بعر

Arabic

بَعْر

Etymology

From بَعِير‎ (baʿīr, “camel”), or compare جَعْر‎ (jaʿr, “dung”), جَعَرَ‎ (jaʿara, “to void one’s dung”). The only parallel form in Semitic is Classical Syriac ܒܥܘܿܪܴܐ‎ (bəʿōrā, “dried dung”), while the animal term is widely attested in Semitic, so unlikely the reverse happened that from the name of dung came the animal name – as Hommel suggested –, which is also comparatively a generally less likely direction.

Pronunciation

(verb) IPA^(key): /ba.ʕa.ra/
(noun) IPA^(key): /baʕr/

Verb

بَعَرَ • (baʿara) I, non-past يَبْعَرُ‎‎ (yabʿaru)

to void dung, to evacuate, to throw out ordure (said of a cloven-hoofed beast)

Conjugation

Conjugation of

بَعَرَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun بَعْر)

active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر					بَعْر baʿr
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل					بَاعِر‎ bāʿir
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول					مَبْعُور‎ mabʿūr
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	بَعَرْتُ‎ baʿartu	بَعَرْتَ‎ baʿarta	بَعَرَ baʿara	بَعَرْتُمَا‎ baʿartumā	بَعَرَا‎ baʿarā	بَعَرْنَا‎ baʿarnā	بَعَرْتُمْ‎ baʿartum	بَعَرُوا‎ baʿarū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	بَعَرْتُ‎ baʿartu	بَعَرْتِ‎ baʿarti	بَعَرَتْ‎ baʿarat	بَعَرْتُمَا‎ baʿartumā	بَعَرَتَا‎ baʿaratā	بَعَرْنَا‎ baʿarnā	بَعَرْتُنَّ‎ baʿartunna	بَعَرْنَ‎ baʿarna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع	m	أَبْعَرُ‎ ʾabʿaru	تَبْعَرُ‎ tabʿaru	يَبْعَرُ‎ yabʿaru	تَبْعَرَانِ‎ tabʿarāni	يَبْعَرَانِ‎ yabʿarāni	نَبْعَرُ‎ nabʿaru	تَبْعَرُونَ‎ tabʿarūna	يَبْعَرُونَ‎ yabʿarūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع	f	أَبْعَرُ‎ ʾabʿaru	تَبْعَرِينَ‎ tabʿarīna	تَبْعَرُ‎ tabʿaru	تَبْعَرَانِ‎ tabʿarāni	تَبْعَرَانِ‎ tabʿarāni	نَبْعَرُ‎ nabʿaru	تَبْعَرْنَ‎ tabʿarna	يَبْعَرْنَ‎ yabʿarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَبْعَرَ‎ ʾabʿara	تَبْعَرَ‎ tabʿara	يَبْعَرَ‎ yabʿara	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	يَبْعَرَا‎ yabʿarā	نَبْعَرَ‎ nabʿara	تَبْعَرُوا‎ tabʿarū	يَبْعَرُوا‎ yabʿarū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أَبْعَرَ‎ ʾabʿara	تَبْعَرِي‎ tabʿarī	تَبْعَرَ‎ tabʿara	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	نَبْعَرَ‎ nabʿara	تَبْعَرْنَ‎ tabʿarna	يَبْعَرْنَ‎ yabʿarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَبْعَرْ‎ ʾabʿar	تَبْعَرْ‎ tabʿar	يَبْعَرْ‎ yabʿar	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	يَبْعَرَا‎ yabʿarā	نَبْعَرْ‎ nabʿar	تَبْعَرُوا‎ tabʿarū	يَبْعَرُوا‎ yabʿarū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أَبْعَرْ‎ ʾabʿar	تَبْعَرِي‎ tabʿarī	تَبْعَرْ‎ tabʿar	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	تَبْعَرَا‎ tabʿarā	نَبْعَرْ‎ nabʿar	تَبْعَرْنَ‎ tabʿarna	يَبْعَرْنَ‎ yabʿarna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِبْعَرْ‎ ibʿar		اِبْعَرَا‎ ibʿarā			اِبْعَرُوا‎ ibʿarū
imperative الْأَمْر	f		اِبْعَرِي‎ ibʿarī		اِبْعَرَا‎ ibʿarā			اِبْعَرْنَ‎ ibʿarna
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول
		singular الْمُفْرَد			dual الْمُثَنَّى		plural الْجَمْع
		1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب	1^st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2^nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3^rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	بُعِرْتُ‎ buʿirtu	بُعِرْتَ‎ buʿirta	بُعِرَ buʿira	بُعِرْتُمَا‎ buʿirtumā	بُعِرَا‎ buʿirā	بُعِرْنَا‎ buʿirnā	بُعِرْتُمْ‎ buʿirtum	بُعِرُوا‎ buʿirū
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	f	بُعِرْتُ‎ buʿirtu	بُعِرْتِ‎ buʿirti	بُعِرَتْ‎ buʿirat	بُعِرْتُمَا‎ buʿirtumā	بُعِرَتَا‎ buʿiratā	بُعِرْنَا‎ buʿirnā	بُعِرْتُنَّ‎ buʿirtunna	بُعِرْنَ‎ buʿirna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع	m	أُبْعَرُ‎ ʾubʿaru	تُبْعَرُ‎ tubʿaru	يُبْعَرُ‎ yubʿaru	تُبْعَرَانِ‎ tubʿarāni	يُبْعَرَانِ‎ yubʿarāni	نُبْعَرُ‎ nubʿaru	تُبْعَرُونَ‎ tubʿarūna	يُبْعَرُونَ‎ yubʿarūna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع	f	أُبْعَرُ‎ ʾubʿaru	تُبْعَرِينَ‎ tubʿarīna	تُبْعَرُ‎ tubʿaru	تُبْعَرَانِ‎ tubʿarāni	تُبْعَرَانِ‎ tubʿarāni	نُبْعَرُ‎ nubʿaru	تُبْعَرْنَ‎ tubʿarna	يُبْعَرْنَ‎ yubʿarna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أُبْعَرَ‎ ʾubʿara	تُبْعَرَ‎ tubʿara	يُبْعَرَ‎ yubʿara	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	يُبْعَرَا‎ yubʿarā	نُبْعَرَ‎ nubʿara	تُبْعَرُوا‎ tubʿarū	يُبْعَرُوا‎ yubʿarū
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	f	أُبْعَرَ‎ ʾubʿara	تُبْعَرِي‎ tubʿarī	تُبْعَرَ‎ tubʿara	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	نُبْعَرَ‎ nubʿara	تُبْعَرْنَ‎ tubʿarna	يُبْعَرْنَ‎ yubʿarna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أُبْعَرْ‎ ʾubʿar	تُبْعَرْ‎ tubʿar	يُبْعَرْ‎ yubʿar	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	يُبْعَرَا‎ yubʿarā	نُبْعَرْ‎ nubʿar	تُبْعَرُوا‎ tubʿarū	يُبْعَرُوا‎ yubʿarū
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	f	أُبْعَرْ‎ ʾubʿar	تُبْعَرِي‎ tubʿarī	تُبْعَرْ‎ tubʿar	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	تُبْعَرَا‎ tubʿarā	نُبْعَرْ‎ nubʿar	تُبْعَرْنَ‎ tubʿarna	يُبْعَرْنَ‎ yubʿarna

