Liste des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine
Cette liste contient des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine. Les mots qu'ils soient d'étymologie germanique ou latine peuvent avoir été transmis à l'anglais par l'intermédiaire du français ou plus rarement d'une autre langue, les mots français représentant environ 29% des mots anglais, à proportion égale des emprunts directs au latin. La correspondance est sémantique dans la plupart des cas. Ces mots ne sont pas apparentés, mais dans certains cas, ils sont des doublets, par exemple, comme avec cow et beef, les deux provenant de manière ultime du proto-indo-européen *gʷōus, le premier étant hérité directement de l'anglo-saxon et le second étant un emprunt à l'ancien français.
Les significations de ces mots ne correspondent pas toujours à ceux d'origine germanique, et, parfois, le sens est spécifique à l'anglais.
Liste des mots anglais d'origine germanique et leurs équivalents d'origine latine.
Origine du mot germanique | Produit du mot germanique | Produit du mot latin | Origine du mot latin |
---|---|---|---|
Frankish *bannjan, *bandjan PGmc *laibijanan + *af- |
abandon
leave, leave off forsake forlet give up blin |
relinquish
abdicate desert renounce |
relinquere < re- + linquere abdicāre < ab- + dicātus |
PGmc *akiz Frankish *hūrt |
ache
hurt smart woe sore throe wark |
pain
agony |
poena < Gk poinē L.L. agōnia < Gk agōniā |
PGmc *lataz, *lētiz (Frankish *lat, *lēti) PGmc *trewwiþō |
allegiance
troth |
fidelity
loyalty |
fidēlitās lēgālis |
PGmc *ana + *libaz PGmc *kwikwaz |
alive
quick (living) |
animate | animātus < animāre < anima |
Old Norse angr PGmc *wraiþiþo |
anger
wrath |
rage
ire |
rabiēs īra |
Frankish *raidjan PGmc *raihwaz |
array
row range, rak> line, lineup set lot list |
series
order sequence |
seriēs < serere ordō |
Old English *andswaru | answer | response | responsum |
WGmc *aiskōn PGmc *frignanan |
ask
frain beseech beg seek |
inquire
request |
in + quaerere re + quaerere |
PGmc *ga-waraz PGmc *ana + *breustam |
aware
abreast up to speed |
cognizant | cognoscere |
WGmc *bauknan Frankish *baukan |
beacon
buoy flag herald harbinger guide |
signal
indicator |
M.L. signāle M.L. indicātor |
PGmc *beforan PGmc *beforan + *handuz |
before
beforehand ahead of ee |
prior | prior |
PGmc *bī + *hafjanan PGmc *beranan + *-unga |
behaviour
bearing etiquette guise way |
action
attitude manner conduct |
āctiō L.L. aptitūdō |
PGmc *bī + *haitanan PGmc *bidjanan + *-unga |
behest
bidding |
command
order |
V.L. commandāre ordō |
PGmc *bī- + *hōfan PGmc *gagniz |
behoof
gain foredeal boon blessing welfare |
advantage
benefit |
L.L.*abantaticum benefactum |
WGmc *bī- + *ginnan PGmc *sturtjanan |
begin
[start |
commence | com + initiāre |
PGmc *ga-laubjan PGmc *ga-menþijan + *sat- |
belief
mindset gospel truth leaning |
creed | crēdere |
PGmc *bilībanan PGmc *uz- + *bīdanan |
belive, belave |
remain | re- + manere |
PGmc *balgiz PGmc *medi- + *hrefiz |
belly |
abdomen | abdomen |
Middle English bigge (< Old Norse?) PGmc *grautaz |
big |
large |
larga < largus grandis |
PGmc *gaburþiz + *dagaz PGmc *jēran + *tīdiz |
birthday |
anniversary | M.L. (diēs) anniversāria |
PGmc *blījom PGmc *hīwjan |
blee |
colour | AN colur < OF colour < L color < OL colos |
PGmc *blōmōn PGmc *blōsmaz |
bloom |
