Kannada people

The Kannada people or Kannadigaru[lower-alpha 1] [IAST: Kannadadavaru or Kannadigas (English term)] are a Dravidian ethno-linguistic group who trace their ancestry to the South Indian state of Karnataka in India and its surrounding regions.[5] Kannada belongs to the Dravidian family of languages.[6] Kannada stands among 30 of the most widely spoken languages of the world as of 2001.[7]

Kannadigaru
Kannadiga (masculine)
Kannadathi (feminine)
Total population
c. 44 million[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
 India44 million[3]
Languages
Kannada
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
[4]
Related ethnic groups
Dravidians · Tuluvas · Konkanis · Kodavas · Telugu • Tamils • Malayalis

Evidence for human habitation in Karnataka exists from at least the 2nd millennium BCE, and the region is postulated to have had contact with the Indus Valley civilization. The existence of artifacts (such as Roman coins) shows Karnataka was engaged in trade as early as the 1st century CE. In the 3rd-4th century BCE the land was ruled by the Mauryas and Jainism was very popular.

After the Mauryas, parts of Karnataka were variously ruled by dynasties who were either ethnically Kannadiga or from the outside. The Vijayanagara, Kadambas, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas and Hoysalas were some of the many major Kannada kingdoms and dynasties ruling the region.

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Kannadiga chieftains who were great patrons of Kannada art and literature.

The Kannada language has written inscriptions since 450 CE. Kannada literature is mostly composed of poems and treatises on religious works. Kannada architecture is dominated by stone-carved sculptured palaces and temples. The ruins of Hampi are a UNESCO World Heritage site.

History
Gold coins issued by Kadamba King Toyimadeva, 1048 - 1075 A.D
Sala fighting the lion, the royal emblem of Hoysala Empire

The Brahmagiri archaeological site near Chitradurga district, central Karnataka attests to evidence of settlement in the Karnataka region from at least the 2nd millennium BCE. Excavations at the Chandravalli historical site has revealed interaction with Roman and Chinese travelers around the 2nd and 3rd century BCE.[8] Talagunda[9] and Halmidi inscriptions stand as the oldest known full-length inscriptions in Kannada.

The language was once popular from the Kaveri to Godavari rivers as mentioned in the Kannada classic Kavirajamarga of 850 CE.[10] Archaeological evidences show Kannada inscriptions found as far north as Madhya Pradesh (inscription of Krishna III) and Bihar.[11] Karnataka Expansion provides insights to kingdoms of northern India whose originators were from Kannada country.[12]

The major empires and kingdoms, their regal capital and most distinguished kings were:

Pulakeshin II the most celebrated ruler of Chalukya dynasty

Minor dynasties that have played an important role in the development of Kannada, culture and polity were Chutus of Banavasi (feudatory to Satavahana Empire),[13][14] Tuluva Dynasty of Canara,[15] Rattas of Saundatti (Belgaum),[15] Guttas of Guttal (Dharwad region),[16] Banas of Kolar,[17] Nolambas of Nolambavadi,[18][19] Vaidumbas,[20][21] Chengalvas,[15] Kongalvas,[15] Sendrakas of Nagarkhanda (Banavasi province), Yalahanka Nadaprabhu Kempegowda,[22] Sindas of Yelburga (Bijapur-Gulbarga),[16] Kadamba of Hangal.[23]

In addition, other well known kingdoms that patronized Kannadiga poets and Kannada language were:

Immigrants from Karnataka

In addition to those empires that ruled from the Karnataka region, based on inscriptions and literary evidence historians have discussed the possibility that kingdoms of Kannada origin were established in other parts of India as well.

Culture

Architecture
Hampi, capital of Vijayanagara Empire

Architecture and Sculpture has been the epitome of art in Karnataka. Be it the musical pillars of Hampi, which is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site,[48] the ekashila (monolithic) statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali that was voted by Indians as the first of Seven Wonders of India,[49] the Yelu Sutthina Kote of Chitradurga (The Fort of Seven Laps) cutting across hill or the wholesomeness of carvings of temples which bared down all desires to be left out of it and formless (above all forms) all encompassing — the inner garbhagrihas. The temples of Karnataka had in them many shaili or varieties to credit. A majority of the temples were built using the locally available stones.

