Massacre de Yangzhou (760)

Lors du massacre de Yangzhou qui se déroule en l'an 670, sous la dynastie Tang à Yangzhou, des rebelles chinois dirigés par Tian Shengong se sont livrés au massacre de marchands étrangers arabes et perses en 760 après JC.

Massacre de Yangzhou (760)

Date	760
Lieu	Yangzhou
Victimes	Milliers de marchands Arabes Musulmans, Perses Musulmans et Perses Zoroastriens,
Auteurs	troupes du chef rebelle Tian Shengong
Guerre	Révolte d'An Lushan

Ce massacre ne doit pas être confondu avec celui qui a eu lieu dans la même ville en 1645, après la prise de la ville par les troupes de la dynastie Qing, lors de leur conquête de la Chine du Sud

Contexte

Au cours des décennies précédent le massacre, une riche communauté de marchands arabes et persans s'était installé à Yangzhou, qui était devenu un grand centre de commerce.

En 758, soit deux ans avant le massacre, des pirates arabes et persans ont attaqué et pillé des entrepôts à Guangzhou (connus sous le nom de Khanfu ou Sin-Kalan), selon un rapport local du gouvernement de Guangzhou daté du jour de Guisi (癸巳) du neuvième mois lunaire de la première année de l'ère Qianyuan de l'empereur Suzong de la dynastie Tang (大食, 波斯寇廣州) ; ce qui correspond au 30 octobre 758[1]^,[2]^,[3]^,[4]

Cette attaque a alimenté et amplifié les sentiments de xénophobie de la population Chinoise envers les marchands et les commerçants étrangers, qui sont devenus des boucs émissaires lors du déclin de la dynastie Tang^{[Pas dans la source]}[5].

Massacre

Le massacre a eu lieu pendant la Révolte d'An Lushan. Des marchands arabes et persans dans la ville ont été massacrés par milliers lorsque des soldats rebelles de Tian Shengong (田神功) sont arrivés dans la ville. Les marchands ont été ciblés parce qu'ils étaient à la fois riches et étrangers[6]^,[7]^,[8]^,[1]^,[2]^,[3]^,[4]^,[9]^,[10]^,[11]^,[12]^,[13]^,[14] (大食波斯賈胡人; 商胡波斯數千人) [15].

Événements connexes

Lors du massacre de Guangzhou en 879, 120 000 musulmans arabes, persans, juifs, zoroastriens et chrétiens ont été tués par le chef rebelle chinois Huang Chao .

