Sumatra

Sumatra[lower-alpha 1] is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago.

Sumatra
Topography of Sumatra
Location of Sumatra within the Indonesian Archipelago
Geography
LocationSoutheast Asia
Coordinates00°N 102°E
ArchipelagoGreater Sunda Islands
Area473,481 km2 (182,812 sq mi)
Highest elevation3,805 m (12484 ft)
Highest pointKerinci
Administration
ProvincesAceh
North Sumatra
West Sumatra
Riau
Jambi
Bengkulu
South Sumatra
Lampung
Largest settlementMedan (pop. 2,097,610)
Demographics
Population59,185,500 (mid 2021 estimate)
Pop. density125.0/km2 (323.7/sq mi)
Ethnic groupsAcehnese, Batak, Gayonese, Lampung, Malay, Mentawai, Minangkabau, Nias, Palembang, Rejang, Chinese, Indian, Javanese etc.
Additional information
Time zone
  • Indonesia Western Time (UTC+7)

Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the west, northwest, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait, containing the Krakatoa Archipelago, separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands, while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karimata Strait and the Java Sea. The Bukit Barisan mountains, which contain several active volcanoes, form the backbone of the island, while the northeastern area contains large plains and lowlands with swamps, mangrove forest and complex river systems. The equator crosses the island at its centre in West Sumatra and Riau provinces. The climate of the island is tropical, hot, and humid. Lush tropical rain forest once dominated the landscape.

Sumatra has a wide range of plant and animal species but has lost almost 50% of its tropical rainforest in the last 35 years. Many species are now critically endangered, such as the Sumatran ground cuckoo, the Sumatran tiger, the Sumatran elephant, the Sumatran rhinoceros, and the Sumatran orangutan. Deforestation on the island has also resulted in serious seasonal smoke haze over neighbouring countries, such as the 2013 Southeast Asian haze which caused considerable tensions between Indonesia and affected countries Malaysia and Singapore.[2]

Etymology

Sumatra was known in ancient times by the Sanskrit names of Suwarnadwīpa ('Island of Gold') and Suwarnabhūmi ('Land of Gold'), because of the gold deposits in the island's highlands.[3] The earliest known mention of the current form "Sumatra" was in 1017, when the local king Haji Sumatrabhumi ("king of the land of Sumatra")[4] sent an envoy to China. Arab geographers referred to the island as Lamri (Lamuri, Lambri or Ramni) in the tenth through thirteenth centuries, in reference to a kingdom near modern-day Banda Aceh which was the first landfall for traders. The island has also been known by other names, including Andalas[5] or Percha Island.[6]

In the late 13th century, Marco Polo referred to the kingdom as Samara, while his contemporary fellow Italian traveller Odoric of Pordenone used the form Sumoltra. Later in the 14th century the local form "Sumatra" became popular abroad due to the rising power of the kingdom of Samudera Pasai and the subsequent Sultanate of Aceh.[7][8]

From then on, subsequent European writers mostly used Sumatra or similar forms of the name for the entire island.[9][10]

History
Batak warriors, 1870

By the year 692, the Melayu Kingdom was absorbed by Srivijaya.[11]: 79–80 

Srivijayan influence waned in the 11th century after being defeated by the Chola Empire in southern India. At the same time, the spread of Islam in Indonesia occurred gradually and indirectly, starting from the western regions of Indonesia such as the Sumatra area which became the first place for the spread of Islam in the archipelago then Java to the eastern regions of Indonesia, Sulawesi and Maluku.[12] The island of Sumatra is also an area in the archipelago that received the spread of Islam first compared to other islands or other areas.[12] The island of Sumatra became the first area to receive the spread of Islam because of the position of the island of Sumatra which is close to the Malacca strait.[12] The initial process of Islamization related to trade and also the formation of the kingdom.[12] Islam entered Sumatra through pious Arabs and Indian traders in the 6th and 7th centuries AD.[13] At the beginning and end of the 13th century the formation of the kingdom, the king of the Samudra kingdom had converted to Islam. Marco Polo visited the island in 1292, and his fellow Italian Odoric of Pordenone in 1321.