57-foot monolithic statue of Gommateshvara Bahubali dated 978–993 AD.
Traditional folk house with courtyard and tulasi katte.

Some of the places of interest are:

Pioneer sculptors include:

  • Amarashilpi Jakanachari
  • Ruvari Malithamma
  • Chavundaraya
  • Siddalinga Swami
  • K. Venkatappa

Modern day contemporaries include visionary architects such as:

  • Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, father of modern Indian engineering, Kannambadi Katte or KRS dam
  • Kengal Hanumanthaiah, Vidhana Soudha
Mysore religious icon painting depicting Goddess Saraswathi

Modern Kannada art is primarily influenced by Raja Ravi Varma and his realism. Popular visual arts generally revolve around puppetry. Most traditional religious paintings include works that are very colorful.

These are many of the places where art is displayed.

  • Karnataka Chitrakala Parishat
  • Chowdiah Memorial Hall
  • Gaayana Samaja
  • Ranga Shankara
  • Nrithya Grama
  • Ravindra Kalakshetra
  • Gubbi Veeranna Rangamandira
  • Janapada Loka
  • Rangayana
  • Ninasam
  • Prabhat Kalavidaru

Music

Dasa sahitya is the literature of Bhakti movement composed by devotees in honor of Lord Vishnu or one of his avatars. Dasa is literally "servant" in Kannada and sahitya is literature. Haridasas ("servants of God") were preachers of Bhakti to Vishnu. The bhakti literature of these Haridasas is collectively referred to as Dasa Sahitya. It is composed in the Kannada language.[56]

The Haridasas richly contributed to the heritage of Karntataka music.[56][57] They made an indelible impression on the religious and cultural life of Karnataka by spreading the didactic teachings in a musical form to the hearts of the common folk.[58] Like other doyens of Indian classical music, these scholars offered prayer to Vishnu through music, called naadopasana. The Lord is described as Samagana priya, and bhakti through music is the most preferred path to 'reach' Him.[59]

The Haridasa compositions are popularly known as Devaranamas. Compositions like Krishna Nee Begane Baaro, Venkatachala Nilayam, Jagadoddharana, Tamboori Meetidava are some of the many examples of their scholarly work.

Veena is the most commonly used instrument in Carnatic music.

Some noted Haridasas or composers of Dasa Sahitya are:

  • Purandara Dasa, widely regarded as Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha or "Father of Carnatic music"[60]
  • Kanaka Dasa, a younger contemporary of Purandara Dasa
  • Sripadaraja
  • Vyasatirtha
  • Vadirajatirtha
  • Jagannatha Dasa
  • Jayatirtha
  • Gopala Dasa
  • Vijaya Dasa
  • Naraharitirtha

One of the oldest forms of music in the region is Karnataka Shastreeya Sangeetha which has evolved over ages. Both Hindustani and Karnataka variations are respected and nurtured by Kannadigas. Bhavageete and Sugama Sangeetha are some innovations. Other forms of music include Gamaka,[61] Joogera Pada and Lavani.[62] Yakshagana is considered a unique and indigenous form of both music and dance of Karnataka.[63]

Contemporary musical thespians are:

Veene Sheshanna (1852-1926) notable Veena player and composer.
  • Pandit Bhimsen Joshi, recipient of the Bharat Ratna — India's highest civilian honor[64]
  • Gangubai Hangal, awarded both Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan in 1971 and 2002 respectively[65]
  • C. Aswath, recipient of Karnataka Rajyotsava Prashasti for his immense contribution to Bhavageete[66]
  • Veene Doraiswamy Iyengar
  • Puttaraj Gawai
  • Honnappa Bhagavathar
  • P. Kalinga Rao
  • Balappa Hukkeri
  • Mallikarjuna Mansur
  • Basavaraja Rajguru
  • Veene Sheshanna
  • T. Chowdiah
  • Sawai Gandharva
  • Kumar Gandharva
  • Mysore Ananthaswamy
  • Mysore Manjunath

