List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
This article is a list of the countries of the world by gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, i.e., the PPP value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. This is similar to nominal GDP per capita, but adjusted for the cost of living in each country.
![](../I/Map_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_in_2022_by_IMF.png.webp)
>$60,000
$50,000 – $60,000
$40,000 – $50,000
$30,000 – $40,000 |
$20,000 – $30,000
$10,000 – $20,000
$5,000 – $10,000
$2,500 – $5,000 |
$1,500 – $2,500
<$1,500
No data |
In 2019, the estimated average GDP per capita (PPP) of all of the countries of the world was Int$ 18,381.[n 1] For rankings regarding wealth, see list of countries by wealth per adult.
Method
The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita figures on this page are derived from PPP calculations. Such calculations are prepared by various organizations, including the IMF and the World Bank. As estimates and assumptions have to be made, the results produced by different organizations for the same country are not hard facts and tend to differ, sometimes substantially, so they should be used with caution.
Comparisons of national wealth are frequently made on the basis of nominal GDP and savings (not just income), which do not reflect differences in the cost of living in different countries (see List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita); hence, using a PPP basis is arguably more useful when comparing generalized differences in living standards between economies because PPP takes into account the relative cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries, rather than using only exchange rates, which may distort the real differences in income.
This is why GDP (PPP) per capita is often considered one of the indicators of a country's standard of living,[3][4] although this can be problematic because GDP per capita is not a measure of personal income. (See Standard of living and GDP.)
GDP (PPP) and GDP (PPP) per capita are usually measured by international dollar, which is a hypothetical currency that has the same purchasing power in every economy as the U.S. dollar in the United States.
Table
All figures are in current international dollars, and rounded to the nearest whole number.
The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available estimates, and can be reranked by either of the sources
* Nearly all country links in the table connect to articles titled "Income in (country or territory)" or to "Economy of (country or territory)".
Country/Territory | UN Region | IMF[5][6][7] | World Bank[8] | CIA[9][10][11] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | Year | Estimate | Year | Estimate | Year | ||
![]() | Europe | 141,587 | 2022 | 134,754 | 2021 | 110,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 139,100 | 2009 | ||
![]() | Asia | 131,426 | 2022 | 116,487 | 2021 | 93,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 131,034 | 2022 | 106,456 | 2021 | 89,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 115,700 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Asia | 113,675 | 2022 | 93,521 | 2021 | 85,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | 85,192 | 2021 | 81,800 | 2019 | |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 84,600 | 2014 | ||
![]() | Europe | 84,469 | 2022 | 77,324 | 2021 | 68,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 78,128 | 2022 | 79,201 | 2021 | 63,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 77,272 | 2022 | 66,766 | 2020 | 67,100 | 2019 |
![]() | Americas | 75,180 | 2022 | 69,288 | 2021 | 60,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 74,196 | 2022 | 66,620 | 2021 | 62,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | 72,481 | 2020 | 73,600 | 2019 | |
![]() | Europe | 72,070 | 2022 | 59,572 | 2020 | 60,800 | 2019 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 70,800 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Asia | 69,987 | 2022 | 65,973 | 2021 | 56,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 69,845 | 2022 | 64,651 | 2021 | 55,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 69,715 | 2022 | 63,767 | 2021 | 54,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 69,500 | 2022 | — | 24,502 | 2018 | |
![]() | Europe | 66,680 | 2022 | 58,428 | 2021 | 51,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 66,467 | 2022 | 57,646 | 2021 | 52,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 65,372 | 2022 | — | 49,900 | 2015 | |
![]() | Europe | 63,877 | 2022 | 59,324 | 2021 | 50,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 63,835 | 2022 | 57,928 | 2021 | 50,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 62,192 | 2022 | 55,807 | 2021 | 48,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 62,065 | 2022 | 58,931 | 2021 | 48,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 61,700 | 2014 | ||
![]() | Europe | 58,659 | 2022 | 55,007 | 2021 | 47,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 57,929 | 2022 | 73,802 | 2021 | 54,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 57,921 | 2022 | 45,411 | 2021 | 40,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 57,827 | 2022 | 52,085 | 2021 | 45,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 56,600 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Europe | 56,338 | 2022 | 47,715 | 2021 | 39,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 56,200 | 2022 | 50,729 | 2021 | 42,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 55,862 | 2022 | 49,675 | 2021 | 41,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 55,802 | 2022 | 49,551 | 2021 | 44,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 53,960 | 2022 | 48,436 | 2021 | 44,436 | 2019 |
