書く

Japanese
Kanji in this term
書
か
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kak- (“to scratch”). Cognate with 掻く (kaku, “scratch”). Letters were originally scratched or carved in to wood in order to write.

Pronunciation
Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "書く"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 書く か​く [káꜜkù]
Imperative (命令形) 書け か​け [káꜜkè]
Key constructions
Passive 書かれる かかれ​る [kàkáréꜜrù]
Causative 書かせる かかせ​る [kàkáséꜜrù]
Potential 書ける かけ​る [kàkéꜜrù]
Volitional 書こう かこ​ー [kàkóꜜò]
Negative 書かない かか​ない [kàkáꜜnàì]
Negative perfective 書かなかった かか​なかった [kàkáꜜnàkàttà]
Formal 書きます かきま​す [kàkímáꜜsù]
Perfective 書いた か​いた [káꜜìtà]
Conjunctive 書いて か​いて [káꜜìtè]
Hypothetical conditional 書けば か​けば [káꜜkèbà]

Verb

書く (transitive, godan conjugation, hiragana かく, rōmaji kaku)

  1. write; record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)
    昨日 (きのう)チェンさんは図書館 (としょかん)でレポートを書 (か)いていました。
    Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.
    Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.
  2. compose; put (an idea, etc) into words

Conjugation
Conjugation of "書く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) 書か かか kaka
Continuative (連用形) 書き かき kaki
Terminal (終止形) 書く かく kaku
Attributive (連体形) 書く かく kaku
Hypothetical (仮定形) 書け かけ kake
Imperative (命令形) 書け かけ kake
Key constructions
Passive 書かれる かかれる kakareru
Causative 書かせる
書かす		 かかせる
かかす		 kakaseru
kakasu
Potential 書ける かける kakeru
Volitional 書こう かこう kakō
Negative 書かない かかない kakanai
Negative continuative 書かず かかず kakazu
Formal 書きます かきます kakimasu
Perfective 書いた かいた kaita
Conjunctive 書いて かいて kaite
Hypothetical conditional 書けば かけば kakeba

Derived terms

References
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.
  1. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
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