Theater
Jaanapada artists at government-sponsored Jaanapadha Jaatre

Rangabhoomi or the theater culture is a tradition with Kannadigas. While a lot of gadhya (literature) is written in praise of the heroic characters of the epics and puranas, there are major works depicting the kings and their rule. These are called Naataka (plays having wide-ranging stages for performance like Rangamancha staged in either theaters or on streets) and Bayalata (ಬಯಲಾಟ).[67] As its etymology indicates, bayalu means open-air field and ata means theater. In southern Karnataka, the eastern and western varieties of Yakshagana are termed Bayalata, whereas in the north, several other distinct genres are included under the name.[68]

Harikathe which covers an entire night is another form where one (or more) person tells a story in an outstanding manner accompanied by music at background.[69] It is a common feature to narrate battles, stories, devotions or vratha in front of temples on auspicious days like Dasara and Maha Shivaratri.[70] Harikathe is a composite art form composed of story telling, poetry, music, drama, dance, and philosophy. Today, late-night Harikathe sessions are organized overseas where Kannadiga population is considerable.[71]

Togalu gombeyaata, is a unique puppet show form of shadow puppetry, Gombe ata involves story telling using character made from dolls, Whose performance is controlled by the humans in the background using invisible threads [72]

Vasanta Habba (ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ), which means "spring festival" in Kannada is a cultural festival organized by the Nrityagram foundation in Bengaluru. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical Woodstock of India.[73] First held in 1990, it now attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.[74] Similarly,'Bengaluru Habba (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ಹಬ್ಬ is a congregation of art performances at places in the city which is successfully celebrated every year. It aims to provide aesthetic entertainment to a wide cultural, social and demographic cross-section of the city's people by partnering with corporates and other stakeholders since 2003.[75] In 2006, the Government of Karnataka tried to bring the folklore and art into the city of Bengaluru by initiating Jaanapada Jaatre which was hugely successful and received well by art lovers. It is usually held on select weekends in Lalbagh and other parts of the city.[76]

Some famous theatrical, cinematic and television personalities like T P Kailasam, Gubbi Veeranna, C. Honappa Bhagavathar, G V Iyer, Dr. Rajkumar, Puttanna Kanagal, Kalpana, B. S. Ranga, B V Karanth, Girish Kasaravalli, Shankar Nag, T.S. Nagabharana, T N Seetharam have contributed for its richness.

Dance forms

The mystic and spirited reliving of legends and epics are the major depictions in dance forms. With the theater of battle scenes of heroism, loyalty and treachery, colour and pageantry are the main subjects. More are adapted with the course of nature and seasons adding colour to the harvesting seasons. Tribal forms of dance can be found limited in the regions inhabited by Soligas, of which Pinasee is a traditional dance form.[77] The people of Kodagu in the Western Ghats also have their own dance forms.

Some of the folk dances and classical dance forms in Karnataka include:

  • Dollu Kunitha, a popular drum dance accompanied by singing
  • Veeragase, It is vigorous dance which involves very intense energy-sapping movements performed by jangamas [78]
  • Kamsale, is a folk dance performed by the devotees of lord Male mahadeshwara with rhythmic instrument
  • Somana Kunitha / Chamana kunitha, a Form of mask dance, Somana kunitha is ritualistic performance during the festivals in temples, prominently glorifying village dieties worshipped by the people since ages [79]
  • Pooja Kunita, A religious folk dance of Karnataka which is performed by holding Shakti devata on the head[80]
  • Suggi Kunitha, is performed during harvesting festival in Karnataka, Haalakki tribe living in coastal part of north canara perform this dance at the time of holy harvesting festival [81]
  • Goravara Kunitha is a treditional dance of kurubas which is dedicated to lord mialara linga
  • Yakshagana is a form of dance which is popular in coastal Karnataka [82]
  • Bhootha (Gana) Aradhane /Buta Kola, This form of dance is widely performed in coastal regions. A dancer personifying a bhoota (holy spirit) dances around the plinth with sword & jingling bells.
  • Gaarudi Gombe, where dancers adorn themselves with giant doll-suits made of bamboo sticks
  • Kolata, a stick dance
  • Huttari, is a form of dance performed by Kodavas during harvest festival
  • Moodalapaya, is the eastern form of Yakshagana which is popular in North Karnataka[83][84]
  • Bayalata, featuring stories of Puranas rendered as dance
  • Bharatanatyam is classical dance of Karnataka, too. It is referred to as Bharata Natya in Kannada. The form was mentioned in the Kannada text Manasollasa, written by Someshwara lll.
  • Jaggahalige Mela, is performed in hubli-dharwad region on the auspicious occasion of Holi & ugadi[85]
  • Karaga (festival), is celebrated annually which is dedicated to draupadi, Bengaluru Karaga is a notable event.

