2008 Tour de France

Long running disputes between the event organisers, the ASO and the UCI[2] reached a head when the race organisers insisted upon the right to invite, or exclude, whichever teams it chose for the event. Under UCI rules, any ProTour event must be open to all member teams of the UCI's top level. The ASO made it clear that, despite changes in team management and personnel, it intended to exclude Astana from the event as a result of its involvement in the doping scandals that marred the 2007 Tour and its links to the 2006 Operación Puerto doping case. This meant that the champion (Alberto Contador) and third-place finisher (Levi Leipheimer) from 2007, both of whom had since signed with Astana, could not compete in the 2008 Tour.[3]

The ASO announced on 20 March 2008 that all ProTour teams except Astana would be invited, along with three wildcard teams: Agritubel, Barloworld, and Slipstream–Chipotle (subsequently renamed as Garmin–Chipotle p/b H30[4]).[5] With each team consisting of nine riders, 180 riders started the Tour.[6]

The teams entering the race were:[7]

UCI ProTour teams

Invited teams

Because Astana was not invited to the 2008 Tour de France, the winner of the 2007 Tour de France, Alberto Contador, the 3rd-place finisher Levi Leipheimer and the 2004 and 2006 Tour de France runner up Andreas Klöden did not compete. Ten days before the start of the tour, Contador picked Cadel Evans as the likely winner for 2008.[9] Shown in the table below are the riders that, according to the bookmakers[10] in the months before the start of the 2008 Tour de France, had a chance of winning the 2008 Tour better than or equal to 25/1. The odds shown are the odds in July 2008, directly before the start of the race. Thomas Dekker and Michael Rogers were also given odds in this range, but were not included in the Tour de France.

The 2008 Tour de France was almost entirely in France, with only a small part in Italy. In previous years, the Tour started with a prologue, followed by a week of flat stages. The flat stages were dominated by the sprinters' teams, and the yellow jersey was worn by a sprinter who had a good prologue. At the presentation of the Tour de France 2008 schedule, Tour Director Christian Prudhomme announced that the 2008 Tour would be different: "We have wanted a first week of racing with much more rhythm. With no prologue, an uphill finish that will suit different types of sprinters at the end of stage one, with a short time trial on stage four and the first mountain at Super-Besse only 48 hours later, we have decided to change the scenario."[11] The time bonuses at the end of each stage were removed, and there was 82 kilometres (51 mi) of time trials, less than usual. The highest point of elevation in the race was 2,802 m (9,193 ft) at the Cime de la Bonette loop road on stage 16.[12][13]

Stage characteristics and winners[14][15][16]

Stage	Date	Course	Distance	Type		Winner
1	5 July	Brest to Plumelec	197.5 km (122.7 mi)		Flat stage	Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
2	6 July	Auray to Saint-Brieuc	164.5 km (102.2 mi)		Flat stage	Thor Hushovd (NOR)
3	7 July	Saint-Malo to Nantes	208.0 km (129.2 mi)		Flat stage	Samuel Dumoulin (FRA)
4	8 July	Cholet to Cholet	29.5 km (18.3 mi)		Individual time trial	Kim Kirchen (LUX)
5	9 July	Cholet to Châteauroux	232.0 km (144.2 mi)		Flat stage	Mark Cavendish (GBR)
6	10 July	Aigurande to Super-Besse Sancy	195.5 km (121.5 mi)		Transition stage	Alejandro Valverde (ESP)
7	11 July	Brioude to Aurillac	159.0 km (98.8 mi)		Transition stage	Luis León Sánchez (ESP)
8	12 July	Figeac to Toulouse	172.5 km (107.2 mi)		Flat stage	Mark Cavendish (GBR)
9	13 July	Toulouse to Bagnères-de-Bigorre	224.0 km (139.2 mi)		Mountain stage	Vladimir Efimkin (RUS)
10	14 July	Pau to Hautacam	156.0 km (96.9 mi)		Mountain stage	Juan José Cobo (ESP)
	15 July	Pau			Rest day
11	16 July	Lannemezan to Foix	167.5 km (104.1 mi)		Transition stage	Kurt Asle Arvesen (NOR)
12	17 July	Lavelanet to Narbonne	168.5 km (104.7 mi)		Flat stage	Mark Cavendish (GBR)
13	18 July	Narbonne to Nîmes	182.0 km (113.1 mi)		Flat stage	Mark Cavendish (GBR)
14	19 July	Nîmes to Digne-les-Bains	194.5 km (120.9 mi)		Flat stage	Óscar Freire (ESP)
15	20 July	Embrun[lower-alpha 1] to Prato Nevoso (Italy)	183.0 km (113.7 mi)		Mountain stage	Simon Gerrans (AUS)
	21 July	Cuneo (Italy)			Rest day
16	22 July	Cuneo (Italy) to Jausiers	157.0 km (97.6 mi)		Mountain stage	Cyril Dessel (FRA)
17	23 July	Embrun to Alpe d'Huez	210.5 km (130.8 mi)		Mountain stage	Carlos Sastre (ESP)
18	24 July	Bourg-d'Oisans to Saint-Étienne	196.5 km (122.1 mi)		Transition stage	Marcus Burghardt (GER)
19	25 July	Roanne to Montluçon	165.5 km (102.8 mi)		Flat stage	Sylvain Chavanel (FRA)
20	26 July	Cérilly to Saint-Amand-Montrond	53.0 km (32.9 mi)		Individual time trial	Fabian Cancellara (SUI)
21	27 July	Étampes to Paris (Champs-Élysées)	143.0 km (88.9 mi)		Flat stage	Gert Steegmans (BEL)
	Total		3,559 km (2,211 mi)[17]