flower | flor- < flos |
PGmc *budagan PGmc *framojanan |
body, embodiment |
corpus, corpse |
corpus M.L. carcosium, carcasium < ? |
PGmc *brōþar | brotherly | fraternal | frāternus |
Old English budda Old English bitela |
bug |
insect | insectum |
Old English byldan PGmc *raizijanan |
build |
construct | cōnstruere < com + struere |
Old English bysig + nisse PGmc *under + *tækanan |
business |
affair |
ad + facere Fr. entre + prendre |
PGmc *bugjanan | buy | purchase | pro- + V.L. *captiare |
WGmc *kalbam | calf | veal | vitellus, vitulus |
PGmc *kallōjanan + *-unga Middle English jobbe |
calling |
career |
L.L. carrāria (via) < Celtic M.L. professiō |
Frankish *gram, *grinjan PGmc *maganan |
chagrin |
displeasure |
dis- + L placēre dis- + L satisfactiō |
PGmc *skihanan (Middle High German schicken) PGmc *trandijanan |
chic |
elegant |
ēlegāns < ēlegere factiō < facere |
PGmc *kilþam PGmc *barnan |
child |
infant | īnfāns |
PGmc *keusanan PGmc *pikkanan |
choose |
opt |
optare sēlēctus < sēligere < sē- + legere |
PGmc *karzjanan | chore | task | M.L. tasca |
PGmc *kaldaz PGmc *kaliz + *-igaz |
cold |
frigid | frigidus |
PGmc *kweman PGmc *landjanan |
come |
arrive | ad + ripa |
PGmc *kōuz PGmc *bullon- |
cow |
beef |
bōs/bovis V.L. capitale |
PGmc *dagaz + *likaz | daily | diurnal | diurnalis |
PGmc *daudaz + *likaz PGmc *banon + *fullaz |
deadly |
mortal |
mortālis fatum |
PGmc *dōmjanan Frankish *wardōn |
deem |
judge |
iūdicāre consīderāre |
PGmc *deuzam PGmc *hirutaz |
deer |
venison | venātiō/nis |
PGmc *gamainijaz PGmc *bī- + *lūtilaz |
demean, bemean |
debase, abase |
L.L. bassus < Oscan or Celtic L.L. dēgradāre < dē- + gradus |
PGmc *dōnan PGmc *frumjanan, *framjanan |
do |
execute |
M.L. execūtāre < ex(s)equī O.Fr. despeechier < des- + L.L. -pedicāre |
Old English docga PGmc *hundas |
dog |
canid, canine | canis |
PGmc *drengkan PGmc *sweljanan |
drink |
imbibe | imbibere < in + bibere |
PGmc *dubon | dove | pigeon |
V.L. pibionem columbula |
PGmc *ernust- PGmc *grimmaz |
earnest |
serious |
L.L. sēriōsus gravis |
PGmc *dritō PGmc *erþō |
dirt |
soil |
partly from Latin solium; partly from Old English sol terrenum < terra |
PGmc *austra PGmc *austra + *līkaz |
eastern |
oriental | orīri |
PGmc *etanan PGmc *suppanan |
eat sup |
dine |
V.L. diseieunare < dis + ieiunare consūmere |
PGmc *aldiz, *aldō PGmc *līban + *tīmēn |
eld |
age | aevitās ( < aevum) + -age |
PGmc *anðiōn PGmc *fullfuljanan |
end |
finish |
fīnīre complēre |
PGmc *ebnaz PGmc *flataz |
even |
level |
V.L. *lībellum < lībella L.L. plānāris < plānum |
PGmc *faranan Middle Dutch trecken |
fare |
travel |
V.L. *trepaliāre V.L. *diurnāta |
PGmc *fastuz PGmc *hraþa |
fast |
rapid | rapidus |
PGmc *fadar + *likaz | fatherly |
paternal | paternus |
WGmc *fōljan PGmc *gawaraz |
feeling |
sentiment |
sensus, sentiō |
PGmc *fullijan + *up PGmc *stukk- |
fill up |
replenish | re + plēnus |
PGmc *furistaz PGmc *furma |
first |
primary | prīmus |
PGmc *floþuz PGmc *hwelbanan |
flood |
inundate | inundāre < in + unda |
PGmc *fulgian Old Norse traþk |
follow |
ensue | in- + sequi |
PGmc *formo- PGmc *airis- + *hwīlo |
former |
previous |
praevius < prae- + via praecēdere < prae- + cēdere |
PGmc *fur-*biudan PGmc *bannan- |
forbid |
prohibit |
prohibēre < pro + habēre inter + dicere, dictus |
PGmc *fura- + Old Norse kasta PGmc *ūt + *lōkōjanan |
