πρίν

See also: πριν

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

πρείν (preín)

Etymology

Appears to be related to πρό (pró), Latin prior, priscus and Lithuanian prie, but the origin is uncertain.

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /prín/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /prin/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /prin/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /prin/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /prin/

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /prǐːn/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /prin/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /prin/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /prin/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /prin/

Adverb

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

before, sooner, formerly
1. (of future time, with future indicative)
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.29
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.283
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.198
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.551
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.117
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 11.330
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 14.155
  - 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 1076
  - 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 1112
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.800
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.250
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.413
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.254
2. (of past time) formerly, once
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.112
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.19
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 23.827
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.724
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 3.408
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.54
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.105
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.208
  - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 443
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.129
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 75E
  - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 151
  - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 69
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1224
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.62
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.37
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 547C
  - 500 BCE – 400 BCE, Bacchylides, Collected Works 12.114
  - 500 BCE – 400 BCE, Bacchylides, Collected Works 15.13
  - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 4.43
  - 75 CE, Josephus, The Jewish War 1.6.1
  - 100 CE – 200 CE, Theodotion, Susanna 42
  - 160 CE – 210 CE, Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians 9.371
  - 86 CE – 160 CE, Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 3.18.6
  - 160 CE – 210 CE, Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism 7.162
  - 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Tobit 14.15
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Stephanus 2 21

Descendants

Greek: πριν (prin)

Conjunction

πρῐ́ν or πρῑ́ν • (prín or prī́n)

before that, before
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 7.481
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.475
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.355
- 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 2.348
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 19.586
- 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 620
- 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 17
- 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 199
- 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C
- 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10
- 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 1
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.2.9
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 17.9
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10
- 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.219
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322
- 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 29
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.79
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.104
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.97
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.12
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 5.288
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 22.266
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136
- 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165
- 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.61
- 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Andocides 11
- 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 19
- 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 128
- 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, On the Embassy 132
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.1
- 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Septuagint, Genesis 29.26
1. (with infinitive)
  1. (with aorist)
    1. (after a positive clause)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 13.172
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 8.453
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 16.322
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.210
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.668
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 6.465
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.245
      - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 2.92
      - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Pythian Ode 3.9
      - 522 BCE – 443 BCE, Pindar, Nemean Ode 8.19
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.119
      - 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 712
      - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1539
      - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 120
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 396
      - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 281
      - 424 BCE, Aristophanes, The Knights 258
      - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 67
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.125
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.7
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 350B
      - 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1069
      - 413 BCE, Euripides, Ion 524
      - 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 684
      - 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 481
    2. (after a negative clause)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.98
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 19.423
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.128
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.747
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 1419
      - 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 8
      - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 28
      - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 12
      - 396 BCE – 323 BCE, Lycurgus of Athens, Collected Works 135
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.1.38
      - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, To Philip 70
      - 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 453.6
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 632
      - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 362
      - 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Rhesus 61
      - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, On the Property of Aristophanes 55
      - 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 94
      - 416 BCE, Euripides, Herakles 605
      - 346 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Peace 15
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 4.24
      - 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 772
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 769E
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.165
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.9
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.50
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.23
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 61A
  2. (with present, conveying a sense of continuance)
    - 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 702
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1067
    - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 36
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 20
    - 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 577
    - 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1095
    - 411 BCE, Aristophanes, Thesmophoriazusae 380
    - 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 383
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.3
    - 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 1
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.24
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 666A
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.4.25
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Memorabilia 1.2.40
  3. (with perfect)
    - 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 79
    - 458 BCE, Euripides, Electra 1069
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.25
    - 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1145
    - 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 1034
    - 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 1156
    - 421 BCE, Aristophanes, Peace 375
    - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 322
    - 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 1185
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21
    - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 164C
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Protagoras 320A
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.116
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.10
2. (with a finite verb)
  1. (with indicative, chiefly aorist)
    - 7th-6th centuries BC, Homeric Hymn to Apollo 357
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 13.322
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 23.43
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 12.437
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.180
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.588
    1. (after negative clauses)
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 481
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.45
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.132
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.101
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.61
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.79
      - 414 BCE, Aristophanes, The Birds 700
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.23
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.13
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4.58
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 266A
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Constitution of the Athenians 12.5
      - 386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 86D
      - 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 165E
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Leptines 96
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.5.33
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.51
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.29
      - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 19
      - 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Against Alcibiades 17
      - 341 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Philippic 61
    2. (after positive clauses)
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 481
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.118
      - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 776
      - 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 131
      - 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 1173
      - 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 1147
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.104
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.39
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.71
  2. (with subjunctive, after negatives)
    - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 173
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 10.175
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.135
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 18.190
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 24.781
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 2.374
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.477
    1. (with aorist, expressing an action preceding the action of the antecedent)
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.117
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.82
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.109
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 756
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 166
      - 525 BCE – 455 BCE, Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 177
      - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 909
      - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 48
      - 406 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus at Colonus 1041
      - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1529
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 2
      - 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 276
      - 431 BCE, Euripides, Medea 680
      - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 1145
      - 407 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Aulis 324
      - 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 19
      - 413 BCE, Euripides, Iphigenia in Tauris 1302
      - 422 BCE, Aristophanes, The Wasps 920
      - 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 176
      - 446 BCE – 386 BCE, Aristophanes, The Acharnians 230
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hiero 6.13
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.2.8
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.7.12
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 228C
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laches 187E
      - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1529
      - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 704
      - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 917
      - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 619
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 742
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Ajax 965
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 608
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 946
      - 438 BCE, Euripides, Alcestis 849
      - 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1218
      - 408 BCE, Euripides, Orestes 1357
      - 391 BCE, Aristophanes, Assemblywomen 629
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.157
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.29
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 62C
      - 390 BCE – 322 BCE, Hyperides, In Defence of Euxenippus 4
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.19
      - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 57B
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.10
      - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against the Corn Dealers 4
      - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Panegyricus 16
      - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Nausimachus and Xenopeithes 24
    2. (with present, rare)
      - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 1409
      - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Timarchus 10
      - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Against the Stepmother for Poisoning 29
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 2.2.8
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 271C
  3. (with optative)
    1. (representing subjective after historical tenses)
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 21.580
      - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 9.488
      - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 551
      - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.22
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.4.14
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 6.5.19
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.2
      - 400 BCE – 387 BCE, Plato, Apology 36C
    2. (by assimilation)
      - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 961
      - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Women of Trachis 657
      - 6th century BC, Theognis of Megara, Elegies 126
      - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Laws 799D
      - 429 BCE, Sophocles, Oedipus the King 505
  4. (with ἄν (án))
    - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 34
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.3.48
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 2.4.18
  5. (without a verb)
    - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 15.394

References

πρίν in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
πρίν in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
πρίν in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
πρίν in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
πρίν in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
πρίν in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G4250 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- before idem, page 69.
- ere idem, page 281.
- erst idem, page 281.
- formerly idem, page 339.
- previously idem, page 639.
- till idem, page 874.
- yore idem, page 997.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill

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