Ancien azéri

L’ancien azéri (en persan : آذری‌ باستان) aussi connu comme azéri ou azari était une langue iranienne, parlée jusqu'au XIV^e siècle dans la région de l'Azerbaïdjan au nord-ouest de l'Iran actuel et dans les régions adjacentes[1]. Outre la langue persane, qui servait de langue administrative et culturelle, c'était la langue principale de la région. Elle était membre de la branche nord-ouest des langues iraniennes.

Avec la conquête de l'Azerbaïdjan par les Seldjoukides et un peu plus tard par les Ilchans, la langue de l'Azarbaïdjan perdit de son importance, si bien qu'elle était à peine parlée sous le règne des Turkmènes Aq Qoyunlu[1].

Les documents survivants les plus importants écrits dans cette langue incluent la collection Dobayt ("doubles vers") du mystique Cheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili, fondateur de l'ordre soufi Safawiyya (tariqa) et ancêtre de la dynastie éponyme du même nom[2].

Les dialectes tats, encore parlés dans la partie sud et sud-est de l'Iran-Azerbaïdjan et dans certains îlots linguistiques isolés[3], est généralement considérée comme la langue qui lui succède. Les langues voisines talysh et guilaki, qui sont également au nord-ouest de l'Iran, sont également proches, mais remontent probablement à des dialectes apparentés. La langue tat parlée dans la région du Caucase, d'autre part, est une langue de la branche iranienne du sud-ouest et est plus proche du persan. En outre, la vieille langue Azéri a eu une forte influence sur le turc-azerbaïdjanais, qui a ensuite pris sa place dans la région. L'influence iranienne est toujours évidente aujourd'hui[4]^,[5].

Littérature

Ahmad Kasravi : Azari, ya, Zaban-i bastan-i Azarbaygan. Kitabfurushi-i Iran, Bethesda / Maryland 1993, (ISBN 0-936347-31-7) (français: l'ancienne langue Azerbaïdjan.)
(en) « Ancien azéri », dans Encyclopædia Iranica (lire en ligne)
more references
Azapadegan Research Institute for Iranian cultures and civilization

Voir aussi

Notes et références

R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - The Iranian language of Azerbaijan", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK
R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - The Iranian language of Azerbaijan: Āḏarī in written sources", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK: "... Eleven double dobaytīs by Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn, and therefore apparently in the language of Ardabīl, in the Selselat al-nasab-e Ṣafawīya of Shaikh Ḥosayn, a descendant of Shaikh Zāhed Gīlānī, the mentor (morād) of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn (Berlin, 1343/1924-25, pp. 29-33) [...] Of the written remains of Āḏarī, the dobaytīs of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn are the most important: They are relatively old, their linguistic area and their author are known, and they are accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian which helps their understanding. ..."
Zur Verbreitung vgl. diese Sprachenkarte des Iran von der Columbia State University, gelb eingezeichnet als (Southern) Tati oder Azari.
V. Minorsky: Azarbaijan, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ed.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel und W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. Digit. ed.: "... In the beginning of the 5th/11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azarbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azarbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population. ..."
R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK: "... Azeri is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Iranian has exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax and vocabulary, less in morphology. Much of the Iranian interference is also present, albeit less strongly in other Turkic languages, e.g., Ottoman Turkish, but many features are specific to Azeri. The strong Iranian influence upon Oghuz Turkic began already in Central Asia. ..."

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[Iranica-1] R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - The Iranian language of Azerbaijan", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK

[Iranica2-2] R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - The Iranian language of Azerbaijan: Āḏarī in written sources", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK: "... Eleven double dobaytīs by Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn, and therefore apparently in the language of Ardabīl, in the Selselat al-nasab-e Ṣafawīya of Shaikh Ḥosayn, a descendant of Shaikh Zāhed Gīlānī, the mentor (morād) of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn (Berlin, 1343/1924-25, pp. 29-33) [...] Of the written remains of Āḏarī, the dobaytīs of Shaikh Ṣafī-al-dīn are the most important: They are relatively old, their linguistic area and their author are known, and they are accompanied by a paraphrase in Persian which helps their understanding. ..."

[3] Zur Verbreitung vgl. diese Sprachenkarte des Iran von der Columbia State University, gelb eingezeichnet als (Southern) Tati oder Azari.

[EI-4] V. Minorsky: Azarbaijan, in Encyclopaedia of Islam. Ed.: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel und W.P. Heinrichs. Brill. Digit. ed.: "... In the beginning of the 5th/11th century the Ghuzz hordes, first in smaller parties, and then in considerable numbers, under the Seljuqids occupied Azarbaijan. In consequence, the Iranian population of Azarbaijan and the adjacent parts of Transcaucasia became Turkophone while the characteristic features of Ādharbāyjānī Turkish, such as Persian intonations and disregard of the vocalic harmony, reflect the non-Turkish origin of the Turkicised population. ..."

[Iranica3-5] R. Tapper/E. Yarshater, "AZERBAIJAN - Iranian Elements in Azeri Turkish", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed. - LINK: "... Azeri is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Iranian has exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax and vocabulary, less in morphology. Much of the Iranian interference is also present, albeit less strongly in other Turkic languages, e.g., Ottoman Turkish, but many features are specific to Azeri. The strong Iranian influence upon Oghuz Turkic began already in Central Asia. ..."