μάλα

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

μᾰ́λ’ (mál’) (apocopic form)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *mel- (“strong, better”). Cognates include Latin melius, multus and Latvian milns.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /má.la/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈma.la/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈma.la/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈma.la/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈma.la/

Adverb

μᾰ́λᾰ • (mála)

very, very much, exceedingly
1. (simply strengthening the word with which it stands)
  1. (with adjectives)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.1
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.741
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.306
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.26
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.135
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.302
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.556
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 16.121
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.124
    - 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Parmenides 126B
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 230B
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.7.1
    - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 531E
  2. (with adverbs)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.165
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.143
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 80C
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 22.190
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 92D
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.175
    - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 156A
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.557
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.717
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.370
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.258
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 20.362
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1345
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 654
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1410
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 870
    - 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 1045
    - 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 460
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.181
    - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 728
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 879
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.241
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.103
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.93
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.37
    - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 676
  3. (with verbs)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.249
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.218
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 6.319
    - 467 BCE, Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 915
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Eumenides 368
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.1.36
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.1.25
2. (strengthening an assertion)
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.492
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.733
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 10.108
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.472
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.422
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.583
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 3.204
3. (in Homer, often after εἰ)
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.399
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 5.485
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.318
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.317
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 14.58
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.710
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.217
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.571
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 18.385
4. (in Attic, often in answers) yes, certainly, exactly so
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 555D
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 564E
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.46
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 258C
  - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 148C
  - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 177A
  - 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 189A

Inflection

Comparative: μᾶλλον (mâllon)
Superlative: μάλιστα (málista)

References

μάλα in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
μάλα in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
μάλα in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
μάλα in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
μάλα in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
μάλα in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- dearly idem, page 198.
- exceedingly idem, page 288.
- extremely idem, page 298.
- fairly idem, page 302.
- intensely idem, page 449.
- strongly idem, page 828.
- supremely idem, page 842.
- tremendously idem, page 893.
- utterly idem, page 941.
- very idem, page 949.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill

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