Jože Plečnik

Jože Plečnik (pronunciation ) (23 January 1872 – 7 January 1957) was a Slovene architect who had a major impact on the modern architecture of Vienna, Prague and of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, most notably by designing the iconic Triple Bridge and the Slovene National and University Library building, as well as the embankments along the Ljubljanica River, the Ljubljana Central Market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas etc. His architectural imprint on Ljubljana has been compared to the impact Antoni Gaudí had on Barcelona.[1]

Jože Plečnik
Plečnik in 1943
Born(1872-01-23)23 January 1872
Ljubljana, Austria-Hungary
Died7 January 1957(1957-01-07) (aged 84)
Ljubljana, PR Slovenia, FPR Yugoslavia
NationalitySlovene
OccupationArchitect
BuildingsTriple Bridge, Ljubljana, (1929–32)
National and University Library (1930–41)
Prague Castle (1920–34)
Projectsunrealized Slovene Acropolis (Cathedral of Freedom) (1947)

His style is associated with the Vienna Secession style of architecture (a type of Art Nouveau). Besides in Ljubljana, he worked in Vienna, Belgrade and on Prague Castle. He influenced the avant-garde Czech Cubism. He is also a founding member of the Ljubljana School of Architecture, joining it upon an invitation by Ivan Vurnik, another notable Ljubljana architect.

Life

Plečnik was born in Maribor,-Duplek present-day Slovenia, the son of Helena (Molka) and Andrej Plečnik.[2] He studied under noted Viennese architect and educator Otto Wagner and worked in Wagner's architecture office until 1900. A woman-friend asked Plečnik to marry her written in a letter. He replied, “I am already married to my architecture.”[3]

Work

From 1900 through 1910, while practicing in the Wagner's office in Vienna, he designed the Langer House (1900) and the Zacherlhaus (1903–1905).

His 1910–1913 Church of the Holy Spirit (Heilig-Geist-Kirche) is remarkable for its innovative use of poured-in-place concrete as both structure and exterior surface, and also for its abstracted classical form language. Most radical is the church's crypt, with its slender concrete columns and angular, cubist capitals and bases.

In 1911, Plečnik moved to Prague, where he taught at the college of arts and crafts. The first president of the new Czechoslovak Republic from 1918 onwards, Tomáš Masaryk, appointed Plečnik chief architect for the 1920 renovation of Prague Castle. From 1920 until 1934 Plečnik completed a wide range of projects at the castle, including renovation of gardens and courtyards, the design and installation of monuments and sculptures, and the design of numerous new interior spaces, including the Plečnik Hall completed in 1930, which features three levels of abstracted Doric colonnades. His final work in Prague was the Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord (Roman Catholic, 1929–32).

Upon the 1921 establishment of the Ljubljana School of Architecture in his hometown of Ljubljana, he was invited by the fellow Slovene architect Ivan Vurnik to become a founding faculty member and moved to teach architecture at the University of Ljubljana. Plečnik would remain in Ljubljana until his death, and it is there that his influence as an architect is most noticeable.

Giving the city of Ljubljana its modern identity

Plečnik gave the capital of Slovenia, the city of Ljubljana, its modern identity by designing iconic buildings such as the Slovene National and University Library building. He also designed other notable buildings, including the Vzajemna Insurance Company Offices, and contributed to many civic improvements. He renovated the city's bridges and the Ljubljanica River banks, and designed the Ljubljana Central Market buildings, the Ljubljana cemetery, parks, plazas etc. Buildings designed by Plečnik were built by the constructor Matko Curk.[4]

During the Communist period of Slovene history Plečnik fell out of favor as a Catholic and his teaching role at the university was gradually reduced because he was over 70 years old. In 1947, at the invitation of the president of the Slovene People’s Assembly to design a new Parliament building, Plečnik proposed the Cathedral of Freedom (also known as the Plečnik Parliament) where he wanted to raze the Ljubljana Castle and to build a monumental octagonal building instead. In 1952, Ljubljana city leaders asked Plečnik to remodel the Križanke monastery into a venue for the Ljubljana Festival, his last big Ljubljana project. Other projects he completed at that time included the renovation of the Prešeren Theater, plus the Plečnik Arcades, stairway and fountain, all in Kranj, the reconstruction of churches, the design of the Pavilion on Brijuni Islands (Tito's summer state residence), and numerous National Liberation War monuments (in Ljubljana-Trnovo, Vipava, Radeče, Črna na Koroškem, Dolenja vas, Sevnica, Laško, Split, Kraljevo, etc.). For his work, he twice received the Prešeren Award, in 1949 and 1952 for his life's work. Plečnik died in 1957 and received an official state funeral in Žale, attended by many political, cultural and church leaders.

