ἄνθρωπος

See also: άνθρωπος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ἅνθρωπος (hánthrōpos) – Attic, crasis with definite article ὁ (ho)
ὥνθρωπος (hṓnthrōpos) – Ionic, crasis with definite article ὁ (ho)
ἀνθρωπώ (anthrōpṓ) – Laconian
𐠀𐠰𐠦𐠡𐠩‎ (a-to-ro-po-se) – Cypriot

Etymology

First attested in Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀵𐀫𐀦 (a-to-ro-qo), of uncertain origin. Scholars used to consider it to be a compound from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) and ὤψ (ṓps, “face, appearance, look”): thus, "he who looks like a man". However, a δ (d) would be expected to develop by epenthesis, as in the genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), yielding *ἀνδρωπος (*andrōpos). Rosén defends this etymology, positing that the original laryngeal *h₃ in the root for ὤψ (ṓps) (from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ókʷs) changed the δ to its aspirated counterpart θ even across the intervening ρ.[1]

Beekes argues that since no convincing Indo-European etymology has been found, the word is probably of Pre-Greek origin; he connects the word with the word δρώψ (drṓps, “man”). According to Beekes (2009:xxix), "Shift of aspiration is found in some cases: θριγκός / τριγχός, ἀθραγένη / ἀνδράχνη".[2]

Garnier proposes a derivation from Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰr-eh₃kʷó-s (“that which is below”), hence "earthly, human".[3]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /án.tʰrɔː.pos/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈan.tʰro.pos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈan.θro.pos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈan.θro.pos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈan.θro.pos/

Noun

ἄνθρωπος • (ánthrōpos) m or f (genitive ἀνθρώπου); second declension

(Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine)

human being, person (as opposed to gods); man, woman
Antonym: θεός (theós)
(philosophical) man, humanity
(sometimes in the plural) all human beings, mankind
(in feminine, derogatory) female slave

Inflection

Second declension of ὁ, ἡ ἄνθρωπος; τοῦ, τῆς ἀνθρώπου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ, ἡ ἄνθρωπος ho, hē ánthrōpos	τὼ ἀνθρώπω tṑ anthrṓpō	οἱ, αἱ ἄνθρωποι hoi, hai ánthrōpoi
Genitive	τοῦ, τῆς ἀνθρώπου toû, tês anthrṓpou	τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν toîn anthrṓpoin	τῶν ἀνθρώπων tôn anthrṓpōn
Dative	τῷ, τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ tôi, têi anthrṓpōi	τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν toîn anthrṓpoin	τοῖς, ταῖς ἀνθρώποις toîs, taîs anthrṓpois
Accusative	τὸν, τὴν ἄνθρωπον tòn, tḕn ánthrōpon	τὼ ἀνθρώπω tṑ anthrṓpō	τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους toùs, tā̀s anthrṓpous
Vocative	ἄνθρωπε ánthrōpe	ἀνθρώπω anthrṓpō	ἄνθρωποι ánthrōpoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Second declension of ὁ, ἡ ἄνθρωπος; τοῦ, τῆς ἀνθρώπου (Ionic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ, ἡ ἄνθρωπος ho, hē ánthrōpos	τὼ ἀνθρώπω tṑ anthrṓpō	οἱ, αἱ ἄνθρωποι hoi, hai ánthrōpoi
Genitive	τοῦ, τῆς ἀνθρώπου toû, tês anthrṓpou	τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν toîn anthrṓpoin	τῶν ἀνθρώπων tôn anthrṓpōn
Dative	τῷ, τῇ ἀνθρώπῳ tôi, têi anthrṓpōi	τοῖν ἀνθρώποιν toîn anthrṓpoin	τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν ἀνθρώποισῐ / ἀνθρώποισῐν / ἀνθρώποις toîsi(n) anthrṓpoisi(n) / anthrṓpois
Accusative	τὸν, τὴν ἄνθρωπον tòn, tḕn ánthrōpon	τὼ ἀνθρώπω tṑ anthrṓpō	τοὺς, τᾱ̀ς ἀνθρώπους toùs, tā̀s anthrṓpous
Vocative	ἄνθρωπε ánthrōpe	ἀνθρώπω anthrṓpō	ἄνθρωποι ánthrōpoi
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Second declension of ἄνθρωπος; ἀνθρώπου (Epic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ἄνθρωπος ánthrōpos	ἀνθρώπω anthrṓpō	ἄνθρωποι ánthrōpoi
Genitive	ἀνθρώπου / ἀνθρωποῖο / ἀνθρώποιο / ἀνθρωπόο / ἀνθρώποο anthrṓpou / anthrōpoîo / anthrṓpoio / anthrōpóo / anthrṓpoo	ἀνθρώποιῐν anthrṓpoiin	ἀνθρώπων anthrṓpōn
Dative	ἀνθρώπῳ anthrṓpōi	ἀνθρώποιῐν anthrṓpoiin	ἀνθρώποισῐ / ἀνθρώποισῐν / ἀνθρώποις anthrṓpoisi(n) / anthrṓpois
Accusative	ἄνθρωπον ánthrōpon	ἀνθρώπω anthrṓpō	ἀνθρώπους anthrṓpous
Vocative	ἄνθρωπε ánthrōpe	ἀνθρώπω anthrṓpō	ἄνθρωποι ánthrōpoi
Notes:	Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

ἀνθρώπινος (anthrṓpinos)
ἀνθρωποκεντρικός (anthrōpokentrikós)
ἀνθρωποειδής (anthrōpoeidḗs)
ἀνθρωπολογία (anthrōpología)
ἀνθρωπομορφισμός (anthrōpomorphismós)
ἀνθρωποποιία (anthrōpopoiía)

Descendants

Greek: άνθρωπος (ánthropos, “man”)

References

Haiim B. Rosén (1986), Ἄνθρωπος, in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 99, issue 2, pp. 243–244.
Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἄνθρωπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 107
Garnier, Romain (2008), “Nouvelles réflexions étymologiques autour du grec ἄνθρωπος [New etymological reflections about the Greek ἄνθρωπος]”, in Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris‎, issue 102.1, pages 131-154

ἄνθρωπος in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ἄνθρωπος in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἄνθρωπος in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ἄνθρωπος in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
ἄνθρωπος in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
ἄνθρωπος in the Diccionario Griego–Español en línea (2006–2019)
ἄνθρωπος in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G444 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- being idem, page 72.
- man idem, page 510.
- mortal idem, page 541.
Hofmann, J. B. (1949), “ἄνθρωπος”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Griechischen (in German), Munich: R. Oldenbourg

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[1] Haiim B. Rosén (1986), Ἄνθρωπος, in: Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 99, issue 2, pp. 243–244.

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἄνθρωπος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 107

[3] Garnier, Romain (2008), “Nouvelles réflexions étymologiques autour du grec ἄνθρωπος [New etymological reflections about the Greek ἄνθρωπος]”, in Bulletin de la société de linguistique de Paris‎, issue 102.1, pages 131-154