Saint Anne

According to Christian apocryphal and Islamic tradition, Saint Anne was the mother of Mary and the maternal grandmother of Jesus. Mary's mother is not named in the canonical gospels. In writing, Anne's name and that of her husband Joachim come only from New Testament apocrypha, of which the Gospel of James (written perhaps around 150) seems to be the earliest that mentions them. The mother of Mary is mentioned but not named in the Quran.

Saint

Anne
Greek icon of Saint Anne with the Virgin, by Angelos Akotantos
Mother of the Virgin, Maternal Heroine, Woman of Amram
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Eastern Catholic Churches
Eastern Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox Church
Anglican Communion
Lutheranism
Islam
Afro-American religion
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Major shrineApt Cathedral, Basilica of Sainte-Anne d'Auray, Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré
Feast26 July (Roman Catholic),[1]
9 September (Eastern Orthodox)[2]
AttributesBook; door; with Mary, Jesus or Joachim; woman dressed in red or green[3]
PatronageMothers, grandparents, pregnant women, children, unmarried people, teachers, carpenters, child care providers, seamstresses, lacemakers, secondhand-clothes dealers, equestrians, stablemen, miners, lost things, moving homes, poverty, sterility, Brittany, Canada, Detroit, Taguig, Triana, Seville, Hagonoy, Bulacan, Barili, Cebu, Molo, Iloilo City, Kurunegala Catholic Diocese, Sri Lanka, Fasnia, Tenerife, Mainar, Marsaskala

Christian tradition

The story is similar to that of the of Samuel, whose mother Hannah (Hebrew: חַנָּה‎ Ḥannāh "favour, grace"; etymologically the same name as Anne) had also been childless. The Immaculate Conception was eventually made dogma by the Catholic Church following an increased devotion to Anne in the 12th century.[4] Dedications to Anne in Eastern Christianity occur as early as the 6th century.[5] In the Eastern Orthodox tradition, Anne and Joachim are ascribed the title Ancestors of God,[6] and both the Nativity of Mary and the Presentation of Mary are celebrated as two of the twelve Great Feasts of the Orthodox Church. The Dormition of Anne is also a minor feast in Eastern Christianity. In Lutheran Protestantism, it is held that Martin Luther chose to enter religious life as an Augustinian friar after invoking St. Anne while endangered by lightning.[7]

In Islam

Anne (Arabic: حنة, romanized: Ḥannah) is also revered in Islam, recognized as a highly spiritual woman and as the mother of Mary. She is not named in the Quran, where she is referred to as "the wife of Imran". The Quran describes her remaining childless until her old age. One day, Hannah saw a bird feeding its young while sitting in the shade of a tree, which awakened her desire to have children of her own. She prayed for a child and eventually conceived; her husband, Imran, died before the child was born. Expecting the child to be male, Hannah vowed to dedicate him to isolation and service in the Second Temple.[N 1][8][9]

However, Hannah bore a daughter instead, and named her Mary. Her words upon delivering Mary reflect her status as a great mystic, realising that while she had wanted a son, this daughter was God's gift to her:[8][9]

Then, when she brought forth she said: My Lord! Truly, I brought her forth, a female. And God is greater in knowledge of what she brought forth. And the male is not like the female. ... So her Lord received her with the very best acceptance. And her bringing forth caused the very best to develop in her.[Quran 3:36–37 (Translated by Laleh Bakhtiar)]

Beliefs
Saint Anne with Mary as a child

Although the canonical books of the New Testament never mention the mother of the Virgin Mary, traditions about her family, childhood, education, and eventual betrothal to Joseph developed very early in the history of the church. The oldest and most influential source for these is the apocryphal Gospel of James, first written in Koine Greek around the middle of the second century AD. In the West, the Gospel of James fell under a cloud in the fourth and fifth centuries when it was accused of "absurdities" by Jerome and condemned as untrustworthy by Pope Damasus I, Pope Innocent I, and Pope Gelasius I.[10] However, despite having been condemned by the Church, it was taken over almost in toto by another apocryphal work, the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, which popularised most of its stories.[11]