Martial arts

The martial arts more prevalent in parts of North Karnataka with Garadi Mane present in every village and a head to train the youngsters into fit individuals. Kusthi, Malla Yuddha, Kathi Varase (which can be seen depicted in Veeragase and similar to sword fighting), Malla Kambha (gymnastics on a pole structure with/without rope) are some of the prominent arts practised.

The Mysore Odeyars arrange kaalaga or fights like Vajra Mushti during Dasara festival which is made less frightening these days as they are publicly staged. Rock lifting, Bull race, Kusthi, and Kabaddi are popular sports.[86]

Yogasana, Praanayama and health-related camps are very popular throughout the state and some of the best Yoga practitioners can be found here. Art of Living is one such organization immensely popular all over the world.

  • Malladihalli Sri Raghavendra Swami
  • K. Pattabhi Jois

Festivals

Kannadigas celebrate festivals throughout the year presenting the diverse culture and belief of the ethnicity. Festivals have varied reasons to celebrate.

  • Agriculture: Upon onset of monsoon, sowing or harvest there are festivals celebrated like Chaandramana Ugaadi (marking of new year), Makara Sankranthi and Huttari.
  • Monsoon: Dasara/Navarathri, Ayudha Puja, and Deepavali.
  • Puraana: Maha Shivarathri, Varamahalakshmi Vrata, Bheemana Amavasye, Swarna Gowri Vratha, Ganesha Chaturthi, Naagara Panchami, Ratha Sapthami, Krishna Janmashtami, Rama Navami, Vijaya Dashami, Vaikunta Ekadashi, Naraka Chaturdashi, Bali Padyami and others.

In the countryside, a dana jaathre (livestock fair) is held which is a conglomeration of people where a local demigod is worshiped and a ratha or theru (chariots) are moved by the bhakthas and daasoha (free food) is arranged for the visitors.

North Karnataka has a unique blend of Hindu and Muslim brotherhood with people celebrating festivals in unison and exchanging goodwills owing to great revolutionary Shishunala Sharif and Guru Govinda Bhatta who had displayed their religious tolerance and spiritual unity of all religions.

Christmas is celebrated at large in Bengaluru and Mangalooru which host some of the oldest churches and educational institutions of the country. Buddha, Mahaveera, Shankara, Basavanna and Gandhi are remembered on their birth anniversaries.

Cuisine
Masale Dosey

The cuisine of Karnataka includes many vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. One of the earliest Indian books with chapters on culinary preparations Manasollasa was from Karnataka written during the reign of Kannada emperor Someshwara |||. The varieties reflect influences from the food habits of many regions and communities from the three neighbouring South Indian states, as well as the state of Maharashtra to its north. Soopa Shastra is notable medieval Kannada literally work written in 1508 A.D on the subject of Kannada cuisine.[87]

Some typical everyday dishes in Kannadigas homes include Bisi Bele Bath, Jolada rotti, Ragi rotti, Akki rotti, Masale rotti, Saaru, Huli, Benne dose, Ragi mudde, Chitranna, Chapathi, Poori, Avalakki, Puri Usli, Puliyogare (tamarind rice) and Uppittu. Dosa (food) origin is linked to Udupi cuisine. A recipe for dosa (as dosaka) can be found in Manasollasa book[88][89] Plain and rave Idli, Masala Dosa or Masale dosey and Maddur Vade are very popular in South Karnataka. Neer dosa is a delicacy from coastal Karnataka[90] Davanagere Benne dose is notable flavour dosa. Kadubu, a kind of rice dumplings, is a popular and ethnic food in South Malnad regions such as Sakaleshpura, Mudigere, Somwarapete, etc. and is consumed with huchellu (black sesame) chutney.

