List of presidents of France

The National Convention (20 September 1792 – 26 October 1795) was led by the President of the National Convention; the presidency rotated fortnightly.

From 1793 the National Convention was dominated by its Committee of Public Safety, in which the leading figures were Georges Danton and then Maximilien Robespierre.

The Directory was officially led by a president, as stipulated by Article 141 of the Constitution of the Year III. An entirely ceremonial post, the first president was Rewbell who was chosen by lot on 2 November 1795. The Directors conducted their elections privately, with the presidency rotating every three months.[1] The last President was Gohier.[2]

The leading figure of the Directory was Paul Barras, the only director to serve throughout the Directory.

Political parties

  Centre (Thermidorians)       Right-wing (Clichyens)       Left-wing (Montagnards)       Other (Maraisards)

Directors of the Directory (1 November 1795 – 10 November 1799)
	Paul Barras 2 November 1795 – 9 November 1799		Louis-Marie de la Révellière 2 November 1795 – 18 June 1799 (Compelled to resign)		Jean-François Rewbell 2 November 1795 – 16 May 1799 (Replaced by sortition)		Lazare Carnot 2 November 1795 – 4 September 1797 (Proscribed and replaced after the Coup of 18 Fructidor)		Étienne-François Letourneur 2 November 1795 – 20 May 1797
									François Barthélemy 20 May – 4 September 1797 (Proscribed and replaced after the Coup of 18 Fructidor)
							Philippe Antoine Merlin 4 September 1797 – 18 June 1799 (Compelled to resign)		François de Neufchâteau 4 September 1797 – 15 May 1798 (Replaced by sortition)
									Jean-Baptiste Treilhard 15 May 1798 – 17 June 1799 (Election annulled as irregular)
					Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès 16 May – 9 November 1799
			Roger Ducos 18 June – 9 November 1799				Jean-François Moulin 18 June – 10 November 1799		Louis-Jérôme Gohier 17 June – 10 November 1799
After the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), Barras, Ducos and Sieyès resigned. Moulin and Gohier, refusing to resign, were arrested by General Moreau.

Political parties

  Moderate Republicans

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure (1767–1855)	26 February 1848	9 May 1848	73 days	Moderate Republicans	[3]
			1848
			Appointed President of the Provisional Government by the National Assembly, during the February Revolution. Resigned in May 1848, making way for the Executive Commission.

Political parties

  Moderate Republicans

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		François Arago (1767–1855)	9 May 1848	24 June 1848	46 days	Moderate Republicans	[4]
			1848
			The Executive Commission was appointed by the National Assembly, with François Arago acting as President of the Commission, and other members including Alphonse de Lamartine, Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès, Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin and Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges, who acted jointly as head of state. The Commission was removed from power by the National Assembly, during the June Days uprising, and replaced by an executive power under Louis-Eugène Cavaignac.

Political parties

  Moderate Republicans

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		Louis-Eugène Cavaignac (1802–1857)	28 June 1848	20 December 1848	175 days	Moderate Republicans	[5]
			1848
			Granted dictatorial powers by the National Assembly, during the June Days uprising. Following his suppression of the uprising, Cavaignac was appointed Chief of the Executive Power by the National Assembly. He ran in the 1848 French presidential election, but lost to Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, who was elected the first President of the French Republic.

Political parties

  Bonapartist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office; Electoral mandates		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
1		Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (1808–1873)	20 December 1848	2 December 1852	3 years, 348 days	Bonapartist	[6]
			1848
			Nephew of Napoléon I. Elected first President of the French Republic in the 1848 election against Louis-Eugène Cavaignac. He provoked the coup of 1851 and proclaimed himself Emperor in 1852. Henri Georges Boulay de la Meurthe, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's vice president, was the sole person to hold that office.

Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed himself Emperor of the French in 1852, reigning as Emperor Napoleon III 1852–1870 (Second French Empire).

Political parties

  Monarchist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		Louis-Jules Trochu (1815–1896)	14 September 1870	13 February 1871	152 days	Moderate Monarchist (Orléanist)	[7]
			Following the capture of Napoleon III at the Battle of Sedan, the National Assembly proclaimed the establishment of a Government of National Defense, with Louis Jules Trochu as its President. He rallied the French defenses during the Siege of Paris, but the Government was defeated by the nascent German Empire.

Political parties

  Monarchist

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)	17 February 1871	30 August 1871	194 days	Moderate Monarchist (Orléanist); Opportunist Republican	[8]
			Elected Chief of the Executive Power by the National Assembly, following the Siege of Paris, and established a government with a republican majority. After fighting to re-establish state control over the Paris Commune and securing the withdrawal of the Imperial German Army from France, he was elected President of the Republic by the National Assembly.

