The taxon authority Thompson may refer to:

• Betty J. Thompson (born 1943), U.S. entomologist
• Bruce Alan Thompson (1946–2007), U.S. ichthyologist
• David M. Thompson (born 1957, D.M.Thomps.), botanist
• E. John Thompson (fl. 1994, E.J.Thomps.), botanist
• Ernest Freeman Thompson, New Zealander ichthyologist and carcinologist
• Ernest Thompson Seton (1860–1946, born Ernest Evan Thompson), U.S. naturalist and author. Also published as Ernest Thompson–Seton
• Frederic Christian Thompson (1944–2021), U.S. entomologist
• Fred Gilbert Thompson, herpetologist
• Graham J. Thompson, Canadian entomologist
• H.N. Thompson, English forester
• Henry Joseph Thompson (born 1921, H.J.Thomps.), U.S. botanist
• Ida Thompson, U.S. paleontologist
• John Thompson (fl. 1798, J.Thomps.‎), botanist
• John Vaughan Thompson (1779–1847), British–Australian zoologist
• Joseph Thompson, U.S. entomologist
• Joseph Cheesman Thompson (1874–1943), U.S. zoologist
• Joy Thompson (1923–2018, Joy Thomps.), botanist
• Julia Resende Thompson, Brazilian herpetologist
• Luther Thompson, U.S. bacteriologist
• Mary Fraser Thompson (1941-1982), M.F.Thomps., botanist
• Max C. Thompson (born 1936), U.S. ornithologist
• Paul M. Thompson, U.S. entomologist
• Richard Thomas Thompson (born 1933), English entomologist
• Rufus Henney Thompson (1908–1980, R.H.Thomps.), botanist and phycologist
• Thomas Everett Thompson (1933–1990), English malacologist
• Thomas L. Thompson, palaeontologist
• William Thompson (1805–1852), Irish naturalist
• William Francis Thompson (1888–1965), U.S. ichthyologist
• William Wardlaw Thompson, South African ichthyologist
• Zadock Thompson (1796–1856), U.S. naturalist