ὑπάρχω

See also: υπάρχω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ῠ̔πο- (hupo-, “under”) +‎ ᾰ̓́ρχω (árkhō, “to begin”)

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hy.pár.kʰɔː/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /(h)yˈpar.kʰo/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /yˈpar.xo/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /yˈpar.xo/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /iˈpar.xo/

Verb

ῠ̔πᾰ́ρχω • (hupárkhō)

to begin, make a beginning, take initiative, be first
1. (transitive) to make a beginning of, begin
  1. (with genitive)
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.5
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.1
    - 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1581
    - 425 BCE, Euripides, Andromache 74
    - 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 18.34
    - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 1.20
    - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 4.34
  2. (with accusative)
    - 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 280
    - 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Unknown Work 236
    - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 42.23
    - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Defence against a Charge of Taking Bribes 25
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.93
2. (intransitive) be the beginner, be first, do without provocation
  - 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 24.286
  - 408 BCE, Euripides, The Phoenician Women 1223
  - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 356A
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Timocrates 18
  - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, 169 44
  - 380 BCE, Plato, Gorgias 456E
  - 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, The Woman From Olynthos 2
  - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 41C
  - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 12.41
  1. to do something first
    1. (with participle)
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.8B:
        οὐ πρότερον παύσομαι πρὶν ἢ ἕλω τε καὶ πυρώσω τὰς Ἀθήνας, οἵ γε ἐμὲ καὶ πατέρα τὸν ἐμὸν ὑπῆρξαν ἄδικα ποιεῦντες.
        ou próteron paúsomai prìn ḕ hélō te kaì purṓsō tàs Athḗnas, hoí ge emè kaì patéra tòn emòn hupêrxan ádika poieûntes.
        I will never stop until I have taken and burnt Athens, because they have wronged me and my father unprovoked.
      - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.133
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 2.3.23
      - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 5.5.9
    2. (Koine, middle, with infinitive)
      - 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 14.11
3. (passive)
  - 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Collected Works 31.31
  - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, First Olynthiac 10
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.11
  - 425 BCE, Aristophanes, Lysistrata 1159
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.13
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics 8.14.4
(only in active)
1. to begin to be, to come into being, arise, spring up
  - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, The Libation Bearers 1068
  - 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 704
  1. to be in existence, to be there, to be ready
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.144
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 2.15
    - 446 BCE – 411 BCE, Eupolis, The Golden Race 3
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Agesilaus 8.1
    - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 15
    - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, Collected Works 136.22
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.9
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 961
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 1.5.5
    - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 8A
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.92
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Lacritus 12
    - 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 295
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 6.4.4
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 5.124
  2. to really exist
    - 350 BCE, Aristotle, On the Heavens 2.14.17
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 8.2.3
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption 1.2.10
  3. to be
    - 458 BCE, Aeschylus, Agamemnon 1656
    - 442 BCE, Sophocles, Antigone 932
    - 424 BCE, Euripides, Hecuba 1229
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.4
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 21.11
    - 362 BCE – 262 BCE, Philemon, Unknown Work 15
    - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 19
    - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 919
  4. (with a participle)
    - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.192
    - 361 BCE, Demosthenes, Against Midias 38
    - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Third Olynthiac 7
  5. to be the descendant of
    - 60 BCE – 7 BCE, Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.65
2. to be laid down, to be taken for granted
  - 385 BCE – 380 BCE, Plato, Symposium 198D
  - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 30C
  - 360 BCE, Plato, Timaeus 29A
  - 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 458A
3. to belong to, fall to, accrue
  - 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 6.109
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.64
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.86
  - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.45
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Philebus 58C
  1. (of persons) to be devoted
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.4
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 7.5.5
    - 343 BCE, Demosthenes, On the False Embassy 54
  2. (in the logic of Aristotle, denotes the subsistence of qualities in a subject, whether propria or accidentia)
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Metaphysics 4.30.1
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.2.1
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Prior Analytics 1.1.3
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 3.2
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, On Interpretation 2.3
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Topics 2.1.3
4. (in neuter plural participle, τὰ ὑπάρχοντα)
  1. existing circumstances, present advantages
    - 349 BCE, Demosthenes, Second Olynthiac 2
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.18
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 6.31
    - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.4.9
    - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, Politics 4.1.4
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.76
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 8.1
  2. what belongs to one, one's possessions
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.70
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.144
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.141
    - 436 BCE – 338 BCE, Isocrates, Collected Works 38E
    - 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 24:47
5. (impersonal, with infinitive and accusative) the fact is that
  - 497 BCE – 405 BCE, Sophocles, Electra 1340
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 3.7.12
  - 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 2.1.38
  1. it is allowed, it is possible
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 7.63
    - 440 BCE – 390 BCE, Andocides, Collected Works 22.13
    - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedo 81A
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.82
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.109
  2. (in neuter participle) since it is allowed you to
    - 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.124, (compare Plato, Symposium 217A)
to be ὕπαρχος (húparkhos, “lieutenant”)
- 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 36.19
- 155 CE – 235 CE, Cassius Dio, Collected Works 71.34