Voir également

Liste de massacres en Chine

Références

Tan Ta Sen et Dasheng Chen, Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, 291 p. (ISBN 978-981-230-837-5 et 981-230-837-7, lire en ligne), p. 104
« these manliao ( j§ w) [Southern barbarians] would pollute the Chinese culture through intermarriage and upset the land ownership system through land acquisition. . .For example, in AD 760, Yangzhou was attacked by a nearby garrison troop led by Tian Shengong (HJ^ff-w), who was ironically invited by the local authorities to help crush a local uprising. Consequently, a few thousand Arab and Persian merchants were robbed and killed (Jin Tangshu, ch. 110). In the 830s, a mandarin in Guangzhou took steps to control the Arab and Persian Muslims by ordering that Chinese and barbarians must live in separate quarters and must not intermarry; barbarins were also not allowed to own land and paddy fields (Jin Tangshu, ch. 177) Thereafter, Arab and Persian traders lived in designated quarters . . .they also enjoyed religious freedom and kept their Islamic lifestlye intact. . .the Arab and Persian Muslims were also contented to stay out of the Confucian Chinese world so long as the authorities concerned pledged to provide aman [security] for them to lead a peaceful life according to the Islamic doctrines. »
.
(es) Jacques Gernet, El mundo chino, Editorial Critica, 2007, 724 p. (ISBN 978-84-8432-868-1 et 84-8432-868-6, lire en ligne), p. 263
« en 760, varios millares de mercaderes árabes y persas fueron masacrados en Yangzhou por bandas insurgentes dirigidas por Tian Shengong; un siglo más tarde las tropas de Huang Chao la emprendieron también en Cantón con los mercaderes extranjeros. »
.
新江荣, 唐研究, 北京大學出版社,‎ 1999 (ISBN 7-301-04393-7, lire en ligne), p. 334
« Deng Jingshan fßJSlll , the governor of Yangzhou, ordered general Tian Shengong Ш to lead his forces to suppress the rebels. Shengong entered Yangzhou in 760 and sacked the city, plunderSino-Arab »
.
新江荣, 唐研究, 北京大學出版社,‎ 1999 (ISBN 7-301-04393-7, lire en ligne), p. 344
« But, Yangzhou was also a famous trade center with a large foreign community. Chinese sources record several thousand Arabs, Persians, and other foreigner merchants being killed in 760 AD when General Tian Shengong sacked the city during »
.
Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2, illustrated, revised, reprint, 1996 (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 292
« In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgents bands led by T'ien Shen-kung, and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton by the troops of Huang Ch'ao. »
Dorothy Perkins, Encyclopedia of China : The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture, Roundtable Press, 2000, 672 p. (ISBN 978-0-8160-4374-3).
Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0-521-20092-X, lire en ligne), p. 553
« Probably by the 7th century Persians had joined with Arabs to create the foreign emporium on the Grand Canal at Yangchou mentioned by the New T'ang History. The same source records a disturbance there in 760 in which a thousand of the merchants were killed. »
.
Jacques Gernet, A history of Chinese civilization, Cambridge University Press, 1996 (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 292
« The wealth of the foreign merchants established in the big cities may have provoked the xenophobia that became apparent during rebellions. In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgent bands led by T'ien Shen-kung, and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton under the troops of Huang Ch'ao. »
.
(ms) Tan Ta Sen, Abdul Kadir et Abdul Kadir, Cheng Ho : penyebar Islam dari China ke Nusantara, Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010, 405 p. (ISBN 978-979-709-492-8 et 979-709-492-8, lire en ligne), p. 143
« Misalnya, pada 760, Yangzhou diserang oleh pasukan tentara di bawah pimpinan Tian Shengong (ffltt^d) yang ironisnya diminta oleh penguasa setempat untuk membantu menumpas pemberontakan daerah. Akibatnya, ribuan saudagar Arab dan Persia dirampok dan dibunuh.22 Pada tahun 830-an, seorang pejabat tinggi di Guangzhou mengambil langkah untuk mengawasi orang orang Muslim Arab dan Persian degan memerintahkan orang China dan orang barbar harus tinggal di pemukiman terpisah dan tidak boleh kawin campur; kaum barbar tidak boleh memiliki tanah dan ladang sawah. »
.
(es) Jacques Gernet, Le monde chinois, A. Colin, 1972 (lire en ligne)
« milliers de marchands arabes et persans sont massacrés à Yangzhou par les bandes insurgées que mène Tian Shengong; un siècle plus tard, c'est aussi aux marchands étrangers que s'en prennent à Canton les troupes de Huang Chao en 879. »
.
(en) Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle/London, University of Washington Press, 1997, 266 p. (ISBN 0-295-97644-6, lire en ligne), p. 27
« They dealt in a vast variety of commodities, and their numbers were not small.9 For example, Tian Shengong's soldiers killed thousands of Dashi and Bosi at Yangzhou in a Tang battle against local rebels. When Huang Chao's rebel army »
.
(en) Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle/London, University of Washington Press, 1997, 266 p. (ISBN 0-295-97644-6, lire en ligne), p. 26
« Ouyang, Xin Tang Shu 182.6b--a records the order of Lu Jun, governor of Lingnan at Canton, that foreigners and Chinese could not intermarry (Ch. Fan Hua bu de tong hun), in order to prevent conflict. »
.
John Guy, Oriental trade ceramics in South-East Asia, ninth to sixteenth centuries : with a catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai wares in Australian collections, illustrated, revised, 1986 (lire en ligne), p. 7
« Tang period onwards, were strong enough to sack that city in 758-9 in an act of frustration prompted by the corruption of Chinese port officials, and escape by sea, probably to Tonkin where they could continue their trading activities.11 The sacking of Yang-chou in 760 by Chinese rebels resulted in the deaths of 'several thousand of Po'ssi and Ta-shih merchants'.12 and when massacres occurred in Guangzhou in 878, a contemporary Arab geographer, Abu Zaid, recorded that 'Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees perished'.13 »
.
(en) Edward H. Schafer, The golden peaches of Samarkand : a study of Tʻang exotics, Berkeley (Calif.), reprint, illustrated, 1963, 399 p. (ISBN 0-520-05462-8, lire en ligne), p. 23
« The eighth was a century when Central Asiatic harpers and dancers were enormously popular in Chinese cities, but it was also the century of the massacre of thousands of harmless (but wealthy) Persian and Arab traders in Yang-chou. »
.
« The “China Seas” in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800 », Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, vol. 1,‎ décembre 2012, p. 63–86 (DOI 10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002).