Political parties

  Monarchist
  Opportunist Republican
  Democratic Republican Alliance; Democratic Republican Party; Social and Republican Democratic Party; Democratic Alliance
  Radical-Socialist and Radical Republican Party
  Independent

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
2		Adolphe Thiers (1797–1877)	31 August 1871	24 May 1873	1 year, 266 days	Moderate Monarchist (Orléanist); Opportunist Republican	[9]
			Initially a moderate monarchist, named President of France following the adoption of the Rivet law, establishing provisional republican institutions. He became a supporter of the Third Republic during his term. He resigned in the face of hostility from the National Assembly, largely in favour of a return to the monarchy.
3		Patrice de MacMahon (1808–1893)	24 May 1873	30 January 1879	5 years, 251 days	Monarchist (Legitimist)	[10]
			A Marshal of France, he was the only monarchist (and only Duke) to serve as President of the Third Republic. He resigned shortly after the republican victory in the January 1879 legislative election, following a previous republican victory in 1877, after his decision to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies. During his term, the Constitutional Laws of 1875 that served as the Constitution of the Third Republic were passed; he therefore became the first President under the constitutional settlement that would last until 1940.
The Government of Jules Armand Dufaure deputises during the interim (30 January 1879).
4		Jules Grévy (1807–1891)	30 January 1879	2 December 1887	8 years, 306 days	Opportunist Republican	[11]
			The first President of France to complete a full term, he was easily reelected in December 1885. He was nonetheless forced to resign, following an honours scandal in which his son-in-law was implicated.
The Government of Maurice Rouvier deputises during the interim (2–3 December 1887).
5		Sadi Carnot (1837–1894)	3 December 1887	25 June 1894†	6 years, 205 days	Opportunist Republican	[12]
			His term was marked by Boulangist unrest and the Panama scandals, as well as by diplomacy with Russia. Assassinated (stabbed) by Sante Geronimo Caserio a few months before the end of his term, he is interred at the Panthéon.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (25–27 June 1894).
6		Jean Casimir-Perier (1847–1907)	27 June 1894	16 January 1895	205 days	Opportunist Republican	[13]
			Casimir-Perier's was the shortest presidential term: he resigned after six months and 20 days.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (16–17 January 1895).
7		Félix Faure (1841–1899)	17 January 1895	16 February 1899†	4 years, 30 days	Opportunist Republican; Progressive Republican	[14]
			Pursued colonial expansion and ties with Russia. President during the Dreyfus affair. Four years into his term, he died of apoplexy at the Élysée Palace.
The Government of Charles Dupuy deputises during the interim (16–18 February 1899).
8		Émile Loubet (1838–1929)	18 February 1899	18 February 1906	7 years, 0 days	Democratic Republican Alliance	[15]
			During his seven-year term, the 1905 law on the Separation of the Churches and the State was adopted; only four Presidents of the Council succeeded to the Hôtel Matignon. He did not seek reelection at the end of his term.
9		Armand Fallières (1841–1931)	18 February 1906	18 February 1913	7 years, 0 days	Democratic Republican Alliance; then Democratic Republican Party	[16]
			President during the Agadir Crisis, when French troops first occupied Morocco. He was a party to the Triple Entente, which he strengthened by diplomacy. Like his predecessor, he did not seek reelection.
10		Raymond Poincaré (1860–1934)	18 February 1913	18 February 1920	7 years, 0 days	Democratic Republican Party; then Democratic Republican Alliance	[17]
			President during World War I. He subsequently served as President of the Council, 1922–1924 and 1926–1929.
11		Paul Deschanel (1855–1922)	18 February 1920	21 September 1920	247 days	Democratic Republican Alliance; then Democratic Republican and Social Party	[18]
			An intellectual elected to the Académie Française, he overcame the popular Georges Clemenceau, to general surprise, in the January 1920 election. He resigned after eight months due to health problems.
The Government of Alexandre Millerand deputises during the interim (21–23 September 1920).
12		Alexandre Millerand (1859–1943)	23 September 1920	11 June 1924	3 years, 262 days	Independent	[19]
			An "Independent Socialist" increasingly drawn to the right, he resigned after four years following the victory of the Cartel des Gauches in the 1924 legislative election.
The Government of Frédéric François-Marsal deputises during the interim (11–13 June 1924).
13		Gaston Doumergue (1863–1937)	13 June 1924	13 June 1931	7 years, 0 days	Radical-Socialist and Radical Republican Party	[20]
			The first Protestant President, he took a firm political stance against Germany and its resurgent nationalism. His seven-year term was marked by ministerial discontinuity.
14		Paul Doumer (1857–1932)	13 June 1931	7 May 1932†	329 days	Independent	[21]
			Elected in the second round of the 1931 election, having displaced the pacifist Aristide Briand. Assassinated (shot) by the mentally unstable Paul Gorguloff.
The Government of André Tardieu deputises during the interim (7–10 May 1932).
15		Albert Lebrun (1871–1950)	10 May 1932	11 July 1940 (de facto)	8 years, 32 days	Democratic Alliance	[22]
			Reelected in 1939, his second term was interrupted de facto by the rise to power of Marshal Philippe Pétain.