Among sweets, Mysore Pak, Dharwad pedha, Chiroti, Jalebi, and Belagavi Kunda are well known. Hurnagadab, Karadantu of Gokak and Amingarh, Obbattu (bele hurana holige) , Kaayi Kadubu, Kaayi (coconut)Obbattu, Shenga holige, Thambittu (tamta), Karji Kai, Ellu unde, Ginna, Halubai, Rave Unde, Shavige Kaayi haalu, Variety of Payasa ( Shavige payasa, kadle bele payasa, Hesaru bele payasa, Sabakki payasa ), Sajjige, Kesari bat are popular sweets, Indis (chutneys) of Karnataka have a very distinct taste and flavour. Some popular ones include Shenga indi (groundnut), Agashi indi, Karal indi, Inichi indi and Mavina indi (mango). Similarly, Karnataka uppinakai (pickles) too are very distinct from the rest like Mavina thokku (fine mango pickles), Nimbekai uppinakai (lemon pickles), Tenga Mavina uppinakai (entire mango pickle), gaajri uppinkai (carrot pickle) and menshinikai uppinakai (chili pickle).

Clothing
Girls in langa at a school function. The teacher has a sari and the boys are wearing kurta-pyjama

The costume of Kannada people varies from place to place. The Kannadiga male costume mainly include panche (some tie as Kachche) or lungi (wrapping style depends on the region), Angi a traditional form of shirt and Peta turban worn in Mysuru style or Dharwad style. Shalya is a piece of long cloth which is put on shoulder commonly seen in countryside. Many use Khadi in their clothing till date of which politicians are prominent ones.

Female costumes include Seere of which Ilakal Seere and Mysore silk are famous. Seere has variations of draping depending on regions like Kodagu, North and South Karnataka and Karavali. Young women in some parts of Karnataka traditionally wear the Langa davani after puberty. Kasuti is a form of embroidery work which is very popularly sought-after art on dress and costumes.

An Urban male costume comprises trousers, a shirt and sandals, while that of females include shalwar and moderate heeled sandals. Jeans are popular among the youth, while new age Khadi/silk printed with art or emblem also find place.

Karnataka has the only village in the country which produces authentic Indian national flags according to manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards at Hubli.[91]

Literature

Kannada literature is filled with literary figures and pioneers all through. With an unbroken literary history of over a thousand years,[92] the excellence of Kannada literature continues into the present day: works of Kannada literature have received eight Jnanpith awards[93] and fifty-six Sahitya Akademi awards.

Pampa, Ranna and Ponna are considered as three jewels of Old Kannada (Halegannada). Janna was another notable poet of this genre.[94][95]

Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi, Allama Prabhu, Vidyaranya, Harihara, Raghavanka, Kumara Vyasa, Sarvajna, Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Shishunala Shareefa, Raghavendra Swami etc. were pioneers of Nadugannada. All these have been involved with social and cultural movements and hence this was the golden era of literature which brought about a renaissance in Kannada literature. This period was amalgamation of literature works which crossed across boundaries under a vast roof encompassed by art and theater fields. The literature works of Kannada in Navodaya is crowned with eight Jnanpith awards.[96]

Some of the contemporary active institutions of Kannada literature are:

  • Kannada Sahitya Parishat
  • Academies operating as its wings include Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, and Urdu. A Byari academy is the latest academy opened in Karnataka.[97]

Noted travellers and linguists who contributed during the pre- and post-imperial eras include Germany's Ferdinand Kittel, England's Thomas Hodson, Persia's Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī and China's Huen-tsang.

Kannada journalism
Bhashyam Bhashyachar published "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859.

Mangaluru Samachara was the first Kannada news publication as early as 1843 by German missionary Hermann Mögling.[98] Followed by Bhashyam Bhashyachar who is credited with publishing the first Kannada weekly from Mysore "Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini" in 1859 under the royal patronage of Krishnaraja Wadiyar III.[99] Shortly after Indian independence in 1948, K. N. Guruswamy founded The Printers (Mysore) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers, Deccan Herald and Prajavani. Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest-selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively.[100][101] D. V. Gundappa was notable Kannada journalist, he was awarded third-highest civilian award Padmabhushan in 1974.[102]

List of a few major newspapers:

  • Prajavani
  • Samyuktha Karnataka
  • Kannadaprabha
  • Udayavani
  • Vijayavani
  • Hosa Digantha
  • Vishwavani News
  • Vijaya Karnataka