Romain Feillu was the only French cyclist to wear the yellow jersey in the 2008 Tour de France; he wore it for one day after stage 3.

In the first week of the 2008 Tour de France, the stages were mostly flat. As traditionally in the Tour de France, this resulted in small breakaways of cyclists, and the sprinters' teams trying to get them back. In the first stage, the sprinters won, with Thor Hushovd winning the stage, but in the second stage, four cyclists managed to stay away. The fourth stage was a time trial, won by Stefan Schumacher, who took over the lead. In the fifth stage, the sprinters won the battle and Mark Cavendish won the stage.

The Massif Central mountains were visited in stage six and seven. In stage six, all the breakaways were caught, and the favourites stayed together and finished together. In stage seven, the same scenario, only now Luis León Sánchez managed to stay a few seconds ahead and win the stage. The eighth stage was a sprinter stage, won by Cavendish. Then, from stage nine, the Pyrenees were climbed. Riccardo Riccò broke away from the bunch on the final climb, and won the stage. On stage 10, a group of four with some main contenders escaped, and Leonardo Piepoli won the stage. Stage eleven had easier climbs, and a group of four riders, not important for the overall classification, were allowed to break away and win by 14 minutes.

Stages twelve to fourteen were flat stages, and were dominated by the sprinters. Mark Cavendish won another two stages, and Óscar Freire took his first. In the fifteenth stage, a group of four cyclists escaped and stayed away, a similar thing happened in stage sixteen. In the seventeenth stage, Carlos Sastre placed a surprise attack (not only a surprise for his opponents, but also for his team mates and Directeur Sportif)[18] won the stage and took the lead in the general classification. The eighteenth and nineteenth stage again saw breakaways of cyclists not important for the general classification. The twentieth stage, a time trial, was won by Stefan Schumacher who had also won the first time trial. The last stage was a sprinters' stage, won by Gert Steegmans.[19]

Doping

Writing on the street during Tour de France 2008 at Alpe d'Huez, satirically saying that EPO is available in 500 meters.

On 26 May 2008, the 2007 green jersey (points) winner Tom Boonen tested positive for cocaine. Since this was outside competition, Boonen was not sanctioned by the UCI or WADA, but he was nevertheless barred from the 2008 Tour de France.[20][21]

Following protracted disagreement between the organisers of the Tour de France (ASO) and the UCI, the race was sanctioned by the Fédération Française de Cyclisme (FFC), as was the 2008 Paris–Nice in March. Thus the FFC were in charge of the doping controls before and during the race, and rather than increasing the number of doping controls during the Tour, they applied a more targeted approach on suspect riders.[22] The French government's anti-doping agency AFLD carried out approximately 60 random and targeted tests in the weeks leading up to the Tour. They took blood samples from all the 180 riders in a two-day period just before the first stage, and during the race took samples from up to 14 riders a day shortly after the stage was finished, 250 tests being run in total.[23] The Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) also performed unannounced doping tests of riders at the finish of stage 15, which ended at the ski resort of Prato Nevoso, Italy.[24] On 3 July 2008, France enacted a law criminalizing using or trafficking in doping substances.[25]

On 11 July news broke that Spanish rider Manuel Beltrán tested positive for erythropoietin after the first stage of the tour. Blood abnormalities before the tour start had led AFLD to target the rider. Beltrán's team Liquigas withdrew him from the tour with immediate effect. French law enforcement authorities questioned Beltrán over possible offences and searched his hotel room, but he claimed his innocence. The B-Sample has not yet been tested.[26]

