portal – Areas of Interest. Government of Cyprus. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  23. Roudometof, Victor (2002). Collective memory, national identity, and ethnic conflict. Greenwood Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780275976484. the only remaining issues between the two sides concern the extent to which minority members should have equal rights with the rest of the Albanian citizens as well as issues of property and ecclesiastical autonomy for the Greek Orthodox Church of Albania.
  24. Thornberry, Patrick (1987). Minorities and human rights law (1. publ. ed.). London: Minority Rights Group. p. 36. ISBN 9780946690480.
  25. "Albanian church attack 'act of religious hatred'". WorldWide Religious News. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

Further reading
  • Aderny, Walter F. The Greek and Eastern Churches (1908) online
  • Constantelos, Demetrios J. Understanding the Greek Orthodox church: its faith, history, and practice (Seabury Press, 1982)
  • Fortesque, Adrian. The Orthodox Eastern Church (1929)
  • Hussey, Joan Mervyn. The orthodox church in the Byzantine empire (Oxford University Press, 2010) online
  • Kephala, Euphrosyne. The Church of the Greek People Past and Present (1930)
  • Latourette, Kenneth Scott. Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, II: The Nineteenth Century in Europe: The Protestant and Eastern Churches. (1959) 2: 479-484; Christianity in a Revolutionary Age, IV: The Twentieth Century in Europe: The Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Eastern Churches (1958)
  • McGuckin, John Anthony (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. Vol. 2 vols. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011).
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