Spiritual leaders
  • Shivakumara Swami, Siddaganga Matha, Tumkur, Karnataka
  • Balagangadharanatha Swamiji, Sri Adichunchanagiri Maha Samsthana Math
  • Shivamurthy Shivacharya Mahaswamiji
  • Taralabalu Jagadguru Brihanmath, Sirigere
  • Beerendra Keshava Tarakananda Puri

Gandhian philosophers
  • Kadidal Manjappa former chief minister of Karnataka
  • H. Narasimhaiah
  • Kollur Mallappa
  • B D Jatti - former president and vice president of India
  • Mailara Mahadevappa- only person from Karnataka to accompany Gandhiji in Dandi salt sathyagraha/march
  • Gudleppa Hallikeri

Modern science and technology
  • N. K. Naik - Professor Emeritus at IIT Bombay.
  • Raja Ramanna - Indian nuclear scientist and father of the Indian nuclear bomb.
  • Dr. M.C. Modi - Ophthalmologist and humanist.
  • C. N. R. Rao - Notable Solid-state scientist and chairman of Science Advisory Council of GOI. Recently awarded with India's highest civilian award Bharat Ratna
  • K. N. Shankara - Indian space scientist and master in satellite payload technology.
  • Shakuntala Devi - Mathematics.
  • Vivek Murthy American physician serves as the 19th Surgeon General of the United States.
  • Narayan Hosmane - Biochemistry and Cancer research.
  • S. K. Shivkumar - Scientist, ISRO telemetry (ISRO), associated with Chandrayaan-1 lunar probe.
  • Shrinivas Kulkarni - Professor of astrophysics and planetary science at Caltech, United States of America.
  • S. Shankar Sastry - Dean of the College of Engineering at the University of California, Berkeley.
  • L. S. Shashidhara - Developmental biologist, geneticist and a professor and chair of Biology at Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER).
  • M. Visvesvaraya - Indian scholar and engineer, who also served as the Diwan of Mysore

Environmentalists

Karnataka is one of the few states which, while a leading contributor for GDP of the country[103] and home for industries, has preserved its forests and wildlife. The evergreen Sahyadri and Western Ghats are home to protected Wildlife of Karnataka. The Kannada culture protects and balances Kaadu (forest) and Naadu (state) as can be seen. Although seen scantly still the state enjoys the diversity owing to tribal sects of Soliga, Badaga, Jenu Kuruba, Hakki Pikki, Lambani, Siddis and other inhabitants of forests. See Appiko Chaluvali.

Noted environmentalists include:

  • Ullas Karanth (tiger research biologists/zoologist)
  • Tulsi Gowda
  • Saalumarada Thimmakka
  • Suresh Heblikar
  • Poornachandra Tejaswi (ornithologist / littérateur)
  • Snake Shyam
  • Krupakar-Senani

Current cricketers
  • KL Rahul
  • Prasidh Krishna
  • Manish Pandey
  • Mayank Agarwal
  • Abhimanyu Mithun
  • Vinay Kumar
  • Stuart Binny
  • Sreenath Arvind
  • Krishnappa Gowtham
  • R Samarth
  • Shreyas Gopal

Retired cricketers
  • Anil Kumble
  • Rahul Dravid
  • Javagal Srinath
  • Gundappa Vishwanath
  • Vijay Bhardwaj
  • Venkatesh Prasad
  • B.S. Chandrashekhar
  • E. A. S. Prasanna
  • Roger Binny
  • Sunil Joshi
  • Syed Kirmani
  • Sujith Somasunder
  • Dodda Ganesh
  • David Johnson

Culture

Purana

The Puranas describe the region as Kishkindha in the age of the Ramayana. There is also literary evidence that the region of Mysore was called "Mahisha Mandala" after the mythological demon Mahishasura. Parashurama and Hanumantha are some epic characters to be cited relating to this place. Hanumantha (Hanuman) is said to be born in Kishkindha, Karnataka.

Punya Koti

One of the most popular and acknowledged Jaanapada songs is "Dharani mandala madhyadolage" which narrates an incidence between mother cow and an aggressive tiger in a place called Karnataka.