Moroccan scholar Ibn Battuta visited with the sultan for 15 days, noting the city of Samudra was "a fine, big city with wooden walls and towers", and another two months on his return journey.[14] Samudra was succeeded by the powerful Aceh Sultanate, which survived to the 20th century. With the coming of the Dutch, the many Sumatran princely states gradually fell under their control. Aceh, in the north, was the major obstacle, as the Dutch were involved in the long and costly Aceh War (1873–1903).

The Free Aceh Movement fought against Indonesian government forces in the Aceh Insurgency from 1976 to 2005.[15] Security crackdowns in 2001 and 2002 resulted in several thousand civilian deaths.[16]

The island was heavily impacted by both the 1883 Krakatoa eruption and the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami.

Demographics
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 20,808,148—    
1980 28,016,160+34.6%
1990 36,506,703+30.3%
1995 40,830,334+11.8%
2000 42,616,164+4.4%
2005 45,839,041+7.6%
2010 50,613,947+10.4%
2015 55,198,752+9.1%
2020 58,557,211+6.1%
2021 59,185,500+1.1%
sources:[17][18]

Sumatra is not particularly densely populated, with 125 people per km2 – about 59,185,500  people in total (according to official estimates as at mid 2021).[19] Because of its size, it is nonetheless the fifth[20] most populous island in the world.

  • Minangkabau women carrying platters of food to a ceremony
  • Traditional house in Nias North Sumatra

Languages

There are over 52 languages spoken, all of which (except Chinese and Tamil) belong to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Within Malayo-Polynesian, they are divided into several sub-branches: Chamic (which are represented by Acehnese in which its closest relatives are languages spoken by Ethnic Chams in Cambodia and Vietnam), Malayic (Malay, Minangkabau and other closely related languages), Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands (Batak languages, Gayo and others), Lampungic (includes Proper Lampung and Komering) and Bornean (represented by Rejang in which its closest linguistic relatives are Bukar Sadong and Land Dayak spoken in West Kalimantan and Sarawak (Malaysia)). Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands and Lampungic branches are endemic to the island. Like all parts of Indonesia, Indonesian (which was based on Riau Malay) is the official language and the main lingua franca. Although Sumatra has its own local lingua franca, variants of Malay like Medan Malay and Palembang Malay[21] are popular in North and South Sumatra, especially in urban areas. Minangkabau (Padang dialect)[22] is popular in West Sumatra, some parts of North Sumatra, Bengkulu, Jambi and Riau (especially in Pekanbaru and areas bordered with West Sumatra) while Acehnese is also used as an inter-ethnic means of communication in some parts of Aceh province.

Religion
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque in Banda Aceh
Religion in Sumatra – 2010 Census[23]
religion percent
Islam
 
 77%
Christianity
 
 21.6%
Buddhism
 
 1.4%
Hinduism
 
 0.3%
Other religions/
No answer
 
 0.3%
Confucianism
 
 0.1%

The majority of people in Sumatra are Muslims (87.1%), while 10.7% are Christians, and less than 2% are Buddhists and Hindus.[23]

Administration

Sumatra is one of seven geographical regions of Indonesia which includes its adjacent smaller islands. Sumatra was one of the eight original provinces of Indonesia between 1945 and 1948. Including adjacent archipelagoes normally included with Sumatra (such as the Riau Islands, Nias and the Bangka-Belitung group), it now covers ten of Indonesia's 37 provinces, which are set out below with their areas and populations.[24]