![]() | Asia | 53,574 | 2022 | 46,919 | 2021 | 42,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 52,500 | 2014 | ||
![]() | Asia | 52,173 | 2022 | 43,722 | 2021 | 38,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 51,528 | 2022 | 47,303 | 2020 | 49,900 | 2019 |
![]() | Europe | 51,062 | 2022 | 45,936 | 2021 | 39,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 50,851 | 2022 | 46,420 | 2021 | 42,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 49,968 | 2022 | 43,625 | 2021 | 36,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 49,504 | 2022 | 42,556 | 2021 | 37,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 48,919 | 2022 | 44,261 | 2021 | 38,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 48,813 | 2022 | 42,940 | 2021 | 41,400 | 2019 |
![]() | Europe | 46,551 | 2022 | 40,775 | 2021 | 36,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 46,309 | 2022 | 31,183 | 2020 | 37,500 | 2017 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 46,200 | 2006 | ||
![]() | Europe | 46,159 | 2022 | 42,665 | 2021 | 36,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 46,126 | 2022 | 42,192 | 2021 | 35,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 43,820 | 2022 | 34,334 | 2020 | 33,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 42,647 | 2022 | 24,494 | 2021 | 18,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 42,466 | 2022 | 37,503 | 2021 | 32,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 42,132 | 2022 | 36,753 | 2021 | 31,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 42,067 | 2022 | 35,888 | 2021 | 32,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 41,800 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Asia | 41,150 | 2022 | 31,118 | 2020 | 27,300 | 2019 |
![]() | Europe | — | — | 40,000 | 2014 | ||
![]() | Americas | 39,785 | 2022 | 34,108 | 2021 | 30,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 38,759 | 2022 | 30,472 | 2021 | 28,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 38,620 | 2022 | 33,010 | 2021 | 30,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 38,124 | 2022 | 34,469 | 2021 | 29,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 38,097 | 2022 | 35,414 | 2021 | 28,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 37,661 | 2022 | 29,838 | 2021 | 24,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 37,550 | 2022 | 33,801 | 2021 | 26,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 37,000 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Europe | 36,466 | 2022 | 31,295 | 2021 | 27,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 36,370 | 2022 | 31,680 | 2021 | 25,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | 35,973 | 2018 | 35,300 | 2018 | |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 35,600 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Americas | — | — | 34,200 | 2017 | ||
![]() | Americas | — | — | 34,000 | 2011 | ||
![]() | Asia | 33,113 | 2022 | 29,617 | 2021 | 26,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 31,967 | 2022 | 32,803 | 2021 | 26,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 31,100 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Asia | 30,888 | 2022 | 18,232 | 2021 | 13,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 30,827 | 2022 | 28,600 | 2021 | 25,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 29,797 | 2022 | 26,868 | 2021 | 23,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 29,178 | 2022 | 26,705 | 2021 | 22,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 28,887 | 2022 | 29,104 | 2021 | 23,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 27,782 | 2022 | 26,256 | 2021 | 23,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 27,233 | 2022 | 24,626 | 2021 | 21,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 26,074 | 2022 | 23,627 | 2021 | 19,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 26,032 | 2022 | 22,795 | 2021 | 18,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 25,372 | 2022 | 22,240 | 2021 | 19,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 24,837 | 2022 | 23,387 | 2021 | 19,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 24,500 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Americas | 24,120 | 2022 | 20,769 | 2021 | 17,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 24,084 | 2022 | 21,432 | 2021 | 18,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | 23,391 | 2021 | 21,100 | 2020 | |
![]() | Americas | 22,440 | 2022 | 20,037 | 2021 | 17,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 22,070 | 2022 | 19,838 | 2021 | 18,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 21,709 | 2022 | 21,699 | 2021 | 19,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 21,291 | 2022 | 19,338 | 2021 | 16,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 21,114 | 2022 | 19,210 | 2021 | 17,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | 20,681 | 2020 | 24,500 | 2019 | |