Portail du monde chinois

Cet article est issu de Wikipedia. Le texte est sous licence Creative Commons - Attribution - Partage dans les Mêmes. Des conditions supplémentaires peuvent s'appliquer aux fichiers multimédias.

[:0-1] Tan Ta Sen et Dasheng Chen, Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009, 291 p. (ISBN 978-981-230-837-5 et 981-230-837-7, lire en ligne), p. 104
« these manliao ( j§ w) [Southern barbarians] would pollute the Chinese culture through intermarriage and upset the land ownership system through land acquisition. . .For example, in AD 760, Yangzhou was attacked by a nearby garrison troop led by Tian Shengong (HJ^ff-w), who was ironically invited by the local authorities to help crush a local uprising. Consequently, a few thousand Arab and Persian merchants were robbed and killed (Jin Tangshu, ch. 110). In the 830s, a mandarin in Guangzhou took steps to control the Arab and Persian Muslims by ordering that Chinese and barbarians must live in separate quarters and must not intermarry; barbarins were also not allowed to own land and paddy fields (Jin Tangshu, ch. 177) Thereafter, Arab and Persian traders lived in designated quarters . . .they also enjoyed religious freedom and kept their Islamic lifestlye intact. . .the Arab and Persian Muslims were also contented to stay out of the Confucian Chinese world so long as the authorities concerned pledged to provide aman [security] for them to lead a peaceful life according to the Islamic doctrines. »
.

[:1-2] (es) Jacques Gernet, El mundo chino, Editorial Critica, 2007, 724 p. (ISBN 978-84-8432-868-1 et 84-8432-868-6, lire en ligne), p. 263
« en 760, varios millares de mercaderes árabes y persas fueron masacrados en Yangzhou por bandas insurgentes dirigidas por Tian Shengong; un siglo más tarde las tropas de Huang Chao la emprendieron también en Cantón con los mercaderes extranjeros. »
.

[:2-3] 新江荣, 唐研究, 北京大學出版社,‎ 1999 (ISBN 7-301-04393-7, lire en ligne), p. 334
« Deng Jingshan fßJSlll , the governor of Yangzhou, ordered general Tian Shengong Ш to lead his forces to suppress the rebels. Shengong entered Yangzhou in 760 and sacked the city, plunderSino-Arab »
.

[:3-4] 新江荣, 唐研究, 北京大學出版社,‎ 1999 (ISBN 7-301-04393-7, lire en ligne), p. 344
« But, Yangzhou was also a famous trade center with a large foreign community. Chinese sources record several thousand Arabs, Persians, and other foreigner merchants being killed in 760 AD when General Tian Shengong sacked the city during »
.

[5] Jacques Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilization, 2, illustrated, revised, reprint, 1996 (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 292
« In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgents bands led by T'ien Shen-kung, and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton by the troops of Huang Ch'ao. »

[Perkins-6] Dorothy Perkins, Encyclopedia of China : The Essential Reference to China, Its History and Culture, Roundtable Press, 2000, 672 p. (ISBN 978-0-8160-4374-3).

[7] Yarshater, The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (ISBN 0-521-20092-X, lire en ligne), p. 553
« Probably by the 7th century Persians had joined with Arabs to create the foreign emporium on the Grand Canal at Yangchou mentioned by the New T'ang History. The same source records a disturbance there in 760 in which a thousand of the merchants were killed. »
.

