Mausoleum

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.

The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the leader of the Turkish War of Independence and the founder and the first President of Republic of Turkey. It attracts around 3.5 million tourists yearly.[1]

Overview

The word mausoleum (from Greek μαυσωλείον) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.[2]

Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome. When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use.[3]

Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land.

In the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs.

Notable mausolea

Africa

China
  • List of mausoleums of Chinese monarchs
    • Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor biggest underground mausoleum
    • The pyramids of ancient China are also types of mausolea.
    • Qianling Mausoleum in China, houses the remains of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and the ruling Empress Wu Zetian, along with 17 others in auxiliary tombs.
    • Tomb and Mausoleum of Genghis Khan in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia.
    • Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
      • Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Nanjing
      • Thirteen Imperial Mausoleums of Ming Dynasty Emperors, Beijing
      • Fuling Tomb, Shenyang
      • Zhao Mausoleum (Qing Dynasty)
      • Eastern Qing Tombs
      • Western Qing Tombs
  • Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing.
  • Mausoleum of Yuan Shikai, Beiguan, Anyang.
  • Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, Beijing.
  • Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in Xian, China
  • Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Nanjing, China
  • Mausoleum of Yuan Shikai, Beiguan, Anyang, China
  • Mausoleum of Mao Zedong in Beijing, China

India

Indonesia
  • Grave of Sukarno
  • Astana Giribangun

Japan

Malaysia
  • Makam Pahlawan at National Mosque of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Makam Diraja Mahmoodiah at Bukit Mahmoodiah in Jalan Mahmoodiah, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
  • Hang Kasturi Mausoleum at Jonker Walk, Melaka City, Melaka, Malaysia.
  • Kedah Royal Mausoleum at Langgar, Kota Setar District, Kedah, Malaysia.
  • Kelantan Royal Mausoleum
  • Al-Ghufran Royal Mausoleum at Bukit Chandan in Jalan Istana, Kuala Kangsar, Malaysia.
  • Hang Jebat Mausoleum in Melaka City, Melaka, Malaysia.
  • Shah Alam Royal Mausoleum
  • Tun Teja Mausoleum in Merlimau, Jasin District, Melaka, Malaysia.
  • Seri Menanti Royal Mausoleum
  • Sultan Abdul Samad Mausoleum in Jugra, Banting, Selangor, Malaysia.

Pakistan
  • Tomb of Jahangir at Shahdara, near Lahore, Pakistan.
  • Mazar-e-Quaid at Karachi, Pakistan
  • Tomb of Allama Iqbal at Lahore, Pakistan
  • Data Durbar at Lahore, Pakistan
  • Bhutto family mausoleum, Garhi Khuda Bakhsh, Sindh, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Ali Jinnah Mausoleum in Karachi, Pakistan
  • Shrine of Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar Sharif.
  • Tomb of Allama Iqbal at Lahore, Pakistan
  • The exterior view of the Mausoleum of Emperor Jahangir, located in Punjab, Pakistan

Philippines
  • Rizal Monument at Rizal Park in Manila, Philippines, houses the remains of Dr. Jose Rizal, national hero of the Philippines.
  • Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite, Philippines.
  • Mausoleum of the Veterans of the Revolution, enshrining participants in the 1896 revolution against the Spanish Empire.
  • Quezon Memorial, in Quezon City, Philippines, houses the remains of President Manuel L. Quezon and his wife, Aurora.
  • Marcos Museum and Mausoleum in Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines, housing the remains of President Ferdinand Marcos.