Provinces within the region of Sumatra
NameArea (km2)Population
census
2000		Population
census
2010		Population
census
2015		Population
census
2020		Population
estimate
2021		Capital
 Aceh57,956.004,073,0064,486,5704,993,3855,274,8715,333,700Banda Aceh
 North Sumatra
(Sumatra Utara)		72,981.2311,642,48812,326,67813,923,26214,799,36114,936,200Medan
 West Sumatra
(Sumatra Barat)		42,012.894,248,5154,846,9095,190,5775,534,4725,580,200Padang
 Riau87,023.663,907,7635,543,0316,330,9416,394,0976,493,600Pekanbaru
 Riau Islands
(Kepulauan Riau)		8,256.101,040,2071,685,6981,968,3132,064,5642,118,200Tanjung Pinang
 Jambi50,058.162,407,1663,088,6183,397,1643,548,2283,585,100Jambi
 South Sumatra
(Sumatra Selatan)		91,592.436,210,8007,446,4018,043,0428,467,4328,550,900Palembang
 Bengkulu19,919.331,455,5001,713,3931,872,1362,010,6702,032,900Bengkulu
 Lampung34,623.806,730,7517,596,1158,109,6019,007,8489,081,800Bandar Lampung
 Bangka Belitung Islands
(Kepulauan Bangka Belitung)		16,424.14899,9681,223,0481,370,3311,455,6781,473,200Pangkal Pinang
Totals480,847.7442,616,16450,613,94755,198,75258,557,21159,185,500

Geography
Map of geological formation of Sumatra island
Mount Sinabung, North Sumatra

The longest axis of the island runs approximately 1,790 km (1,110 mi) northwest–southeast, crossing the equator near the centre. At its widest point, the island spans 435 km (270 mi). The interior of the island is dominated by two geographical regions: the Barisan Mountains in the west and swampy plains in the east. Sumatra is the closest Indonesian island to mainland Asia.

To the southeast is Java, separated by the Sunda Strait. To the north is the Malay Peninsula (located on the Asian mainland), separated by the Strait of Malacca. To the east is Borneo, across the Karimata Strait. West of the island is the Indian Ocean.

The Great Sumatran fault (a strike-slip fault), and the Sunda megathrust (a subduction zone), run the entire length of the island along its west coast. On 26 December 2004, the western coast and islands of Sumatra, particularly Aceh province, were struck by a tsunami following the Indian Ocean earthquake. This was the longest earthquake recorded, lasting between 500 and 600 seconds.[25] More than 170,000 Indonesians were killed, primarily in Aceh. Other recent earthquakes to strike Sumatra include the 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake and the 2010 Mentawai earthquake and tsunami.

Lake Toba is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred around 74,000 years ago, representing a climate-changing event.[26]

The most important rivers in Sumatra belong to the catchment area of the South China Sea. Heading north to south, the Rokan, Siak, Kampar, Indragiri, Batanghari flow into the Malacca Strait, while the island's largest river, the Musi, flows into the sea at Bangka Strait in the south.

To the east, big rivers carry silt from the mountains, forming the vast lowland interspersed by swamps. Even if mostly unsuitable for farming, the area is currently of great economic importance for Indonesia. It produces oil from both above and below the soil – palm oil and petroleum.

Sumatra is the largest producer of Indonesian coffee. Small-holders grow Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) in the highlands, while Robusta (Coffea canephora) is found in the lowlands. Arabica coffee from the regions of Gayo, Lintong and Sidikilang is typically processed using the Giling Basah (wet hulling) technique, which gives it a heavy body and low acidity.[27]

Sumatra is a highly seismic island, huge earthquakes have been recorded throughout history, in 1797 an 8.9 earthquake shook Western Sumatra, in 1833 a 9.2 earthquake shook Bengkulu and Western Sumatra both events caused large tsunamis. They are very common throughout the coastal area of the west and center of the island, tsunamis are common due to the high seismicity in the area.