The office of President of the French Republic did not exist from 1940 until 1947.

Political parties   Socialist (SFIO)   Centre-right (MRP)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
-		Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)	3 June 1944	26 January 1946	1 year, 237 days	Independent
			1944
			Following the Liberation of France, the Committee of National Liberation evolved into a Provisional Government, with de Gaulle as its Chairman. He resigned aprubtly in January 1946, after a failed attempt to centralise executive power.
-		Félix Gouin (1884–1977)	26 January 1946	24 June 1946	149 days	French Section of the Workers International
			1945
			Promoted from President of the National Assembly to Chairman of the Provisional Government after de Gaulle's resignation.
-		Georges Bidault (1899–1983)	24 June 1946	28 November 1946	157 days	Popular Republican Movement
			1946
			Elected as Chairman of the Provisional Government in June 1946, oversaw the passage of the French Constitution of 27 October 1946, then defeated in the subsequent election of November 1946.
-		Vincent Auriol (1884–1966)	28 November 1946	16 December 1946	171 days	French Section of the Workers' International
			1946
			Elected as Chairman of the Provisional Government in November 1946, overseeing an interim parliamentary government before his accession to President of France.
-		Léon Blum (1872–1950)	16 December 1946	16 January 1947	31 days	French Section of the Workers' International
			1946
			Oversaw the final interim government before the accession of Vincent Auriol to President.

Political parties

  Socialist (SFIO)   Centre-right (CNIP)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office; Electoral mandates		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
16		Vincent Auriol (1884–1966)	16 January 1947	16 January 1954	7 years, 0 days	French Section of the Workers' International	[23]
			1947
			First President of the Fourth Republic; his term was marked by the First Indochina War.
17		René Coty (1882–1962)	16 January 1954	8 January 1959	4 years, 357 days	National Centre of Independents and Peasants	[24]
			1953
			Presidency marked by the Algerian War; appealed to Charles de Gaulle to resolve the May 1958 crisis. Following the promulgation of the Fifth Republic, he resigned after five years as President of France, giving way to De Gaulle.

Political parties:   Centre-left (PS) (2)   Centrist (RE) (1)   Centre-right (CD; RI; PR ; UDF) (1)   Gaullist (UNR; UDR) (2)   Neo-Gaullist (RPR; UMP; LR) (2)