On 13 July, prior to the ninth stage, it was revealed that AFLD had informed team doctors that five riders had unusually high hematocrit levels. The Italian press reported that Riccardo Riccò, who won the stage later that day, had been selected for testing several times during the first week, which led to a suspicion that he was among those whose teams had been notified. Riccò has for some time been known to have a naturally high hematocrit level of 51%, above the 50%-level which usually is taken to be an indicator of possible blood manipulation. Riccò stated that he has a licence confirming that this is a natural, long-term condition, which he gave to the doping agencies before the start of the race,[27] but he later admitted to the offence at a hearing of the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI).[28]

On 16 July Barloworld started the 11th stage without Moisés Dueñas, who had been withdrawn from the team after being tested positive for EPO at the end of the time trial fourth stage.[29] Barloworld Ltd, two days later, announced that they were withdrawing from sponsorship after this year's Tour de France,[30] but on 28 October, they announced that they would sponsor the team for another year.[31]

Stefan Schumacher tested positive for MIRCERA following additional testing of his blood samples.

On 17 July, shortly before the start of stage 12, Ricardo Riccò and the rest of the Saunier Duval-Scott team, withdrew from the race after the announcement that he had tested positive for MIRCERA, a new type of EPO, at the end of stage 4.[32][33] Leonardo Piepoli, winner of stage 10, was sacked by his team for "violation of the team's ethics code" the following day, though no positive test was reported at that time.[34] Almost 3 months later his tests came back positive for samples taken one day prior to the start of the Tour, on 4 July, and also on 15 July, on the rest day in Pau.[35]

On the last day of the race, but after the end of the stage, Dmitry Fofonov was announced to have tested positive for the banned stimulant heptaminol after Stage 18. He was asked for a medical exemption to use the stimulant, but did not produce one.[36] He was subsequently fired by his team Crédit Agricole.[37]

After the race ended, French cyclist Jimmy Casper was suspended from Agritubel because he tested positive after the stage to Super Besse for glucocorticoids, an asthma drug that is banned unless the user has a medical exemption for its use. Casper, an asthmatic, carried a therapeutic use exemptions (TUE) for the last twelve years but failed to renew this exemption. His authorisation expired on 29 May and was not renewed before the 2008 Tour de France.[38] The French cycling federation's disciplinary commission exonerated Casper.[39]

In late September it was announced that several Tour de France riders were to have their blood samples retested for traces of EPO. Pierre Bordry, the head of AFLD, claimed the testing involved riders who were already under scrutiny for suspicious urine samples. AFLD had suspicion that there was MIRCERA in some samples but the laboratory could not say definitively. The urine tests were somewhat unreliable at giving definitive results, so the AFLD decided to order the blood samples taken before and during the Tour for additional testing with a newly developed CERA blood test.[40][41]

As a result of this additional testing, both Leonardo Piepoli and Stefan Schumacher tested positive for the same substance which Riccò used, MIRCERA. The riders were declared positive by AFLD.[35]

On 13 October 2008, the AFLD announced that Bernhard Kohl, who finished in third place overall and winner of the climbers' competition, had also tested positive for MIRCERA on 3 and 15 July, before and during the Tour de France.[42][43] Initial results were verified, and Kohl also confessed to doping. His third-place overall finish in the 2008 Tour and his first place in the King of the Mountains competition are considered vacancies in the Tour's official history.[lower-alpha 2]

There were four main individual classifications contested in the 2008 Tour de France, as well as a team competition. The most important was the general classification, which was calculated by adding each rider's finishing times on each stage.[44] There were no time bonuses given at the end of stages for this edition of the Tour.[45] If a crash had happened within the final 3 km (1.9 mi) of a stage, not including time trials and summit finishes, the riders involved would have received the same time as the group they were in when the crash occurred.[46] The rider with the lowest cumulative time was the winner of the general classification and was considered the overall winner of the Tour.[45] The rider leading the classification wore a yellow jersey.[47]

The second classification was the points classification. Riders received points for finishing in the highest positions in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints during the stage. The points available for each stage finish were determined by the stage's type.[44] The leader was identified by a green jersey.[47]

The third classification was the mountains classification. Most stages of the race included one or more categorised climbs, in which points were awarded to the riders that reached the summit first. The climbs were categorised as fourth-, third-, second- or first-category and hors catégorie, with the more difficult climbs rated lower.[48] The leader wore a white jersey with red polka dots.[47]

The final individual classification was the young rider classification. This was calculated the same way as the general classification, but the classification was restricted to riders who were born on or after 1 January 1983.[45] The leader wore a white jersey.[47]