![]() | Europe | 19,789 | 2022 | 16,997 | 2021 | 14,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 19,783 | 2022 | 17,918 | 2021 | 15,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 19,433 | 2022 | 18,127 | 2021 | 17,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 19,300 | 2005 | ||
![]() | Africa | 19,199 | 2022 | 17,604 | 2021 | 16,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 18,945 | 2022 | 23,357 | 2021 | 10,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 18,875 | 2022 | 16,194 | 2019 | 15,500 | 2019 |
World | — | 18,722 | 2021 | 17,500 | 2017 | ||
![]() | Americas | 18,693 | 2022 | 16,894 | 2021 | 13,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 18,663 | 2022 | 15,791 | 2020 | 12,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 18,436 | 2022 | 16,680 | 2021 | 15,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 18,088 | 2022 | 15,598 | 2021 | 14,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 17,899 | 2022 | 16,847 | 2021 | 14,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 17,858 | 2022 | 15,646 | 2021 | 13,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 17,684 | 2022 | 16,056 | 2021 | 14,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 17,448 | 2022 | 15,843 | 2021 | 13,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 17,350 | 2022 | 16,676 | 2021 | 16,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 17,314 | 2022 | 14,817 | 2021 | 12,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 17,000 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Asia | 16,798 | 2022 | 14,630 | 2021 | 12,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 16,700 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Europe | 16,483 | 2022 | 15,637 | 2021 | 12,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 16,417 | 2022 | 14,051 | 2021 | 12,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 15,959 | 2022 | 13,316 | 2021 | 12,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 15,786 | 2022 | 14,021 | 2021 | 12,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 15,556 | 2022 | 14,420 | 2021 | 11,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 15,273 | 2022 | 13,895 | 2021 | 11,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 14,638 | 2022 | 12,904 | 2021 | 11,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 14,528 | 2022 | 13,976 | 2021 | 12,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 14,352 | 2022 | 12,721 | 2021 | 10,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Europe | 14,326 | 2021 | 14,220 | 2021 | 12,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 14,230 | 2022 | 14,127 | 2021 | 12,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 13,944 | 2022 | 12,060 | 2021 | 11,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 13,611 | 2022 | 12,863 | 2021 | 11,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 13,324 | 2022 | 12,038 | 2021 | 10,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 13,215 | 2022 | 16,319 | 2020 | 17,600 | 2019 |
![]() | Asia | 13,077 | 2022 | 11,129 | 2020 | 10,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 13,075 | 2022 | 11,553 | 2021 | 8,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 13,030 | 2022 | 11,974 | 2021 | 9,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 12,763 | 2022 | 11,661 | 2021 | 10,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 12,490 | 2022 | 11,595 | 2021 | 9,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 12,408 | 2022 | 10,409 | 2021 | 9,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | — | — | 12,300 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Americas | — | — | 12,200 | 2008 | ||
![]() | Asia | 11,975 | 2022 | 10,952 | 2021 | 9,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 11,962 | 2022 | 10,026 | 2021 | 8,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 11,377 | 2020 | 10,691 | 2021 | 11,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 11,200 | 2016 | ||
![]() | Africa | 11,054 | 2022 | 9,816 | 2021 | 8,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 10,834 | 2022 | 15,103 | 2021 | 13,500 | 2019 |
![]() | Africa | 10,791 | 2022 | 9,805 | 2021 | 8,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 10,576 | 2022 | 9,669 | 2021 | 8,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 10,344 | 2022 | 9,120 | 2021 | 8,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 9,933 | 2022 | 9,030 | 2021 | 7,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 9,931 | 2022 | 9,769 | 2021 | 8,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 9,808 | 2022 | 8,144 | 2021 | 6,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 9,623 | 2022 | 6,922 | 2021 | 6,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 9,478 | 2022 | 8,497 | 2021 | 7,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 9,166 | 2022 | 8,674 | 2021 | 7,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 8,460 | 2022 | 7,028 | 2021 | 6,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 8,293 | 2022 | 7,334 | 2021 | 6,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 7,985 | 2022 | 6,613 | 2021 | 4,800 | 2020 |
![]() Tristan da Cunha | Africa | — | — | 7,800 | 2010 | ||
![]() | Africa | 7,455 | 2022 | 6,581 | 2021 | 6,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 7,154 | 2022 | 6,332 | 2021 | 5,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 7,108 | 2022 | 17,528 | 2011 | 7,704 | 2018 |