Ancient belief, attested to by a sermon of John of Damascus, was that Anne married once. In the Late Middle Ages, legend held that Anne was married three times: first to Joachim, then to Clopas and finally to a man named Solomas and that each marriage produced one daughter: Mary, mother of Jesus, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Salome, respectively. The sister of Saint Anne was Sobe, mother of Elizabeth. In the fifteenth century, the Catholic cleric Johann Eck related in a sermon that St Anne's parents were named Stollanus and Emerentia. Frederick George Holweck, writing in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1907) regards this genealogy as spurious.[12]

In the 4th century and then much later in the 15th century, a belief arose that Mary was conceived of Anne without original sin. This belief in the Immaculate Conception states that God preserved Mary's body and soul intact and sinless from her first moment of existence, through the merits of Jesus Christ.[12] The Immaculate Conception, often confused with the Annunciation of the Incarnation (Mary's virgin birth of Jesus), was made dogma in the Catholic church by Pope Pius IX's papal bull, Ineffabilis Deus, in 1854.

The thirteenth century Speculum Maius of Vincent of Beauvais incorporates information regarding the life of Saint Anne from an earlier work by Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim Abbey.[13]

Veneration

In the Eastern church, the veneration of Anne herself may go back as far as c. 550, when Justinian built a church in Constantinople in her honor.[14] The earliest pictorial sign of her veneration in the West is an 8th-century fresco in the church of Santa Maria Antiqua, Rome.[10]

Birth of St. Anne, by Adriaen van Overbeke (c. 1521–1525)

The Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary had reached southern Italy by the ninth century. The cult of Saint Anne had developed in northern Europe by the twelfth century. A shrine at Douai, in northern France, was one of the early centers of devotion to St. Anne in the West.[15]

The Anna Selbdritt was a type of iconography depicting the three generations of Saint Anne, Mary, and the child Jesus. Emphasizing the humanity of Jesus, it drew on the earlier conventions of the Seat of Wisdom, and was popular in northern Germany in the 1500s.[16]

During the High Middle Ages, Saint Anne became increasingly identified as a maritime saint, protecting sailors and fisherman, and invoked against storms.[17]

Two well-known shrines to St. Anne are that of Ste-Anne-d'Auray in Brittany, France; and that of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré near the city of Québec. The number of visitors to the Basilica of Ste-Anne-de-Beaupré is greatest on St Anne's Feast Day, 26 July, and the Sunday before Nativity of the Virgin Mary, 8 September. In 1892, Pope Leo XIII sent a relic of St Anne to the church.[17]

In the Maltese language, the Milky Way galaxy is called It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna, literally "The Way of St. Anne".[18]

In Imperial Russia, the Order of St Anne was one of the leading state decorations.

In the United States, the Daughters of the Holy Spirit named the former Annhurst College in her honor.[19]

Commemoration

By the middle of the seventh century, a distinct feast day, the Conception of St. Anne (Maternity of Holy Anna) celebrating the conception of Mary by Saint Anne, was observed at the Monastery of Saint Sabas.[20] It is now known in the Greek Orthodox Church as the feast of "The Conception by St. Anne of the Most Holy Theotokos", and celebrated on 9 December.[21] In the Roman Catholic Church, the Feast of Saints Anne and Joachim is celebrated on 26 July.

Roman Catholic Church
  • 26 July

Eastern Orthodox Church
  • July 25: (Dormition of the Righteous Anna, the Mother of the Most Holy Theotokos)
  • September 9: (Holy and Righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna, Afterfeast of the Nativity of the Mother of God)
  • December 9 (The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God)

Anglican Communion

Lutheranism
  • July 26

Coptic Orthodox Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church[23]

Armenian Apostolic Church
  • 9 December (The Conception by Righteous Anna of the Most Holy Mother of God)
  • Tuesday, 2nd week after Dormition of the Mother of God[24] (with Joachim)[23]

Syro-Malabar Church[25]

Syro-Malankara Catholic Church[26]

Maronite Church[27]