forecast |
projection | prōjectiō < prō + iacere |
PGmc *fura + *taljanan PGmc *sanþaz + *sagjanan |
foretell |
predict | praedīcere |
PGmc *frijaz | freedom | liberty | lībertās < līber |
PGmc *frijond + *likaz PGmc *gakundan + *līkaz |
friendly |
amicable | amīcus |
Frankish *gardo, gardin- PGmc *garda |
garden |
court |
co- + hortus in- + claudere |
PGmc *gadurojan PGmc *far- + *gadurojan |
gather |
assemble | ad + simul |
PGmc *giftiz PGmc *sali- |
gift |
present | prae- + essere |
PGmc *geban PGmc *gafurþojan |
give |
provide | pro + vidēre |
PGmc *glaþaz PGmc *bliþiz |
gladness bliss |
joy |
gaudium placēre |
PGmc *guþan PGmc *guþan + *haiduz |
god, goddess |
deity |
deus immortālis |
PGmc *gōdaz PGmc *welō(n) |
good |
beneficial | beneficium |
WGmc *gēnan + PGmc *an PGmc *wandjanan |
go on |
proceed | pro- + cedere |
WGmc *grōnja- PGmc *laskaz |
green |
verdant | viridis |
PGmc *getiskanan PGmc *faþmaz |
guess |
estimate | aestimare |
PGmc *harjaz + *berg PGmc *hafnaz |
harbour |
port | portus |
PGmc *harþuz + *skapiz PGmc *uzdailjam |
hardship |
difficulty | difficultās |
PGmc *hatojanan PGmc *laiþojanan |
hate |
detest | de- + testari |
PGmc *hauhiþa PGmc *luftuz |
height |
altitude | altitūdō (< altus) |
PGmc *helpan PGmc *ūz- + *baitjanan (Frankish *bētan) |
help |
assist | assistere < ad + sistere |
WGmc *hannja | hen | pullet | pullus |
PGmc *harjaz PGmc *fardíz |
here |
army |
ML. armāta mīlitia |
PGmc *hulnis PGmc *bergaz |
hill |
mount | mōns, montis |
PGmc *hailagaz + *dagaz WGmc *lauba |
holiday |
vacation | vacātiō |
PGmc *hailagaz PGmc *gahailagōiðaz |
holy |
sacred | sacrāre |
PGmc *aujo + *landom PGmc *aujo |
island |
isle | insula |
WGmc *jukkjan PGmc *wurkijanan (via Old Norse yrkja) |
itch |
irritate | irritāre |
PGmc gakundiz Old English ilca |
kind |
type |
typus < Gk typos classis |
PGmc *knoean PGmc *witanan |
know |
recognize | re + cognoscere |
PGmc *lataz PGmc *latjanan |
late |
tardy | tardus |
PGmc *lagan (Old Norse lag) + *-fullaz PGmc *gastrahtaz |
lawful |
legal |
lēgālis M.L. lēgitimātus < lēgitimāre |
PGmc *laiþjan PGmc *kuningaz |
leader |
chief |
caput imperator |
PGmc *langiþo | length | longitude | longitūdō (< longus) |
PGmc *legjan PGmc *rastjō, rastō |
lie (lie down) |
repose |
re- + pausa re- + clinare |
PGmc *lubo Middle English fond, fonned |
loving |
amorous | amōrōsus |
PGmc *managaz PGmc *manigaz + *falþaz |
many |
multiple |
multi + plūs numerosus |
PGmc *ga-makon PGmc *fittjanan |
match |
correspond | con + respondēre |
WGmc *mainijan PGmc *be- + *taiknjanan |
mean |
intend |
intendere significare |
PGmc *motijan PGmc *hitjanan (Old Norse hitta) |
meet |
encounter | incontrāre < in + contrā |
PGmc *medjaz + *dagaz | midday | noon | nona |
Old Norse mistaka PGmc *blundaz (Old Norse blundra) |
mistake |
error | error (< errāre) |
PGmc *mōdar + *likaz | motherly | maternal | māternus |
PGmc *nēhwaz PGmc *nēhwizáz |
nigh |
close | clausus |
PGmc *neujaz PGmc *friskaz |
new |
novel |
novus modernus |
PGmc *naht + *likaz | nightly | nocturnal | nocturnus |
WGmc *alda PGmc *stal-, *sta- |
old |
ancient |
V.L. *anteanus < ante ante + diluvium |
PGmc *anþaraz PGmc *aljaz |
other |
different |
differre alterare |
PGmc *ufnaz PGmc *herþaz |
oven |
kiln |
culina fornax |
PGmc *raidō PGmc *wegaz |
road |
street |
