Territory
A territory is an area of land, sea, or space, particularly belonging or connected to a country, persons, or animal.[1]
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In international politics, a territory is usually either the total area from which a state may extract power resources[2] or an administrative division is usually an area that is under the jurisdiction of a sovereign state.
As a subdivision a territory is in most countries an organized division of an area that is controlled by a country but is not formally developed into,[1] or incorporated into, a political unit of the country that is of equal status to other political units that may often be referred to by words such as "provinces" or "regions" or "states". In its narrower sense it is "a geographic region, such as a colonial possession, that is dependent on an external government."[3]
Etymology
The origins of the word "territory" begin with the Proto-Indo-European root ters ('to dry').[4] From this emerged the Latin word terra ('earth, land') and later the Latin word territorium ('land around a town').[5][6] Territory made its debut as a word in Middle English during the 14th century. At this point the suffix -orium, which denotes place, was replaced with -ory which also expresses place.[7]
Types
Examples for different types of territory include the following:
- Capital territory
- Dependent territory
- Disputed territory, a geographic area claimed by two or more rival governments. For example, the territory of Kashmir is claimed by the governments of both India and Pakistan; for each country involved in the dispute, the whole territory is claimed as a part of the existing state. Another example is the Republic of China (commonly labeled "Taiwan"), whose sovereignty status is disputed by and territory claimed by the People's Republic of China.
- Federal territory
- Maritime territory
- Occupied territory, a region that is under the military control of an outside power that has not gained universal recognition from the international community. Current examples are Crimea, occupied by the Russian Federation; East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip, the Golan Heights, and the West Bank, occupied by the State of Israel; Western Sahara, partially occupied by the Kingdom of Morocco. Other examples of occupied territory include the country of Kuwait after it was briefly invaded by Iraq in 1990, Iraq after the American invasion of 2003, Germany after World War II, and Kosovo after 1999.
- Overseas territory
- Unorganized territory, a region of land without a "normally" constituted system of government. This does not mean that the territory has no government at all or that it is an unclaimed territory. In practice, such territories are always sparsely populated.
Capital territory
A capital territory or federal capital territory is usually a specially designated territory where a country's seat of government is located. As such, in the federal model of government, no one state or territory takes pre-eminence because the capital lies within its borders. A capital territory can be one specific form of federal district.
- In Australia, the capital Canberra lies within the Australian Capital Territory and was originally called the FCT.
- The National Capital Territory of Delhi is where New Delhi, the capital of India, is located.
- Nigeria has its capital Abuja in the Federal Capital Territory.
- In Pakistan, the capital city Islamabad lies within the Islamabad Capital Territory.
- In the United States, the capital city Washington lies within the District of Columbia.
Dependent territory
A dependent territory is a territory that is not an independent sovereign state, yet remains politically outside the governing state's integral area.[8] Presently, all dependent territories are either overseas territories or non-sovereign associated states. Only four countries currently possess dependent territories: New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Examples include:
- The three Crown Dependencies are self-governing possessions of the British Crown similar to freely associated states, not parts of the United Kingdom itself nor of any of its four constituent countries.
- American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands are unincorporated territories of the United States with varying local autonomy.
- Bouvet Island is an uninhabited dependent territory of Norway.
- The Cook Islands and Niue are associated states of New Zealand.
- Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory of New Zealand.
Federal territory
A federal territory is an area within the direct and usually exclusive jurisdiction of the central or national government within a federation.
Australia
Australia has ten federal territories, out of which three are "internal territories" (the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, and Northern Territory) on mainland Australia; and the other seven are "external territories" (Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island, and the Australian Antarctic Territory), which are offshore dependent territories.
Canada
Canada has three federal territories in addition to its 10 provinces. The territories are officially under the direct control of the federal government and are created by statute (while provinces had constitutional jurisdiction), but in practice they operate similar to provinces.
Each territory has a premier, legislative assembly, and Commissioner (who performs a similar role to a lieutenant governor).
The territories are, from west to east, the Yukon, the Northwest Territories, and Nunavut.
Others
- Federal Capital Territory (Nigeria)
- Federal Territory (Malaysia)
- Union Territory (India)
Overseas territory
Overseas territory is a broad designation for a territorial entity that is separated from the country that governs it by an ocean. An overseas territory may be either a constituent part of the governing state or a dependent territory.
Examples include:
- Província Ultramarinas or Portuguese Overseas provinces
- The fourteen British Overseas Territories are dependent territories of the British Crown with varying degrees of self-governance, not parts of the United Kingdom itself nor of any of its four constituent countries.[9]
- Overseas France includes the five overseas collectivities of France, which are broadly autonomous territories, as well as overseas regions and overseas departments, which are essentially the same as regions and departments in Metropolitan France. Nonetheless, all are integral parts of the French Fifth Republic.
- Greenland and the Faroe Islands are constituent countries of the Kingdom of Denmark that are internally self-governing.
- Non-contiguous United States, territories cut off from the contiguous USA by foreign land borders and are accessible by sea.
See also
- Category: Territories under military occupation
- List of enclaves and exclaves
References
- "territory". Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
- Hickman, John (2016). Space is Power: The Seven Rules of Territory. London: Lexington Books. pp. 57–67. ISBN 978-1-4985-1289-3.
- Territory. American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Accessed 28 January 2022. Archived.
- Harper, Douglas. "*ters-". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- Harper, Douglas. "territory". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- "Definition of TERRITORY". Merriam Webster Dictionary. merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
- Dunmore, Charles W.; Fleischer, Rita M. (2008). Studies in Etymology (Second ed.). Focus. p. 236. ISBN 9781585100125. JSTOR 288048.
- "Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples". United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV). the United Nations General Assembly. 14 December 1960. Retrieved 23 September 2019 – via Wikisource.
- "The Overseas Territories" (PDF). Foreign and Commonwealth Office. June 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2020.