The final classification was a team classification. This was calculated using the finishing times of the best three riders per team on each stage; the leading team was the team with the lowest cumulative time. The number of stage victories and placings per team determined the outcome of a tie.[45] The riders in the team that lead this classification were identified with yellow number bibs on the back of their jerseys.[47]

In addition, there was a combativity award given after each mass start stage to the rider considered, by a jury, to have "made the greatest effort and who has demonstrated the best qualities of sportsmanship".[45] The winner wore a red number bib the following stage.[47] At the conclusion of the Tour, Sylvain Chavanel (Cofidis) was given the overall super-combativity award.[49]

There were also two special awards each with a prize of €5000, the Souvenir Henri Desgrange, given in honour of Tour founder and first race director Henri Desgrange to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Galibier on stage 17, and the Souvenir Jacques Goddet, given in honour of the second director Jacques Goddet to the first rider to pass the summit of the Col du Tourmalet on stage 10.[50] Stefan Schumacher won the Henri Desgrange and Rémy Di Gregorio won the Jacques Goddet.[51][52]

Classification leadership by stage[53][54]

Stage	Winner	General classification	Points classification	Mountains classification	Young rider classification	Team classification	Combativity award
1	Alejandro Valverde	Alejandro Valverde	Alejandro Valverde	Thomas Voeckler	Riccardo Riccò	Caisse d'Epargne	Lilian Jegou
2	Thor Hushovd		Kim Kirchen				Sylvain Chavanel
3	Samuel Dumoulin	Romain Feillu			Romain Feillu	Garmin–Chipotle p/b H30	William Frischkorn
4	Kim Kirchen	Stefan Schumacher			Thomas Lövkvist		no award
5	Mark Cavendish		Thor Hushovd				Nicolas Vogondy
6	Alejandro Valverde	Kim Kirchen	Kim Kirchen	Sylvain Chavanel			Sylvain Chavanel
7	Luis León Sánchez			David de la Fuente		CSC–Saxo Bank	Luis León Sánchez
8	Mark Cavendish		Óscar Freire				Laurent Lefevre
9	Vladimir Efimkin		Kim Kirchen		Andy Schleck		Sebastian Lang
10	Juan José Cobo	Cadel Evans	Óscar Freire	Riccardo Riccò	Riccardo Riccò	Saunier Duval–Scott	Rémy Di Gregorio
11	Kurt Asle Arvesen					CSC–Saxo Bank	Amaël Moinard
12	Mark Cavendish			Sebastian Lang	Vincenzo Nibali		Arnaud Gérard
13	Mark Cavendish						Niki Terpstra
14	Óscar Freire						José Ivan Gutierrez
15	Simon Gerrans	Fränk Schleck		Bernhard Kohl[lower-alpha 2]			Egoi Martínez
16	Cyril Dessel				Andy Schleck		Stefan Schumacher
17	Carlos Sastre	Carlos Sastre					Peter Velits
18	Marcus Burghardt						Marcus Burghardt
19	Sylvain Chavanel						Sylvain Chavanel
20	Fabian Cancellara						no award
21	Gert Steegmans						Nicolas Vogondy
Final		Carlos Sastre	Óscar Freire	Carlos Sastre	Andy Schleck	CSC–Saxo Bank	Sylvain Chavanel

• In stage 2, Philippe Gilbert wore the green jersey
• In stage 4, Andy Schleck wore the white jersey
• In stage 7, Thor Hushovd wore the green jersey
• In stages 8 and 10, Óscar Freire wore the green jersey
• In stages 11 and 12, Vincenzo Nibali wore the white jersey.
• In stage 12, no-one wore the polka-dot jersey, due to Riccardo Riccò's withdrawal.

A total prize fund of approximately €3.25 million was awarded throughout the tour. In addition, each team received €51,243 towards expenses of participation, with an additional €1,600 per rider who completed the race, provided that at least seven did so.[59][60]

By tradition, a team's winnings were pooled and shared among the riders and support team. Team CSC, the team of Tour winner Sastre, won the most prize money, more than €600,000. Saunier Duval's prize money was not awarded after the positive tests of Riccardo Riccò.[61]

Team CSC received €450,000 for the overall victory of Carlos Sastre.

• 2008 in road cycling
• List of doping cases in cycling

• Augendre, Jacques (2016). Guide historique [Historical guide] (PDF). Tour de France (in French). Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
• Race regulations (PDF). Tour de France. Paris: Amaury Sport Organisation. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2016.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2008 Tour de France.

• Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 August 2008)
• 2008 Tour de France at Cyclingnews.com