The land earthquake has caused severe damage in Liwa West Lampung Regency Lampung Province 1994, 207 died, while the number of injured reavhed 2000, the number of residents who lost their homes at that time was estimated at 75000 people[28]

The event of a large earthquake accmpanied by the Phreatic Eruption in Suwoh in 1933, the destruction was recorded by the Dutch geologist, Ch E Stehn, who came to Suwoh in mid-July to early to early Agustus 1933, he was assigned by the Government of Dutch East Indies to research that disaster, Stehn said that the ejection of hot material was increasing, until on July 10, 1933 or 14 days after the earthquake there was a large phreatic eruption in Suwoh, he eruption formed two craters and destroyed an area within a radius of 10 kilometers from the center of the eruption[29][30]

Largest cities
Medan, the largest city in Sumatra

By population, Medan is the largest city in Sumatra.[31] Medan is also the most visited and developed city in Sumatra.

Rank City Province City Birthday Area
(in km2)		 Population
2010 census		 Population
2020 census
1 Medan North Sumatra 1 July 1590 265.10 2,097,610 2,435,252
2 Palembang South Sumatra 17 June 1683 374.03 1,455,284 1,668,848
3 Bandar Lampung Lampung 17 June 1682 169.21 881,801 1,166,066
4 Pekanbaru Riau 23 June 1784 633.01 897,767 983,356
5 Padang West Sumatra 7 August 1669 694.96 833,562 909,040
6 Jambi Jambi 17 May 1946 205.00 531,857 606,200
7 Bengkulu Bengkulu 18 March 1719 144.52 308,544 373,591
8 Dumai Riau 20 April 1999 2,039.35 253,803 316,782
9 Binjai North Sumatra 90.24 246,154 291,842
10 Pematang Siantar North Sumatra 24 April 1871 60.52 234,698 268,254
11 Banda Aceh Aceh 22 April 1205 61.36 223,446 252,899
12 Lubuklinggau South Sumatra 17 August 2001 419.80 201,308 234,166

Flora and fauna
Sumatran tiger
Rafflesia arnoldii

Sumatra supports a wide range of vegetation types that are home to a rich variety of species, including 17 endemic genera of plants.[32] Unique species include the Sumatran pine which dominates the Sumatran tropical pine forests of the higher mountainsides in the north of the island and rainforest plants such as Rafflesia arnoldii (the world's largest individual flower), and the titan arum (the world's largest unbranched inflorescence).

The island is home to 201 mammal species and 580 bird species. There are nine endemic mammal species on mainland Sumatra and 14 more endemic to the nearby Mentawai Islands.[32] There are about 300 freshwater fish species in Sumatra.[33] There are 93 amphibian species in Sumatra, 21 of which are endemic to Sumatra.[34]

The Sumatran tiger, Sumatran rhinoceros, Sumatran elephant, Sumatran ground cuckoo, Sumatran orangutan and Tapanuli orangutan are all critically endangered, indicating the highest level of threat to their survival. In October 2008, the Indonesian government announced a plan to protect Sumatra's remaining forests.[35]

The island includes more than 10 national parks, including three which are listed as the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra World Heritage Site – Gunung Leuser National Park, Kerinci Seblat National Park and Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The Berbak National Park is one of three national parks in Indonesia listed as a wetland of international importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Rail transport

Several unconnected railway networks built during Netherlands East Indies exist in Sumatra, such as the ones connecting Banda Aceh-Lhokseumawe-Besitang-Medan-Tebingtinggi-Pematang Siantar-Rantau Prapat in Northern Sumatra (the Banda Aceh-Besitang section was closed in 1971, but is currently being rebuilt).[36] Padang-Solok-Bukittinggi in West Sumatra, and Bandar Lampung-Palembang-Lahat-Lubuk Linggau in Southern Sumatra.

