δοῦλος

See also: δούλος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

δῶλος (dôlos) – Cretan

Etymology

Related to Mycenaean Greek 𐀈𐀁𐀫 (do-e-ro) /dohelos/,[1] from Canaanite *dōʾēlu ‘servant, attendant’ (compare Late Babylonian 𒁕𒀝𒂵𒇻 (daggālu, “subject, one who waits on another, does their bidding”), Jewish Aramaic דַּיָּילָא‎ (dayyālā)).[2]

According to professor Asko Parpola[3], the word δοῦλος is related to the ethnonym Dahae (found as Δάοι, Δάαι, Δαι or Δάσαι in Greek sources) and thus related to Sanskrit दस्यु (dasyu, “bandit, brigand”) and Sanskrit दास (dāsa) which originally meant 'demon' and later also 'slave' or 'fiend'.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /dôː.los/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈdu.los/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈðu.los/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈðu.los/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈðu.los/

Adjective

δοῦλος • (doûlos) m (feminine δούλη, neuter δοῦλον); first/second declension

(Attic, Ionic)

slavish, servile, subject

Inflection

First and second declension of δοῦλος; δούλη; δοῦλον (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	δοῦλος doûlos	δούλη doúlē	δοῦλον doûlon	δούλω doúlō	δούλᾱ doúlā	δούλω doúlō	δοῦλοι doûloi	δοῦλαι doûlai	δοῦλᾰ doûla
Genitive	δούλου doúlou	δούλης doúlēs	δούλου doúlou	δούλοιν doúloin	δούλαιν doúlain	δούλοιν doúloin	δούλων doúlōn	δούλων doúlōn	δούλων doúlōn
Dative	δούλῳ doúlōi	δούλῃ doúlēi	δούλῳ doúlōi	δούλοιν doúloin	δούλαιν doúlain	δούλοιν doúloin	δούλοις doúlois	δούλαις doúlais	δούλοις doúlois
Accusative	δοῦλον doûlon	δούλην doúlēn	δοῦλον doûlon	δούλω doúlō	δούλᾱ doúlā	δούλω doúlō	δούλους doúlous	δούλᾱς doúlās	δοῦλᾰ doûla
Vocative	δοῦλε doûle	δούλη doúlē	δοῦλον doûlon	δούλω doúlō	δούλᾱ doúlā	δούλω doúlō	δοῦλοι doûloi	δοῦλαι doûlai	δοῦλᾰ doûla
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	δούλως doúlōs			δουλότερος doulóteros			δουλότᾰτος doulótatos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Noun

δοῦλος • (doûlos) m (genitive δούλου); second declension

(Epic, Attic, Ionic, Koine)

born slave or bondman

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ δοῦλος; τοῦ δούλου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ δοῦλος ho doûlos	τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō	οἱ δοῦλοι hoi doûloi
Genitive	τοῦ δούλου toû doúlou	τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin	τῶν δούλων tôn doúlōn
Dative	τῷ δούλῳ tôi doúlōi	τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin	τοῖς δούλοις toîs doúlois
Accusative	τὸν δοῦλον tòn doûlon	τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō	τοὺς δούλους toùs doúlous
Vocative	δοῦλε doûle	δούλω doúlō	δοῦλοι doûloi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of ὁ δοῦλος; τοῦ δούλου (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ δοῦλος ho doûlos	τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō	οἱ δοῦλοι hoi doûloi
Genitive	τοῦ δούλου toû doúlou	τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin	τῶν δούλων tôn doúlōn
Dative	τῷ δούλῳ tôi doúlōi	τοῖν δούλοιν toîn doúloin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν δούλοισῐ / δούλοισῐν / δούλοις toîsi(n) doúloisi(n) / doúlois
Accusative	τὸν δοῦλον tòn doûlon	τὼ δούλω tṑ doúlō	τοὺς δούλους toùs doúlous
Vocative	δοῦλε doûle	δούλω doúlō	δοῦλοι doûloi
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

δουλόω (doulóō)

Descendants

Greek: δούλος (doúlos)

References

δοῦλος in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
δοῦλος in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
δοῦλος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
δοῦλος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2019)
G1401 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- Helot idem, page 1012.
- bond idem, page 89.
- bondman idem, page 89.
- creature idem, page 183.
- drudge idem, page 254.
- helot idem, page 395.
- instrument idem, page 447.
- menial idem, page 524.
- minion idem, page 531.
- obsequious idem, page 566.
- puppet idem, page 658.
- satellite idem, page 734.
- servant idem, page 755.
- servile idem, page 756.
- slave idem, page 782.
- slavish idem, page 783.
- submissive idem, page 831.
- subservient idem, page 832.
- thrall idem, page 869.
- tool idem, page 880.
- vassal idem, page 945.

Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 249-250
Rafał Rosół, Frühe Semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, 2013), 18.
Asko Parpola, The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dåsas (Helsinki: Studia Orientalia nº64, 1988), 195-202.

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[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 249-250

[2] Rafał Rosół, Frühe Semitische Lehnwörter im Griechischen (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH, 2013), 18.

[3] Asko Parpola, The coming of the Aryans to Iran and India and the cultural and ethnic identity of the Dåsas (Helsinki: Studia Orientalia nº64, 1988), 195-202.