Vishwa Maanava

Karnataka as now can be viewed as a multicultural state – almost all the religions that can be found in India can be found here and there has been lot immigration as well due to which multi-ethnic diaspora can be seen. As the kingdoms provided a safe centres for development of all cultures we can see a huge diversities from region to region. Even the language and dialects varies from place to place. The language has evolved distinctly in both the backyard (folk/basic/prakrutha) and frontyard (refined and related to Samskrutha/Sanskrit) of the culture. It can be said that the major works of Sanskrit have originated and continues to evolve here. Shringeri, Udupi are some of nerve centres. One of the leading examples include a village near Shivamogga where people speak only Sanskrit till date. Bengaluru being Kannada majority has almost all language speakers of India, and kannadigaru are said to be tolerant and welcoming people.

Tha aikya linga of Basavanna – the ab-initio of social spiritual reformation and a known vachanakaara, at Kudalasangama

One of the most acknowledged concept is to be a Vishwa Maanava or universal being. In Kuvempu's ideology this has a renowned explanation "Every Child is born as a Vishwa Maanava or a Universal Human. It is we who make him Alpa Maanava or Little Human by putting various constrictions of borders rituals and castes. It hence becomes responsibility of our culture to again make him a Universal Being unbound and free." The Kannadiga culture is known to provide shelter and self-respect to people by owning them and their culture. Two colonies for refugees from Tibet are formed, one near Mundgod and one near Kushalanagara, protecting them from Chinese atrocities. Karnataka has sheltered flood victims of northeastern India like Assam and provided them jobs. One of the easily seen diversity is the surnames which vary from hugely like some may involve names involving a Hindu and Muslim name or having a Hindu Christian name (more found in Mangaluru) or even a Muslim Christian name.[104]

Political sphere

After the Odeyar era who already had established democracy by naming elected representative called Saamantha in southern regions as early as the 19th century, the 1947 partition brought a centre into being under democracy and Karnataka accepted a bicameral legislature. But this was a functionally a failure as there always has been a tug of war from centre and states to an extent that from the 1990s to 2010 there have always been different political parties operating at centre and state. North Karnataka had other problems of getting independence more from Nizams. So there were two spheres. Lack of will and coordination and constant fights have been hallmark of politics which has prevented a regional party/media from arising in the land. Kerala being a neighbour where hugely successful communist ideology in bringing up literacy levels has a backing here and a few naxalite outfits function in Karnataka.

Functional failure of all pillars of democracy even being upper riparian state can be clearly seen in the Kaveri River Water Dispute issue. The failure extended to bureaucracy and Karnataka reached the position of being fourth most corrupt state of India[105] due to political and bureaucratic lobby. Because of this, Lokayukta (see N. Venkatachala) was formed but could not get the required powers to deal with the powerful. In the field of press and journalism P. Lankesh and S. Gurumurthy[106] are some of the noted ones famous for their leftist affiliations.

Caste and Communities

Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, Kannada speaking people also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the Lingayat and the Vokkaliga from North and South Karnataka respectively, while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former pastoralist community of Kuruba, Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. Kannada Brahmins are divided into several communities.[107][108] Although historically Jainism in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.[109]

Horanadu Kannadigaru

Horanadu Kannadigas (or non-resident Kannadigas) are Kannadigas who have migrated to another state or country, people of Kannada origin born outside Karnataka, or people of Kannada origin who reside permanently outside of Karnataka. N R Narayana Murthy, speaking at the 2011 World Kannada Conference, opined that Kannadigas who move out of the state are respected everywhere.[110] Although the failure in political arena has reflected in the cultural isolation of emigrants, some of the successful functional bodies include Singara (Singapore),[111] Dehali Kannadiga (New Delhi), Mumbai Karnataka Sangha (Mumbai),[112] Mallige Kannada Balaga (Mauritius),[113] North America Vishwa Kannada Association (NAVIKA) and Association of Kannada Kootas of America (AKKA) in the United States have promoted cultural involvement[114] through events such as Kannadotsava. Significant Kannada minorities are found in the Indian states of Maharashtra in Kolhapur, Solapur and Sangli;[115] Tamil Nadu in Nilgiri, Erode, Dharampuri and Hosur;[116] Andhra Pradesh in Madakasira, Rayadurgam, Anantapura, Chitoor and Kurnool; Goa; Kerala in Waynad;[117][118] and in other Indian states.[115] The Kannadiga diaspora are found all over the world, in countries like the USA, the United Kingdom, Canada, and in the UAE.[119][120][121][122][123][124]