[8] Jacques Gernet, A history of Chinese civilization, Cambridge University Press, 1996 (ISBN 0-521-49781-7, lire en ligne), p. 292
« The wealth of the foreign merchants established in the big cities may have provoked the xenophobia that became apparent during rebellions. In 760 several thousand Arab and Persian merchants were massacred at Yangchow by insurgent bands led by T'ien Shen-kung, and a century later, in 879, it was also the foreign merchants who were attacked at Canton under the troops of Huang Ch'ao. »
.

[9] (ms) Tan Ta Sen, Abdul Kadir et Abdul Kadir, Cheng Ho : penyebar Islam dari China ke Nusantara, Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2010, 405 p. (ISBN 978-979-709-492-8 et 979-709-492-8, lire en ligne), p. 143
« Misalnya, pada 760, Yangzhou diserang oleh pasukan tentara di bawah pimpinan Tian Shengong (ffltt^d) yang ironisnya diminta oleh penguasa setempat untuk membantu menumpas pemberontakan daerah. Akibatnya, ribuan saudagar Arab dan Persia dirampok dan dibunuh.22 Pada tahun 830-an, seorang pejabat tinggi di Guangzhou mengambil langkah untuk mengawasi orang orang Muslim Arab dan Persian degan memerintahkan orang China dan orang barbar harus tinggal di pemukiman terpisah dan tidak boleh kawin campur; kaum barbar tidak boleh memiliki tanah dan ladang sawah. »
.

[10] (es) Jacques Gernet, Le monde chinois, A. Colin, 1972 (lire en ligne)
« milliers de marchands arabes et persans sont massacrés à Yangzhou par les bandes insurgées que mène Tian Shengong; un siècle plus tard, c'est aussi aux marchands étrangers que s'en prennent à Canton les troupes de Huang Chao en 879. »
.

[11] (en) Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle/London, University of Washington Press, 1997, 266 p. (ISBN 0-295-97644-6, lire en ligne), p. 27
« They dealt in a vast variety of commodities, and their numbers were not small.9 For example, Tian Shengong's soldiers killed thousands of Dashi and Bosi at Yangzhou in a Tang battle against local rebels. When Huang Chao's rebel army »
.

[12] (en) Jonathan Neaman Lipman, Familiar strangers : a history of Muslims in Northwest China, Seattle/London, University of Washington Press, 1997, 266 p. (ISBN 0-295-97644-6, lire en ligne), p. 26
« Ouyang, Xin Tang Shu 182.6b--a records the order of Lu Jun, governor of Lingnan at Canton, that foreigners and Chinese could not intermarry (Ch. Fan Hua bu de tong hun), in order to prevent conflict. »
.

[13] John Guy, Oriental trade ceramics in South-East Asia, ninth to sixteenth centuries : with a catalogue of Chinese, Vietnamese and Thai wares in Australian collections, illustrated, revised, 1986 (lire en ligne), p. 7
« Tang period onwards, were strong enough to sack that city in 758-9 in an act of frustration prompted by the corruption of Chinese port officials, and escape by sea, probably to Tonkin where they could continue their trading activities.11 The sacking of Yang-chou in 760 by Chinese rebels resulted in the deaths of 'several thousand of Po'ssi and Ta-shih merchants'.12 and when massacres occurred in Guangzhou in 878, a contemporary Arab geographer, Abu Zaid, recorded that 'Muslims, Jews, Christians and Parsees perished'.13 »
.

[14] (en) Edward H. Schafer, The golden peaches of Samarkand : a study of Tʻang exotics, Berkeley (Calif.), reprint, illustrated, 1963, 399 p. (ISBN 0-520-05462-8, lire en ligne), p. 23
« The eighth was a century when Central Asiatic harpers and dancers were enormously popular in Chinese cities, but it was also the century of the massacre of thousands of harmless (but wealthy) Persian and Arab traders in Yang-chou. »
.

[15] « The “China Seas” in world history: A general outline of the role of Chinese and East Asian maritime space from its origins to c. 1800 », Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, vol. 1,‎ décembre 2012, p. 63–86 (DOI 10.1016/j.imic.2012.11.002).