Legacy

In the 1980s, with postmodernist interest in Plečnik's work, the general interest in him has been revived, as well, after being forgotten during the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, Plečnik's legacy has been commemorated in various ways, most notably in the 1990s on the Slovene 500 tolar banknote, with the National and University Library of Slovenia depicted on the reverse.[5][6]

The unrealized Cathedral of Freedom designed by Plečnik is featured on the Slovene 10 cent euro coin.[1] Slovenska akropola is the title of a 1987 album by the Slovene industrial music group Laibach. During August 2008, a maquette of the Parliament was featured at the Project Plečnik exhibition on the architect's life, held at the Council of the European Union building in Brussels, Belgium on the occasion of the Slovene EU Presidency. The exhibition's curator Boris Podrecca described the Parliament as "the most charismatic object" of Plečnik's opus.[7]

In addition, on 23 January 2012, to celebrate the 140th anniversary of Plečnik's birth, a picture of the Triple Bridge was featured as the official Google logo (Doodle) adaptation in Slovenia.[1]

Plečnik's home in Ljubljana houses a museum of his life and work.[8] There are several busts and sculptures of him situated around Ljubljana as reminders of his works and legacy.

In 2021, selected works of Plečnik in Ljubljana and Črna vas were inscribed on the list of World Heritage Sites under the name "The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana – Human Centred Urban Design".[9]

  • Villa Langer (1901)
  • Villa Loos (1901)
  • Villa Weidmann (1902)
  • House Langer (1902)
  • Zacherlhaus (1905)
  • Tomb for Heinrich Peham von Bojernberg (1906)
  • Lacknergasse 98 (1907)
  • Villa Graßberger (1908)
  • Borromaeus fountain (1909)
  • Herbststraße 82 (1913)
  • Silbergasse 35 (1915)
  • Congress Square, Ljubljana (1928)
  • Fountain at Lány Castle (1930)
  • Triple Bridge extension (1931)
  • Trnovo Bridge (1931)
  • Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Belgrade (1932)
  • Church of the Most Sacred Heart of Our Lord, Prague (1932)
  • Tomb for Antonín Švehla (1933)
  • Church of Mary of Lourdes, Zagreb (1934)
  • Cemetery Navje (1938)
  • Marian column, Ljubljana (1938)
  • Jožamurka (1939)
  • National and University Library of Slovenia (1941)
  • Ljubljanica Sluice Gate (1944)

Work on Prague Castle
  • The Garden of Paradise (1925)
  • Flagpoles in front of the Matthiastor (1926)
  • Observation platform (1927)
  • Third courtyard and obelisk (1928)
  • Wall garden (1928)
  • Fountain (1928)
  • Stairway (1931)
  • Stairway (1932)

See also
  • Max Fabiani
  • Ivan Vurnik

References
  1. Jože Plečnik was for Ljubljana what Antonio Gaudi was for Barcelona (In Slovene: "Jože Plečnik za tisto, kar je bil za Barcelono Antonio Gaudi"), MMC RTV Slovenia, 23 January 2012
  2. "Kamniško-komendski biografski leksikon > Oseba".
  3. "Jože Plečnik's house/museumProfessor of Religious Studies, Author, PhotographerDon Michael Hudson". Don Michael Hudson. 23 May 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  4. Kobilica, Katarina; Studen, Andrej (1999). Volja do dela je bogastvo: mikrozgodovinska študija o ljubljanskem stavbnem podjetniku Matku Curku (1885–1953) in njegovi družini [The Will to Work Is a Fortune: A Microhistorical Study About the Ljubljana Construction Businessman Matko Curk (1885–1953)]. Korenine (in Slovenian). Nova revija. ISBN 961-6017-78-0.
  5. "P-16".
  6. Shafer, N., Cuhaj, G. S., Thern, R., & Bruce, C. R. (2019). Standard catalog of world paper money. Iola, WI: Krause Publications. Pg. 996
  7. Triera.com: Podreccova slovenska trilogija v Bruslju (in Slovene)
  8. "Plečnik House".
  9. "Izbrana Plečnikova dela v Ljubljani vpisana na Unescov seznam svetovne dediščine" [Selected Plečnik's works in Ljubljana inscribed on the Unesco's World Heritage list]. Dnevnik. 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.

Further reading
  • Berglund, Bruce. (2017), pp. "The Architect Creating for the Ages," in "Castle and Cathedral in Modern Prague: Longing for the Sacred in a Skeptical Age." Budapest and New York. Central European University Press. Pp. 63-108.
  • Prelovšek, Damjan. (1992) Jože Plečnik: 1872–1957: Architectura perennis. Salzburg. Residenz verlag. Published in English version in 1997 by Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06953-7
  • Margolius, Ivan. (1995) "Jože Plečnik: Church of the Sacred Heart." Architecture in Detail series. London. Phaidon Press.
  • Krečič, Peter. (1993) "Plečnik, the complete works." New York. Whitney Library of Design. ISBN 0-8230-2565-9
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