Taiwan
  • National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • National Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Mausoleum of Late President Chiang Kai-shek, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
  • Mausoleum of Late President Chiang Ching-kuo, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
  • Chen Tsyr-shiou Memorial Park, Former Mausoleum and Memorial of Late Vice President Chen Cheng, Taishan District, New Taipei, Taiwan.
  • National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall in Taipei, Taiwan
  • Mausoleum of Late President Chiang in Taoyuan, Taiwan

Others

Asia, western

Europe
  • Bismarck Mausoleum outside Friedrichsruh in northern Germany
  • Hamilton Mausoleum at Hamilton in Scotland
  • House of Karageorgevich Mausoleum, St. George's Church, Oplenac in Topola, Serbia
  • Royal Mausoleum and the Duchess of Kent's Mausoleum at Frogmore, England
  • Peter and Paul Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Russia
  • Cathedral of the Archangel in Moscow, Russia
  • Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow, Russia
  • Cathedral of Saint Domnius in Split, Croatia
  • Lajos Batthyány's Mausoleum in Budapest, Hungary
  • Mausoleum of Augustus in Rome, Italy.
  • Pantheon, Rome in Italy
  • Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, Italy
  • Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna, Italy
  • Mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy
  • Mausoleum of Marasesti in Marasesti, Romania
  • Pyramid of Tirana in Tirana, Albania
  • Batenberg Mausoleum in Sofia, Bulgaria
  • Trentham Mausoleum near Stoke-on-Trent, England
  • Panthéon, Paris in France
  • Les Invalides in France
  • Valle de los Caídos, in San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain
  • Imperial Crypt in Austria
  • Church of Our Lady of Laeken in Belgium
  • Oplenac Mausoleum in Topola, Serbia, the Mausoleum of the Serbian and Yugoslav Royal House of Karađorđević
  • National Pantheon / Church of Santa Engrácia in Lisbon, Portugal
  • Mausoleum of Njegoš in Lovćen, Montenegro
  • Wilhelm II Mausoleum in Doorn, Netherlands
  • Juselius Mausoleum in Finland

Argentina
  • La Recoleta Cemetery, Buenos Aires
  • Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, mausoleum of José de San Martín
  • Mausoleum of Néstor Kirchner, Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz
  • Cathedral of La Plata, mausoleum of Dardo Rocha

Bolivia
  • Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz, mausoleum of Andrés de Santa Cruz
  • General Cemetery of Santa Cruz
  • Cementerio General de Cochabamba, mausoleum of “general del pueblo” René Barrientos Ortuño

Brazil

Chile

Colombia
  • Central Cemetery of Bogotá, Colombia

Ecuador

Paraguay
  • National Pantheon of the Heroes

Peru
  • Panteón de los Próceres
  • Presbitero Maestro mausoleum and museum in Lima
  • Cathedral Basilica of St. John the Apostle and Evangelist, Lima

Uruguay
  • Artigas Mausoleum, mausoleum of José Gervasio Artigas

Venezuela
  • National Pantheon of Venezuela, mausoleum of Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela
  • Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral, mausoleum of General San Martín in Buenos Aires, Argentina
  • Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Peace, La Paz, mausoleum of Andrés de Santa Cruz, Bolivia
  • Presbitero Maestro mausoleum and museum in Lima, Peru
  • The mausoleum of Emperor Pedro I of Brazil in the Monument to the Independence of Brazil
  • The mausoleum of Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and his family in the Cathedral of São Pedro de Alcântara in Petrópolis, Brazil
  • National Pantheon of the Heroes in Asuncion, Paraguay
  • Altar de la Patria of Chile
  • Artigas Mausoleum in Montevideo, Uruguay

Canada
  • Eaton family mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
  • Hart Massey's mausoleum at Mount Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Ontario
  • Sir Henry Pellatt's mausoleum at Forest Lawn in Toronto, Ontario

Cuba

Dominican Republic
  • Altar de la Patria, mausoleum to the Founding Fathers of the Dominican Republic
  • National Pantheon of the Dominican Republic

El Salvador

Guatemala
  • Guatemala City General Cemetery

Haiti

Honduras
  • Cementerio General, Trujillo

Mexico

Nicaragua

Panama

United States

Oceania

See also
  • List of types of funerary monument
  • Morgue or mortuary
  • National Cemetery
  • Ohel (grave)
  • Sepulchre
  • Guard mounting

Notes
  1. ^ The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.

Footnotes
  1. "Anıtkabir'de yabancı ziyaretçi rekoru kırıldı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  2. Toms, J. Mason (Winter 2019). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 78 (4): 423–431. ISSN 0004-1823.
  3. Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.
  4. al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63.
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