Unification of Karnataka

First and Second World Wars

After occupying Mysore, British offered 8 acres & a Rs 75 salary for WWII volunteers from Karnataka.[125] Kannadiga regiments were disbanded after World War II.[126][127] records, as historians still debate about exclusion of revolts from south of Vindhyas against British Indian Army.[128]

From September 1939 until August 1945, recruitment was done at Regimental Centre at Belagavi for the Madras Regiment, the Mahar Regiment, and the Lingayat Regiment.[129]

The post-1947 scene

During the period of British rule, state of Karnataka as it stands today did not exist. Areas that today comprise Karnataka were under as many as 20 different administrative units with the princely state of Mysore, Nizam's Hyderabad, the Bombay Presidency, the Madras Presidency and the territory of Kodagu being the most important ones. In effect, nearly two-thirds of what is now Karnataka fell outside the rule of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore. In addition the proposed state had six neighbours — Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala — and all had Kannadigas along the borders overlapping these regions.

What this meant for the Kannadigas in these regions was that they were reduced to linguistic minorities wherever they were. Kannadigas in the Hubli-Karnataka region for example, came under the rule of the Bombay presidency where Marathi was the official language. Those in the Hyderabad-Karnataka region came under the Nizam's rule where Urdu ruled, while in Mysore Kingdom, Kannada was the official language.

It was in this backdrop that the movement that first started as a protest against linguistic oppression, soon morphed into one that began demanding a separate state be created consolidating all Kannada speaking regions. This was essentially a movement that was spearheaded by the poets, journalists and writers and was called the Ekikarana or 'Unification' movement. India gained independence in 1947. The joy of independence soon gave way to disappointment as the new government started dragging its feet on Karnataka Ekikarana movement. Kannada speaking areas now got grouped under five administrative units of the Bombay and Madras provinces, Kodagu, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad. The Akhila Karnataka Ekikarana Parishat met in Kasargod and reiterated the demand for a separate state for Kannadigas.

The ratification in parliament of the recommendations of the Fazal Ali Committee brought joy to the Kannadiga population that now was merged under the state of Mysore.

On 1 November 1973, under Devaraj Urs as chief minister, Mysore state was renamed as Karnataka since it was felt that Karnataka was more 'inclusive' of all the other regions of Karnataka than the name Mysore.

Kannada unification organisations currently active include:

  • Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha
  • Karnataka Ekikarana Samithi
  • Karnataka Rakshana Vedike
  • Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha
Karnataka Emblem
Karnataka Popular Flag

See also
  • Kannada film industry
  • Kannada language
  • Kannada literature
  • Kannada poetry
  • Karnataka
  • Karnataka literature
  • List of people from Bangalore
  • List of people from Karnataka
  • List of people of North Karnataka
  • North Karnataka
  • Sanganakallu
  • Siribhoovalaya - a unique literary work[130]

Notes
    1. Kannadigas is a term obtained by adding the English suffix -s to Kannadiga to make it plural. Kannadigaru is the plural form in Kannada. Kannadiga is a masculine term; the feminine term is Kannadathi. Kannadigaru is essentially a masculine term as opposed to Kannadatiyaru but is used when the genders of group members are unclear in context.

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    Further reading
    • John Keay, History of India, 2000, Grove publications, New York, ISBN 0-8021-3797-0
    • Suryanath U. Kamat, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002) OCLC: 7796041
    • Dr. Romila Thapar, The Penguin History of Early India, From Origin to 1300 AD., 2003, Penguin, New Delhi, ISBN 0-14-302989-4
    • Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1934), The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during c. 750 AD to c. 1000 AD, Oriental Book Agency, Poona, OCLC 3793499
    • K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, History of South India, From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar, 1955, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002), ISBN 0-19-560686-8
    • R. Narasimhacharya, History of Kannada Literature, 1988, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1988 ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
    • Malini Adiga (2006), The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400–1030, Orient Longman, Chennai, ISBN 81-250-2912-5
    • George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81-206-0595-0
    • Rice, B.L. [1897] (2001). Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.
    • Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern), Chand publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-219-0153-7
    • Cousens, Henry, (1926), The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, OCLC 37526233
    • Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
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