Noun

بَعْر • (baʿr) m (collective, singulative بَعْرَة‎ (baʿra))

dung, ordure (of a cloven-hoofed beast)
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:38:
  
  ‏نَهَانَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ نَتَمَسَّحَ بِعَظْمٍ أَوْ بَعْرٍ‏.‏‎
  nahānā rasūli l-lahi ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wasallama ʾan natamassaḥa biʿaẓmin ʾaw baʿrin.
  The Prophet (PBUH) forbade us to wipe ourselves with bone or dung.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḵāriyy, 68:81:
  
  ‏وَقَدْ كَانَتْ إِحْدَاكُنَّ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ تَرْمِي بِالْبَعَرَةِ عَلَى رَأْسِ الْحَوْلِ.‏‎
  waqad kānat ʾiḥdākunna fī l-jāhiliyyati tarmī bi-l-baʿarati ʿalā raʾsi l-ḥawli.
  In the pre-Islamic time one of your kind (a widow) used to cast a globe of dung when a year has elapsed.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, -1:87:
  
  ‏فَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُهُ كَانَتْ بَعْرَةٌ أَحَبَّ إِلَىَّ مِنْهُ‎
  falammā raʾaytuhu kānat baʿratun ʾaḥabba ʾilāāa minhu
  When I saw him a globe of dung would have been more preferred to me than him.

Declension

Declension of noun بَعْر (baʿr)

Collective	basic collective triptote
Collective	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَعْر baʿr	الْبَعْر‎ al-baʿr	بَعْر baʿr
Nominative	بَعْرٌ baʿrun	الْبَعْرُ‎ al-baʿru	بَعْرُ baʿru
Accusative	بَعْرًا‎ baʿran	الْبَعْرَ‎ al-baʿra	بَعْرَ baʿra
Genitive	بَعْرٍ baʿrin	الْبَعْرِ‎ al-baʿri	بَعْرِ baʿri
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
Singulative	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَعْرَة‎ baʿra	الْبَعْرَة‎ al-baʿra	بَعْرَة‎ baʿrat
Nominative	بَعْرَةٌ‎ baʿratun	الْبَعْرَةُ‎ al-baʿratu	بَعْرَةُ‎ baʿratu
Accusative	بَعْرَةً‎ baʿratan	الْبَعْرَةَ‎ al-baʿrata	بَعْرَةَ‎ baʿrata
Genitive	بَعْرَةٍ‎ baʿratin	الْبَعْرَةِ‎ al-baʿrati	بَعْرَةِ‎ baʿrati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَعْرَتَيْن‎ baʿratayn	الْبَعْرَتَيْن‎ al-baʿratayn	بَعْرَتَيْ‎ baʿratay
Nominative	بَعْرَتَانِ‎ baʿratāni	الْبَعْرَتَانِ‎ al-baʿratāni	بَعْرَتَا‎ baʿratā
Accusative	بَعْرَتَيْنِ‎ baʿratayni	الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ‎ al-baʿratayni	بَعْرَتَيْ‎ baʿratay
Genitive	بَعْرَتَيْنِ‎ baʿratayni	الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ‎ al-baʿratayni	بَعْرَتَيْ‎ baʿratay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
Paucal (3-10)	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	بَعْرَات‎ baʿrāt	الْبَعْرَات‎ al-baʿrāt	بَعْرَات‎ baʿrāt
Nominative	بَعْرَاتٌ‎ baʿrātun	الْبَعْرَاتُ‎ al-baʿrātu	بَعْرَاتُ‎ baʿrātu
Accusative	بَعْرَاتٍ‎ baʿrātin	الْبَعْرَاتِ‎ al-baʿrāti	بَعْرَاتِ‎ baʿrāti
Genitive	بَعْرَاتٍ‎ baʿrātin	الْبَعْرَاتِ‎ al-baʿrāti	بَعْرَاتِ‎ baʿrāti

References

“bˁwr³”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
“bˁwrh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
Hommel, Fritz (1879) Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen‎ (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, page 143–144
Militarev, Alexander; Kogan, Leonid (2000–2005) Semitic Etymological Dictionary, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pages 73–75

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بعر