Relics

The alleged relics of St. Anne were brought from the Holy Land to Constantinople in 710 and were kept there in the church of St. Sophia as late as 1333.[12]

During the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, returning crusaders and pilgrims from the East brought relics of Anne to a number of churches, including most famously those at Apt, in Provence, Ghent, and Chartres.[10] St. Anne's relics have been preserved and venerated in the many cathedrals and monasteries dedicated to her name, for example in Austria, Canada,[28] Germany, Italy,[29] and Greece in the semi-autonomous Mount Athos, and the city of Katerini.[30] Medieval and baroque craftsmanship is evidenced in, for example, the metalwork of the life-size reliquaries containing the bones of her forearm. Examples employing folk art techniques are also known.

Düren has been the main place of pilgrimage for Anne since 1506, when Pope Julius II decreed that her relics should be kept there.

Patronage

The Church of Saint Anne in Beit Guvrin National Park was built by the Byzantines and the Crusaders in the 12th century, known in Arabic as Khirbet (lit. "ruin") Sandahanna, the mound of Maresha being called Tell Sandahanna.

Basilica of Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré, Quebec, Canada

Saint Anne is patroness of unmarried women, housewives, women in labor or who want to be pregnant, grandmothers, mothers and educators. She is also a patroness of horseback riders, cabinet-makers[15] and miners. As the mother of Mary, this devotion to Saint Anne as the patron of miners arises from the medieval comparison between Mary and Christ and the precious metals silver and gold. Anne's womb was considered the source from which these precious metals were mined.[31]

She is also the patron saint of: Brittany (France), Chinandega (Nicaragua), the Mi'kmaq people of Canada, Castelbuono (Sicily), Quebec (Canada), Santa Ana (California), Norwich (Connecticut), Detroit (Michigan),[32] Adjuntas (Puerto Rico), Santa Ana and Jucuarán (El Salvador), Berlin (New Hampshire), Santa Ana Pueblo, Seama, and Taos (New Mexico), Chiclana de la Frontera, Marsaskala, Tudela and Fasnia (Spain), Town of Sta Ana Province of Pampanga, St. Anne in Molo, Iloilo City, Hagonoy, Santa Ana, Taguig City, Saint Anne Shrine, Malicboy, Pagbilao, Quezon and Malinao, Albay (Philippines), Santana (Brazil), Saint Anne (Illinois), Sainte Anne Island, Baie Sainte Anne and Praslin Island (Seychelles), Bukit Mertajam and Port Klang (Malaysia), Kľúčové (Slovakia) and South Vietnam. The parish church of Vatican City is Sant'Anna dei Palafrenieri. There is a shrine dedicated to Saint Anne in the Woods in Bristol, United Kingdom.

In art

Christ in the House of His Parents
Christ in the House of His Parents by John Everett Millais, 1849–50

In John Everett Millais's 1849–50 work, Christ in the House of His Parents, Anne is shown in her son-in-law Joseph's carpentry shop caring for a young Jesus who had cut his hand on a nail. She joins her daughter Mary, Joseph, and a young boy who will later become known as John the Baptist in caring for the injured hand of Jesus.

Iconography

The subject of Joachim and Anne The Meeting at the Golden Gate was a regular component of artistic cycles of the Life of the Virgin. The couple meet at the Golden Gate of Jerusalem and embrace. They are aware of Anne's pregnancy, of which they have been separately informed by an archangel. This moment stood for the conception of Mary, and the feast was celebrated on the same day as the Immaculate Conception. Art works representing the Golden Gate and the events leading up to it were influenced by the narrative in the widely read Golden Legend of Jacobus de Voragine. The Birth of Mary, the Presentation of Mary and the Marriage of the Virgin were usual components of cycles of the Life of the Virgin in which Anne is normally shown here.