See also
  • Architecture of Sumatra
  • Bukit Seguntang
  • Communism in Sumatra
  • Music of Sumatra

References
  1. The Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia states that Sumatra is the correct spelling in Indonesian;[1] however, it is popularly spelled in Indonesian as Sumatera.
  1. "Hasil Pencarian – KBBI Daring" [Entry for "Sumatra" in the online version of the Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia]. kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id (in Indonesian). Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology.
  2. Shadbolt, Peter (21 June 2013). "Singapore Chokes on Haze as Sumatran Forest Fires Rage". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  3. Drakard, Jane (1999). A Kingdom of Words: Language and Power in Sumatra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 983-56-0035-X.
  4. Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. ISBN 978-981-4155-67-0.
  5. Marsden, William (1783). The History of Sumatra. Dutch: Longman. p. 5.
  6. Cribb, Robert (2013). Historical Atlas of Indonesia. Routledge. p. 249.
  7. Sneddon, James N. (2003). The Indonesian language: its history and role in modern society. UNSW Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780868405988. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  8. Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1924). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 347. ISBN 9788120820005. Archived from the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  9. Sir Henry Yule, ed. (1866). Cathay and the Way Thither: Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Issue 36. pp. 86–87. Archived from the original on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  10. Marsden, William (1811). The History of Sumatra: Containing an Account of the Government, Laws, Customs and Manners of the Native Inhabitants, with a Description of the Natural Productions, and a Relation of the Ancient Political State of That Island. pp. 4–10. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  11. Coedès, George (1968). Vella, Walter F. (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Translated by Cowing, Susan Brown. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  12. "Sejarah Masuknya Islam Ke Indonesia". 4 November 2021.
  13. G.R. Tibbets,Pre-Islamic Arabia and South East Asia, in D.S. Richards (ed.),1970, Islam and The Trade of Asia, Oxford: Bruno Cassirer Pub. Ltd, p. 127 nt. 21; S.Q.Fatimi, In Quest of Kalah, in D.S. Richards (ed.),1970, p.132 n.124; W.P. Groeneveldt, Notes in The Malay Archipelago, in D.S. Richards (ed.),1970, p.129 n.42
  14. Battutah, Ibn (2002). The Travels of Ibn Battutah. London: Picador. pp. 256, 274, 322. ISBN 9780330418799.
  15. "Indonesia Agrees Aceh Peace Deal". BBC News. 17 July 2005. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  16. "Aceh Under Martial Law: Inside the Secret War: Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Violations". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  17. "Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 - 2022" [Indonesian Population by Provinces 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2010]. Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 1 July 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  18. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022.
  19. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  20. "Population Statistics". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  21. Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T., eds. (1996). Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol. I: Maps. Vol II: Texts. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110819724 – via Google Books.
  22. "Minangkabau Language". gcanthminangkabau.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014.
  23. Badan Pusat Statistik, Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and the Everyday Languages of Indonesian Citizens] (PDF) (in Indonesian), Badan Pusat Statistik, ISBN 978-979-064-417-5, archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015, retrieved 5 January 2019
  24. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakartya, 2022.
  25. Glenday, Craig (2013). Guinness Book of World Records 2014. The Jim Pattison Group. pp. 015. ISBN 978-1-908843-15-9.
  26. Vogel, Gretchen, How ancient humans survived global ‘volcanic winter’ from massive eruption, Science, 12 March 2018
  27. "Daerah Produsen Kopi Arabika di Indonesia" [Regional Arabica Coffee Producers in Indonesia]. Kopi Distributor 1995. 28 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
  28. >"Gempa Lampung Barat Ingatkan Daryono Peristiwa Merusak Liwa Tahun 1994".
  29. >"Gempa Mengintai Suoh yang Subur". 15 January 2019.
  30. "Dukung Suoh Menjadi Kawasan Geopark Nasional". 16 September 2021.
  31. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta.
  32. Whitten, Tony (1999). The Ecology of Sumatra. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 962-593-074-4.
  33. Nguyen, T. T. T., and S. S. De Silva (2006). "Freshwater finfish biodiversity and conservation: an asian perspective". Biodiversity & Conservation 15(11): 3543–3568
  34. "Hellen Kurniati". The Rufford Foundation. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  35. "Forest, Wildlife Protection Pledged at World Conservation Congress". Environment News Service. 14 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2012.
  36. Younger, Scott (6 November 2011). "The Slow Train". Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2015.

Further reading
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