V.L. strata rupta |
PGmc *rutjan PGmc *be- + *fūljanan |
rot |
putrefy | putrefacere |
PGmc *sehwan PGmc *kanjanan |
see |
perceive | per- + capere |
Old Norse *sœma PGmc *lōkōjanan |
seem |
appear | apparere |
PGmc *seuþanan Middle English bublelen (Middle Low German bubeln) |
seethe |
boil | bullīre |
PGmc *selbaz + *haiduz PGmc *galīkaz + *-nassus |
selfhood |
identity | L.L. identitās < idem et idem + -itās |
PGmc *selbaz + *samaz | selfsame | identical | M.L. identicus + -al |
PGmc *saljanan Old Saxon *trada |
sell |
vend | vendere < venum + dare |
PGmc *skapjanan PGmc *buþlam (Old English bold) |
shape |
form | forma |
WGmc *skæpa PGmc *lambaz |
sheep |
mutton | M.L. multō (< Celtic) |
PGmc *skoppan | shop | store | instaurare |
WGmc *skuttjan | shut | close | clausus |
PGmc *skeuh(w)az | shy | timid | timidus |
PGmc *sehwiþō PGmc *sehwanan |
sight |
vision | vidēre/vīsum |
PGmc *skaljo PGmc *krab-, kraf- |
skill |
art |
ars scientia |
PGmc *skaljo + *fullaz PGmc *krab-, kraf- + *-igaz |
skillful |
adept | adeptus < adipiscī |
PGmc *slǣpanþiaz PGmc *slūmerianþiaz |
sleeping |
dormant |
dormīre |
PGmc *smæl PGmc *lūtilaz |
small |
minute |
minūtus < minuere pitinnus |
PGmc *snakon PGmc *wurmiz |
snake |
serpent | serpens |
PGmc *surgo PGmc *karō |
sorrow |
grief | OFr grever < L gravare < gravis |
PGmc *sprekanan PGmc *taljanan |
speak |
converse |
con- + vertere dis- + currere |
PGmc *stund- PGmc *tīmēn, tīma- |
stound |
hour |
hōra < Gk hṓra mōmentum |
PGmc *sundrigaz PGmc *miskjanan |
sundry |
various |
varius miscellus |
PGmc *swīnam PGmc *farhaz |
swine |
pork | porcus |
PGmc *taikijanan WGmc *skauwojanan |
teach |
educate | ēdūcāre < ēdūcere |
PGmc *taljanan PGmc *kunþjanan |
tell kithe |
relate |
relatus < re- + ferre narrare |
PGmc *þankjan PGmc *(ga)þāht- + *-fullaz |
thinking |
pensive | pēnsāre |
PGmc *(ga)þāhtan Early Modern English hinch |
thought |
idea | idea < Gk idea |
PGmc *þreutanan PGmc *pleg- |
threat |
danger |
V.L. *dominarium < dominus periculum' |
PGmc *taiknan PGmc *markō |
token |
sign |
signum symbolum < Gk sýmbolon |
PGmc *tungon PGmc *sprǣkijō |
tongue |
language | V.L. *linguaticum < L. lingua |
PGmc *twinjaz PGmc *twai + PGmc *-falþaz |
twin twofold |
double |
duplus duplicātus < duplicāre < duplex |
PGmc *under + *standan PGmc *getanan |
understand |
comprehend | comprehendere |
PGmc *ūp- + *haldanan PGmc *bolhstraz |
uphold |
support | supportāre |
PGmc *up- + *luftijan PGmc *raizjan |
uplifting |
elevating | ē- + levāre |
PGmc *ūtizon PGmc *sagjanan |
utter |
pronounce | pro- + nuntiare |
PGmc *ūtizon WGmc *alnaz + *tō-gaduraz |
utterly |
totally | tōtālis |
PGmc *wadjojan PGmc *mizdō, meidō |
wage |
salary | salārium |
PGmc *wakan PGmc *bīdanan |
wait, await |
expect | ex + spectāre |
WGmc *warnōjanan + *-unga PGmc *tupp- + *af- |
warning |
notice |
nōtitia It all'erta < L ērigere |
PGmc *watskanan PGmc *klainisōn |
wash |
launder | M.L. lavandāria < lavare |
PGmc *wakan PGmc *kōpjanan |
watch |
observe | ob + servāre |
PGmc *wakanan PGmc *wakanþjaz |
watchful |
vigilant | vigilāre |
PGmc *wadjōjanan | wed | marry | marītāre |
PGmc *wadjō + *laikaz | wedlock | marriage | V.L. *maritaticum |
PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *framiþjaz |
weird |
strange | extrāneus |
PGmc *weralþeilīkaz PGmc *erþō + *likaz |
worldly |
mundane |