Her emblem is a door.[15] She is often portrayed wearing red and green, representing love and life.[3]

Anne is never shown as present at the Nativity of Christ, but is frequently shown with the infant Christ in various subjects. She is sometimes believed to be depicted in scenes of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the Circumcision of Christ, but in the former case, this likely reflects a misidentification through confusion with Anna the Prophetess. There was a tradition that Anne went (separately) to Egypt and rejoined the Holy Family after their Flight to Egypt. Anne is not seen with the adult Christ, so was regarded as having died during the youth of Jesus.[33] Anne is also shown as the matriarch of the Holy Kinship, the extended family of Jesus, a popular subject in late medieval Germany; some versions of these pictorial and sculptural depictions include Emerentia who was reputed in the 15th Century to be Anne's mother. In modern devotions, Anne and her husband are invoked for protection for the unborn.

Virgin and Child with Saint Anne

The role of the Messiah's grandparents in salvation history was commonly depicted in early medieval devotional art in a vertical double-Madonna arrangement known as the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne. Another typical subject has Anne teaching the Virgin Mary the Scriptures (see gallery below).

  • Coptic, 8th century, National Museum in Warsaw
  • German, 15th century. Anne holds Mary and Christ
  • German, 15th century, Legends of St Anne
  • German, 16th century. Relief of the St. Anne's Head, Annakirche Dueren
  • German, 16th century. St. Anne's Shrine, home of St. Anne's Head, Annakirche Dueren
  • Annunciation to Anne mosaic, 12th century, Chora Church, Istanbul
  • The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Cathedral Museum of the Church of Santiago de Compostela
  • A Belgian Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (labeled Ste Anne Trinitaire by the museum)
  • A French Virgin and Child with Saint Anne (15th-century) from Languedoc-Roussillon
  • A Spanish Virgin and Child with Saint Anne influenced ultimately by Greek "Hodegetria" icons
  • The Virgin and Child with Saint Anne from Oaxaca, Mexico
  • St. Anne Teaching the Virgin to Read, Church of San Giuseppe alla Lungara, Rome
  • Saint Anne, James Tissot, Brooklyn Museum
  • Saint Anne (Die Heilige Anna) with child Jesus, by Otto Bitschnau, 1883[34]
  • The Holy Family with Saint Anne and Saint-Jeannet by El Greco (c. 1600), conserved in the Biblioteca Museu Víctor Balaguer
  • Saint Anne and Virgin Mary. Josef Moroder-Lusenberg school (c. 1890) in Badia
  • The instruction of Mary. Catholic parish church of St. Martin in the district of Dillingen (Bavaria).
  • The Education of the Virgin. Guido Reni (1640-1642)
  • St. Anne teaching St. Mary, Josef Winterhalder the Younger
  • The education of the Virgin, Eugène Delacroix (1842)
  • The Education of the Virgin Mary, Jean Jouvenet (1700)
  • Mary and St. Anne. Iglesia del Salvador, Seville
  • Education of Virgin Mary, Parish church Saint Vinzenz
  • Saint Anne with Virgin and Child, ca. 1400-1425

Music
  • Marc-Antoine Charpentier composed 2 motets :
    • Pour Ste Anne, H.315, for 2 voices and continuo (around 1675)
    • Canticum Annae, H.325, for 3 voices, 2 treble instruments, and continuo (around 1680).
  • Johann Sebastian Bach composed a prelude and fugue :
    • Prelude and Fugue in E-Flat Major, BWV 552 (published 1739)

See also
  • Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem
  • Church of St. Ann (disambiguation)
  • The Line of Saint Anne
  • Portal, Catholic patron saint archive
  • Statue of Saint Anne, Charles Bridge
  • St Anne's College, Oxford
  • Virgin and Child with Saint Anne
  • Feast of the Conception of the Virgin Mary

Notes
  1. "O my Lord! I do dedicate into Thee what is in my womb for Thy special service: So accept this of me: For Thou hearest and knowest all things." (Quran 3:35).