Inflection

Present: ῠ̔πάρχω, ῠ̔πάρχομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πάρχω	ῠ̔πάρχεις	ῠ̔πάρχει	ῠ̔πάρχετον	ῠ̔πάρχετον	ῠ̔πάρχομεν	ῠ̔πάρχετε	ῠ̔πάρχουσῐ(ν)
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πάρχω	ῠ̔πάρχῃς	ῠ̔πάρχῃ	ῠ̔πάρχητον	ῠ̔πάρχητον	ῠ̔πάρχωμεν	ῠ̔πάρχητε	ῠ̔πάρχωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πάρχοιμῐ	ῠ̔πάρχοις	ῠ̔πάρχοι	ῠ̔πάρχοιτον	ῠ̔παρχοίτην	ῠ̔πάρχοιμεν	ῠ̔πάρχοιτε	ῠ̔πάρχοιεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́παρχε	ῠ̔παρχέτω	ῠ̔πάρχετον	ῠ̔παρχέτων		ῠ̔πάρχετε	ῠ̔παρχόντων
middle/ passive	indicative	ῠ̔πάρχομαι	ῠ̔πάρχῃ, ῠ̔πάρχει	ῠ̔πάρχεται	ῠ̔πάρχεσθον	ῠ̔πάρχεσθον	ῠ̔παρχόμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρχεσθε	ῠ̔πάρχονται
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πάρχωμαι	ῠ̔πάρχῃ	ῠ̔πάρχηται	ῠ̔πάρχησθον	ῠ̔πάρχησθον	ῠ̔παρχώμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρχησθε	ῠ̔πάρχωνται
	optative	ῠ̔παρχοίμην	ῠ̔πάρχοιο	ῠ̔πάρχοιτο	ῠ̔πάρχοισθον	ῠ̔παρχοίσθην	ῠ̔παρχοίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρχοισθε	ῠ̔πάρχοιντο
	imperative		ῠ̔πάρχου	ῠ̔παρχέσθω	ῠ̔πάρχεσθον	ῠ̔παρχέσθων		ῠ̔πάρχεσθε	ῠ̔παρχέσθων
		active				middle/passive
infinitive		ῠ̔πάρχειν				ῠ̔πάρχεσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πάρχων				ῠ̔παρχόμενος
	f	ῠ̔πάρχουσᾰ				ῠ̔παρχομένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾶρχον				ῠ̔παρχόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Future: ῠ̔πάρξω, ῠ̔πάρξομαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πάρξω	ῠ̔πάρξεις	ῠ̔πάρξει	ῠ̔πάρξετον	ῠ̔πάρξετον	ῠ̔πάρξομεν	ῠ̔πάρξετε	ῠ̔πάρξουσῐ(ν)
active	optative	ῠ̔πάρξοιμῐ	ῠ̔πάρξοις	ῠ̔πάρξοι	ῠ̔πάρξοιτον	ῠ̔παρξοίτην	ῠ̔πάρξοιμεν	ῠ̔πάρξοιτε	ῠ̔πάρξοιεν
middle	indicative	ῠ̔πάρξομαι	ῠ̔πάρξῃ, ῠ̔πάρξει	ῠ̔πάρξεται	ῠ̔πάρξεσθον	ῠ̔πάρξεσθον	ῠ̔παρξόμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρξεσθε	ῠ̔πάρξονται
middle	optative	ῠ̔παρξοίμην	ῠ̔πάρξοιο	ῠ̔πάρξοιτο	ῠ̔πάρξοισθον	ῠ̔παρξοίσθην	ῠ̔παρξοίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρξοισθε	ῠ̔πάρξοιντο
		active			middle
infinitive		ῠ̔πάρξειν			ῠ̔πάρξεσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πάρξων			ῠ̔παρξόμενος
	f	ῠ̔πάρξουσᾰ			ῠ̔παρξομένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾶρξον			ῠ̔παρξόμενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Aorist: ῠ̔πῆρξᾰ, ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μην