L.L. mundānus < mundus saeculāris |
PGmc *wopijanan PGmc *grētanan |
weep |
lament |
lāmentārī < lāmentum dēplōrāre < dē- + plōrāre |
PGmc *gawehtiz + *-igaz WGmc *mainijanan + *-unga + *fullaz |
weighty |
important |
importāns gravis |
PGmc *westra | western | occidental | occidere |
PGmc *(ga)hailaz | whole | entire | integer |
PGmc *wīdas PGmc *braiþiþō |
width |
latitude | latitūdō (< latus) |
PGmc *wilþjiaz PGmc *faliz |
wild |
savage |
silvaticus < silva fera |
PGmc *wīsaz PGmc *klufraz |
wise |
prudent |
prudēns < providēns intelligēns |
PGmc *wunskjan PGmc *weljanan |
wish |
desire |
desiderāre cupiditās |
Old English wīfman + PGmc *likaz | womanly | feminine | femininus |
PGmc *widuz PGmc *hulto- |
wood (a wood) holt |
forest |
M.L. *foresta, partially < L.L. forestis; partially < Frankish *forhist V.L. *colpaticium |
PGmc *wurdan + PGmc *bōkiz | wordbook | dictionary | dictiōnārium |
PGmc *werkan PGmc *dreuganan |
work |
labor | labor |
PGmc *wrītanan + *-unga PGmc *gawritan |
writing |
script | scrīptum < scrībere |
PGmc *wurdiz PGmc *dōmaz |
wyrd |
fate |
fatum dēstināre |
PGmc *jǣram + *likaz | yearly | annual | annalis |
WGmc *gelwa | yellow | ochre | ochra < Gk ṓkhra |
WGmc *jugunþiz + *fullaz PGmc *jungas |
youthful |
juvenile |
iuvenis immātūrus < in- + mātūrus |
PGmc *juwunþiz PGmc *tehuniz + *haiduz |
youth |
adolescence | adolescere < ad- + alescere |
Nom/adjectif doublets
En particulier, l'utilisation de mots latin dans les sciences nous donne des paires avec un autre nom germain et un adjectif latin :
- animaux : ant/formic, bee/apian, bird/avian, crow/corvine, cod/gadoine, carp/cyprine, fish/piscine, mew/larine, wasp/vespine, butterfly/papilionaceous, worm/vermian, spider/arachnid, snake/anguine, mouse (ou rat)/murine, cat/feline, rabbit/cunicular, hare/leporine, dog/canine/rangiferine, fox/vulpine, wolf/lupine, goat/caprine, sheep/ovine, swan/cygnine or cygnean, duck/anatine, starling/sturnine, goose/anserine, horse/equine, chicken/gallinaceous, cow/bovine, pig/porcine, whale/cetacean, ape/simian, bear/ursine, man/human or hominid (genre spécifique: man/masculine, woman/feminine).
- physiologie : head/capital, ear/aural, tooth/dental, tongue/lingual, lips/labial, neck/cervical, finger/digital, hand/manual, arm/brachial, foot/pedal, sole of the foot/plantar, leg/crural, eye/ocular ou visual, mouth/oral, chest/pectoral, nipple/papillary, brain/cerebral, mind/mental, nail/ungual, hair/pilar, hear/cardial, lung/pulmonary, bone/osteotic, liver/hepatic, kidney/renal, blood/sanguine.
- astronomie : moon/lunar, sun/solar, earth/terrestrial, star/stellar.
- sociologie : son ou daughter/fillial, mother/maternal, father/paternal, brother/fraternal, sister/sororal, wife/uxorial.
- autres : book/literary, edge/marginal, earl/comital, fire/igneous, water/aquatic, wind/vental, ice/glacial, boat/naval, house/domestic, door/portal, town/urban, light/optical, sight/visual, tree/arboreal, marsh/paludal, sword/gladiate, king/regal, fighter/military, bell/tintinnabulary
Voir aussi
- List of English Latinates of Germanic origin (en)
- Purisme linguistique en anglais
- Vrais amis en anglais
Sources
- Online Etymology Dictionary
- Merriam-Webster Online
- Dictionary of Etymology: the Origins of American English Words. Robert K. Barnhart. (ISBN 0-06-270084-7)
- Portail des langues