![]() | Africa | 6,925 | 2022 | 5,592 | 2021 | 5,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 6,780 | 2022 | 6,178 | 2021 | 5,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 6,769 | 2022 | 6,253 | 2021 | 5,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 6,663 | 2022 | 6,694 | 2020 | 6,400 | 2019 |
![]() | Asia | 6,662 | 2022 | 5,878 | 2021 | 4,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 6,514 | 2022 | 5,926 | 2021 | 5,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 6,397 | 2022 | 5,940 | 2021 | 5,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 6,354 | [n 2]2022 | 6,200 | [n 3]2021 | 5,400 6,220 | [n 4]2020 2019 |
![]() | Africa | 6,122 | 2022 | 5,024 | 2021 | 4,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 6,004 | 2017 | ||
![]() | Africa | 5,884 | 2022 | 5,459 | 2021 | 4,900 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 5,882 | 2022 | 6,420 | 2021 | 6,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 5,844 | 2022 | 5,082 | 2021 | 4,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 5,800 | 2003 | ||
![]() | Asia | 5,771 | 2022 | 5,288 | 2021 | 4,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 5,583 | 2022 | 4,683 | 2021 | 4,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 4,830 | 2022 | 4,345 | 2021 | 4,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 4,803 | 2022 | 4,288 | 2021 | 3,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,710 | 2022 | 4,446 | 2021 | 4,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,682 | 2022 | 3,617 | 2021 | 3,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 4,677 | 2022 | 4,261 | 2021 | 3,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,450 | 2022 | 4,217 | 2021 | 4,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,419 | 2022 | 4,065 | 2021 | 3,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 4,395 | 2022 | 4,182 | 2021 | 4,000 | 2019 |
![]() | Oceania | 4,271 | 2022 | 4,445 | 2021 | 4,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,183 | 2022 | 3,789 | 2021 | 3,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 4,113 | 2022 | 3,769 | 2021 | 3,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 3,904 | 2022 | 4,418 | 2021 | 3,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 3,808 | 2022 | 3,624 | 2021 | 3,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | — | — | 3,800 | 2004 | ||
![]() | Oceania | 3,675 | 2022 | 3,544 | 2021 | 3,500 | 2019 |
![]() | Africa | 3,434 | 2022 | 2,600 | 2021 | 2,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 3,374 | 2022 | 2,933 | 2021 | 2,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 3,364 | 2022 | 3,284 | 2021 | 3,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Americas | 3,166 | 2022 | 3,127 | 2021 | 2,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 3,028 | 2022 | 2,682 | 2021 | 2,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 3,018 | 2022 | 2,398 | 2021 | 2,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,993 | 2022 | 2,879 | 2021 | 2,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 6,374 | 2010 | — | 2,900 | 2015 | |
![]() | Oceania | 2,858 | 2022 | 3,105 | 2021 | 2,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,851 | 2022 | 2,057 | 2021 | 1,800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,836 | 2022 | 2,494 | 2021 | 2,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,656 | 2022 | 2,462 | 2021 | 2,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,640 | 2022 | 2,434 | 2021 | 2,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,619 | 2022 | 2,380 | 2021 | 2,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,609 | 2022 | 2,447 | 2021 | 2,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 2,555 | 2022 | 2,445 | 2021 | 2,700 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 2,456 | 2020 | 2,079 | 2020 | 2,000 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 2,336 | 2022 | 2,656 | 2021 | 2,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Oceania | 2,165 | 2022 | 2,172 | 2020 | 2,300 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | 2,136 | 2022 | 3,689 | 2013 | 2,500 | 2017 |
![]() | Africa | 2,078 | 2022 | 1,626 | 2011 | 1,600 | 2017 |
![]() | Africa | 1,972 | 2022 | 1,816 | 2021 | 1,600 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,790 | 2022 | 1,635 | 2021 | 1,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,719 | 2022 | 1,591 | 2021 | 1,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Asia | — | — | 1,700 | 2015 | ||
![]() | Africa | 1,667 | 2022 | 1,553 | 2021 | 1,400 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,588 | 2022 | 1,658 | 2021 | 1,500 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,457 | 2022 | 1,342 | 2021 | 1,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,443 | 2022 | 1,310 | 2021 | 1,200 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,328 | 2022 | 1,219 | 2021 | 1,100 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,322 | 2022 | 1,303 | 2021 | 800 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 1,088 | 2022 | 1,021 | 2021 | 900 | 2020 |
![]() | Africa | 934 | 2022 | 1,235 | 2015 | 1,600 | 2017 |
![]() | Africa | 865 | 2022 | 793 | 2021 | 700 | 2020 |
Footnotes
- There have been no exclusive estimate for world average by IMF. For calculating 2019 data, total GDP estimate by IMF[1] have been divided by total population estimates by United Nations Population Prospects.[2]
- The name used in the IMF report is "West Bank and Gaza"