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
active	indicative	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰ	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰς	ῠ̔πῆρξε(ν)	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτον	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́την	ῠ̔πήρξᾰμεν	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτε	ῠ̔πῆρξᾰν
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πάρξω	ῠ̔πάρξῃς	ῠ̔πάρξῃ	ῠ̔πάρξητον	ῠ̔πάρξητον	ῠ̔πάρξωμεν	ῠ̔πάρξητε	ῠ̔πάρξωσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πάρξαιμῐ	ῠ̔πάρξειᾰς, ῠ̔πάρξαις	ῠ̔πάρξειε(ν), ῠ̔πάρξαι	ῠ̔πάρξαιτον	ῠ̔παρξαίτην	ῠ̔πάρξαιμεν	ῠ̔πάρξαιτε	ῠ̔πάρξειᾰν, ῠ̔πάρξαιεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́παρξον	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́τω	ῠ̔πάρξᾰτον	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́των		ῠ̔πάρξᾰτε	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́ντων
middle	indicative	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μην	ῠ̔πήρξω	ῠ̔πήρξᾰτο	ῠ̔πήρξᾰσθον	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́σθην	ῠ̔πηρξᾰ́μεθᾰ	ῠ̔πήρξᾰσθε	ῠ̔πήρξᾰντο
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πάρξωμαι	ῠ̔πάρξῃ	ῠ̔πάρξηται	ῠ̔πάρξησθον	ῠ̔πάρξησθον	ῠ̔παρξώμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρξησθε	ῠ̔πάρξωνται
	optative	ῠ̔παρξαίμην	ῠ̔πάρξαιο	ῠ̔πάρξαιτο	ῠ̔πάρξαισθον	ῠ̔παρξαίσθην	ῠ̔παρξαίμεθᾰ	ῠ̔πάρξαισθε	ῠ̔πάρξαιντο
	imperative		ῠ̔́παρξαι	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́σθω	ῠ̔πάρξᾰσθον	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́σθων		ῠ̔πάρξᾰσθε	ῠ̔παρξᾰ́σθων
		active			middle
infinitive		ῠ̔πᾶρξαι			ῠ̔πάρξᾰσθαι
participle	m	ῠ̔πάρξᾱς			ῠ̔παρξᾰ́μενος
	f	ῠ̔πάρξᾱσᾰ			ῠ̔παρξᾰμένη
	n	ῠ̔πᾶρξᾰν			ῠ̔παρξᾰ́μενον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Perfect: ῠ̔́πηργμαι

number		singular			dual		plural
		first	second	third	second	third	first	second	third
middle/ passive	indicative	ῠ̔́πηργμαι	ῠ̔́πηρξαι	ῠ̔́πηρκται	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔πήργμεθᾰ	ῠ̔́πηρχθε	ῠ̔πήρχᾰται
	subjunctive	ῠ̔πηργμένος ὦ	ῠ̔πηργμένος ᾖς	ῠ̔πηργμένος ᾖ	ῠ̔πηργμένω ἦτον	ῠ̔πηργμένω ἦτον	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ὦμεν	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ἦτε	ῠ̔πηργμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
	optative	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴην	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴης	ῠ̔πηργμένος εἴη	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴητον/εἶτον	ῠ̔πηργμένω εἰήτην/εἴτην	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴημεν/εἶμεν	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴητε/εἶτε	ῠ̔πηργμένοι εἴησᾰν/εἶεν
	imperative		ῠ̔́πηρξο	ῠ̔πήρχθω	ῠ̔́πηρχθον	ῠ̔πήρχθων		ῠ̔́πηρχθε	ῠ̔πήρχθων
						middle/passive
infinitive						ῠ̔πῆρχθαι
participle	m					ῠ̔πηργμένος
	f					ῠ̔πηργμένη
	n					ῠ̔πηργμένον
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

References

ὑπάρχω in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
ὑπάρχω in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ὑπάρχω in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
ὑπάρχω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
ὑπάρχω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
ὑπάρχω in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
G5225 in Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible, 1979

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