References
  1. "Who is Saint Anne?". Archived from the original on 2019-01-17. Retrieved 2018-07-26.
  2. "St. Anna Orthodox Saint History and Name Day Information". 27 February 2005.
  3. Fongemie, Pauly. "SYMBOLS IN ART". Catholic tradition. Retrieved 2019-01-15.
  4. Nixon, Virginia (2004). Mary's Mother: Saint Anne in Late Medieval Europe. The Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-0-271-02466-0.
  5. Procopius' Buildings, Volume I, Chapters 11–12
  6. "Holy and Righteous Ancestors of God, Joachim and Anna". The Orthodox Faith – Lives of the Saints. The Orthodox Church in America. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  7. Brecht, Martin (1985). Martin Luther: His road to Reformation, 1483–1521. Fortress Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4514-1414-1.
  8. Wheeler, Brannon M. (2002). Prophets in the Quran: an introduction to the Quran and Muslim exegesis. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-4957-3.
  9. Da Costa, Yusuf (2002). The Honor of Women in Islam. LegitMaddie101. ISBN 1-930409-06-0.
  10. "Reames, Sherry L. ed.,"Legends of St. Anne, Mother of the Virgin Mary: Introduction", Middle English Legends of Women Saints, Medieval Institute Publications, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 2003". Lib.rochester.edu. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  11. Ehrman, Bart; Plese, Zlatko (2011-07-21). The Apocryphal Gospels: Texts and Translations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983128-9.
  12. "Holweck, Frederick. "St. Anne." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 3 May 2013 "The renowned Father John of Eck of Ingolstadt, in a sermon on St. Anne (published at Paris in 1579), pretends to know even the names of the parents St. Anne. He calls them Stollanus and Emerentia. He says that St. Anne was born after Stollanus and Emerentia had been childless for twenty years"". Newadvent.org. 1907-03-01. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  13. Nixon 2004, p. 12.
  14. Butler, Alban; Orsini, Mathieu (1857). The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints. ed. by F.C. Husenbeth. [With] The history of the blessed virgin Mary, by the abbé Orsini, tr. by F.C. Husenbeth. London: Henry. p. 97.
  15. "Lives of Saints, John J. Crawley & Co., Inc". Ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 2018-07-18. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  16. Welsh, Jennifer. The Cult of St. Anne in Medieval and Early Modern Europe, Routledge, 2016, ISBN 9781134997879
  17. "Saint Anne and Saint Joachim, Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Parish, Ottawa, Ontario". Olomc-ottawa.com. Archived from the original on 2014-08-10. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  18. "The Milky Way Project – It-Triq ta' Sant'Anna | What is the Milky Way?". maltastro.org. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
  19. "State Board Accredits New College". Hartford Courant. Hartford, Connecticut. May 26, 1944. p. 2. Retrieved November 2, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
  20. "The Conception of St. Anne 'When She Conceived the Holy Mother of God', The Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh
  21. "Saints and Feasts", Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
  22. "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.
  23. "ИОАКИМ И АННА". www.pravenc.ru. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  24. Armenian Church. "Commemoration of Sts. Joachim and Anna, Parents of the Holy Mother of God, and Oil-Bringing Women". armenianchurch.ge. Retrieved 2022-05-29.
  25. "Syro-Malabar Liturgical Calendar" (PDF).
  26. "THE SYRO-MALANKARA CATHOLIC CHURCH THE SACRED LECTIONARY" (PDF).
  27. "Saint Joseph Maronite Catholic Church" (PDF).
  28. "Arm Reliquary Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré Shrine, Quebec". Shrinesaintanne.org. 1960-07-03. Archived from the original on 2013-05-08. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  29. "Flickr photograph of the so-called 'speaking reliquary' (tells the pilgrim what is venerated)" (in German). Flickr.com. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  30. Bender (2010-07-26). "Arm relic Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls|Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls". Vita-nostra-in-ecclesia.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  31. "st_anne". 2016-04-17. Archived from the original on 2016-04-17. Retrieved 2022-07-14.
  32. "St. Anne – Archdiocese of Detroit". Aod.org. Retrieved 2013-08-15.
  33. Some writers gave her age at death, as part of a general family chronology, but no generally accepted tradition developed on this point, even during the Middle Ages.
  34. O. Bitschnau: Das Leben der Heiligen Gottes 1883, 558
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