- The name used in the World Bank report is "West Bank and Gaza"
- CIA uses two separated figures when referring to the Palestinian territories, the first is for "West Bank" and the second is for the "Gaza Strip"
Expanding the coverage of illegal economic activities in euro area national accounts
The share of the shadow economy is significant in many European countries, ranging from less than 10 to over 40 percent of GDP.[12] Since 2014, EU member states have been encouraged by Eurostat, the official statistics body, to include some illegal activities.[13][14][15]
Manipulation of data
A peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Political Economy in October 2022 found signs of manipulation of economic growth statistics in the majority of countries.[16] According to the study, this mainly applied to countries that were governed semi-authoritarian/authoritarian or did not have a functioning separation of powers. The study took the annual growth in brightness of lights at night, as measured by satellites, and compared it to officially reported economic growth. Authoritarian states had consistently higher reported growth in GDP than their growth in night lights would suggest. An effect that also cannot be explained by different economic structures, sector composition or other factors. Incorrect growth statistics can also falsify indicators such as GDP or GDP per capita.[17]
Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens
There are many natural economic reasons for GDP-per-capita to vary between jurisdictions (e.g. places rich in Oil & Gas reserves tend to have high GDP-per-capita figures). However, it is increasingly being recognized that tax havens, or corporate tax havens, have distorted economic data which produces artificially high, or inflated, GDP-per-capita figures.[18] It is estimated that over 15% of global jurisdictions are tax havens (see tax haven lists).[19] An IMF investigation estimates that circa 40% of global foreign direct investment flows, which heavily influence the GDP of various jurisdictions, are described as "phantom" transactions.[20]
A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world’s investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons.
In 2017, Ireland's economic data became so distorted by U.S. multinational tax avoidance strategies (see leprechaun economics), also known as BEPS actions, that Ireland effectively abandoned GDP (and GNP) statistics as credible measures of its economy, and created a replacement statistic called modified gross national income (or GNI*). Ireland is one of the world's largest corporate tax havens.
Ireland has, more or less, stopped using GDP to measure its own economy. And on current trends [because Irish GDP is distorting EU-28 aggregate data], the eurozone taken as a whole may need to consider something similar.
The statistical distortions created by the impact on the Irish National Accounts of the global assets and activities of a handful of large multinational corporations have now become so large as to make a mockery of conventional uses of Irish GDP.
— Patrick Honohan, ex-Governor of the Central Bank of Ireland, 13 July 2016[22]
A list of the top 15 GDP-per-capita countries from 2016 to 2017, contains most of the major global tax havens (see GDP-per-capita tax haven proxy for more detail):
International Monetary Fund (2017) | World Bank (2016)[23][24] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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See also
- List of countries by GDP (nominal)
- List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP) per capita
- List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita
- List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita growth rate
- List of IMF ranked countries by GDP
- Quality of life
- Big Mac Index
- Government spending
References
- "World Economic Outlook Database, 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
- "Sarkozy attacks focus on economic growth (French president urges more emphasis on quality of life)", The Guardian, 14-09-2009.
- "Alternative progress indicators to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a means towards sustainable development"
- "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 Edition / Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: European Union". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 13 October 2022.
- "World Economic Outlook database: October 2022 / Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Syria". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. 11 October 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- "GDP per capita, PPP (current international $)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- Real GDP per capita, The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 19 October 2022.
- "The World Factbook - European Union". CIA.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- "The World Factbook - World". CIA.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
- "Explaining the Shadow Economy in Europe: Size, Causes and Policy Options". International Monetary Fund. November 2019.
- "Sizing Up Black Markets and Red-Light Districts for G.D.P." The New York Times. 9 July 2014.
- "GDP to include illegal activity". Financier Worldwide Magazine. August 2014.
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