Nº	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office; Electoral mandates		Time in office	Political party	Ref.
18		Charles de Gaulle (1890–1970)	8 January 1959	28 April 1969	10 years, 110 days	Union for the New Republic (renamed Union of Democrats for the Fifth Republic in 1967)	[25]
			1958, 1965
			Leader of the Free French Forces, 1940–1944. President of the Provisional Government, 1944–1946. Appointed President of the Council by René Coty in May 1958, to resolve the crisis of the Algerian War. Supported by referendum, he adopted a new Constitution of France, thus founding the Fifth Republic. Easily elected to the presidency in the 1958 election by electoral college, he took office the following month; having modified the presidential election procedure in the 1962 referendum, he was reelected by universal suffrage in the 1965 election. Launched the Force de dissuasion in 1961. He signed the Élysée Treaty in 1963, building Franco-German cooperation, a key to European integration. In 1966, he withdrew France from NATO integrated military command and had American military personnel stationed on French soil sent home. Supported Quebec sovereignty. Faced the May 68 civil unrest. Resigned following the failure of the 1969 referendum on regionalisation.
—		Alain Poher Acting (1909–1996)	28 April 1969	20 June 1969	53 days	Democratic Centre	[26]
			Interim President of France, as President of the Senate. Stood in the 1969 election but was defeated in the second round by Georges Pompidou.
19		Georges Pompidou (1911–1974)	20 June 1969	2 April 1974†	4 years, 286 days	Union of Democrats for the Republic	[27]
			1969
			Prime Minister under Charles de Gaulle, 1962–1968. Elected to the presidency in the 1969 election against centrist Alain Poher. Favoured European integration. Supported economic modernisation and industrialisation, most notably through the TGV high-speed rail project. Faced the 1973 oil crisis. Died in office of Waldenström macroglobulinemia, two years before the end of his term.
—		Alain Poher Acting (1909–1996)	2 April 1974	27 May 1974	55 days	Democratic Centre	[26]
			Interim President of France again, as President of the Senate. Did not stand in the 1974 election.
20		Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926–2020)	27 May 1974	21 May 1981	6 years, 359 days	Independent Republicans (renamed Republican Party in 1977) (within the Union for French Democracy from 1978)	[28]
			1974
			Founder of the Independent Republicans and later the Union for French Democracy in his efforts to unify the centre-right, he served in several Gaullist governments. Narrowly elected in the 1974 election, he instigated numerous reforms, including the lowering of the age of civil majority from 21 to 18 and legalisation of abortion. He soon faced a global economic crisis and rising unemployment. Although the polls initially gave him a lead, he was defeated in the 1981 election by François Mitterrand, partly due to disunion within the right.
21		François Mitterrand (1916–1996)	21 May 1981	17 May 1995	13 years, 361 days	Socialist Party	[29]
			1981, 1988
			Candidate of a united left-wing ticket in the 1965 election, he founded the Socialist Party in 1971. Having narrowly lost in 1974, he was finally elected in 1981. Mitterrand supervised a series of Great Works, the best known of which is the Louvre Pyramid. He instigated the abolition of the death penalty. After the right-wing victory in the 1986 legislative election, he named Jacques Chirac as Prime Minister, thus beginning the first cohabitation. Reelected in the 1988 election against Chirac, he was again forced to cohabit with Édouard Balladur following the 1993 legislative election. He retired in 1995 after the conclusion of his second term. He was the first left-wing President of the Fifth Republic; his presidential tenure was the longest of any French Republic.
22		Jacques Chirac (1932–2019)	17 May 1995	16 May 2007	11 years, 364 days	Rally for the Republic (until 2002) Union for a Popular Movement (from 2002)	[30]
			1995, 2002
			Prime Minister, 1974–1976; upon resignation, founded the Rally for the Republic. Eliminated in the first round of the 1981 election, he again served as Prime Minister, 1986–1988. Defeated in the 1988 election, he was elected in 1995. He engaged in social reforms to counter "social fracture". In 1997, he dissolved the National Assembly; a left-wing victory in the 1997 legislative election forced him to name Lionel Jospin Prime Minister for a five-year cohabitation. Presidential terms reduced from seven to five years after approval by referendum. In 2002, he was easily reelected against Jean-Marie Le Pen. Sent troops to Afghanistan, but opposed the Iraq War. Declined to seek a third term in 2007 and retired from political life.
23		Nicolas Sarkozy (born 1955)	16 May 2007	15 May 2012	4 years, 365 days	Union for a Popular Movement	[31]
			2007
			Served in numerous ministerial posts, 1993–1995 and 2002–2007. Easily elected to the leadership of the Union for a Popular Movement in 2004. Elected to the presidency in 2007, defeating Socialist Ségolène Royal. Soon after taking office, he introduced a new fiscal package and other laws to counter illegal immigration and recidivism. President of the Council of the EU in 2008, he defended the Treaty of Lisbon and mediated in the Russo-Georgian War; reintroduced France to NATO integrated military command; President of the G8 and G-20 in 2011. At national level, he had to deal with a financial crisis and its consequences. Following the 2008 constitutional reform, he became the first President of France since Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte to address the Versailles Congress on 22 June 2009. He introduced education and pension reforms. Sent troops to Libya (Operation Harmattan) in 2011. Narrowly defeated in the runoff of the 2012 election.
24		François Hollande (born 1954)	15 May 2012	15 May 2017	5 years, 0 days	Socialist Party	[32]
			2012
			Served as First Secretary of the Socialist Party, 1997–2008 and President of the General Council of Corrèze, 2008–2012. Elected in 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. Legalised same-sex marriage and restricted dual mandates. Militarily intervened in Mali (Operation Serval), in the Central African Republic (Operation Sangaris) and in Iraq and Syria (Operation Chammal). Paris suffered Islamic terrorist attacks in January 2015 and November 2015, as well as Nice in July 2016. Hosted the 2015 UN Climate Change Conference. Did not seek reelection in the 2017 election, for which polls suggested his defeat in the first round.
25		Emmanuel Macron (born 1977)	15 May 2017	Incumbent (term expires May 2027)	5 years, 162 days	Renaissance[lower-alpha 1]	[33]
			2017, 2022
			Served as Élysée Deputy Secretary-General, 2012–2014 and Minister of the Economy, Industry and Digital Affairs, 2014–2016. Easily defeated Marine Le Pen in the 2017 election in which he ran as a centrist. Youngest President in the history of France. Encountered massive demonstrations, most notably the yellow vests protests, since 2018 over his policy orientations and style of governance. Hosted the 2019 G7 summit. Has faced the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2022, he was reelected with a reduced majority against Le Pen in a rematch.