-오
Korean
Etymology
See the main entry.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [o̞]
- Phonetic hangul: [오]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | -o |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | o |
| McCune–Reischauer? | o |
| Yale Romanization? | o |
Suffix
오 • (-o)
- Post-vowel and post-ㄹ (l) allomorphic form of 소 (-so, “semi-formal style sentence-final suffix”).
Usage notes
- For comments regarding the relationship between 소 (-so) and 오 (-o) in the imperative mood, see "Usage notes" at 소 (-so).
Middle Korean
Etymology 2
Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɣo˦/
Suffix
오〮 (-Gwó)
- Lenited allomorphic form of -고〮 (-kwó, verbal connective suffix) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
Etymology 3
Lenition in voiced environments. See Appendix:Koreanic reconstructions for more.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /(ɣ)o˦/
Particle
오〮 (-(G)wó)
- Lenited allomorphic form of -고〮 (-kwo, non-polar interrogative marker) (in certain voiced environments)
Usage notes
- This allomorph is obligatory after /-j/, /-i/, or /-l/ (note that the irrealis suffix /-lQ/ is excluded here). It sometimes appears before other vowels as well.[1]
- It was sometimes pronounced as /-ɣo/ and sometimes as /-o/, as can be perceived from orthographic variation between e.g. ᄒᆞ리〮오〮 (hò-lí-Gwó) and ᄒᆞ료〮 (hò-ly-wó).
See also
| Middle Korean sentence enders | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Form | Mood | Notes | Applied to 셔 (sye-, “to stand”) | ||||
| -다〮 (-tá) -라〮 (-lá) | Declarative | Unmarked | 셔다〮 (Yale: syètá) | ||||
| -마〮 (-má) | Promissive | 셔우〮마〮 (Yale: syèwúmá) | |||||
| -ㄴ (-n) | -다〮 (-tá) | Interrogative | Realis | Obligatory for second-person (2P) subject | 션다〮 (Yale: syèntá) | ||
| -가〮 (-ka) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 션가〮 (Yale: syènká) | |||||
| -고〮 (-kwo) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 션고〮 (Yale: syènkwó) | |||||
| -ㅭ (-lq) | -다〮 (-tá) | Irrealis | Obligatory for 2P subject | 셜따〮 (Yale: syèlttá) | |||
| -가〮 (-ká) | Polar question, non-2P subject | 셜까〮 (Yale: syèlkká) | |||||
| -고〮 (-kwó) | Wh-word question, non-2P subject | 셜꼬〮 (Yale: syèlkkwó) | |||||
| -니〮 (-ní) | -아〮 (-Gá) | Realis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔니〮아〮 (Yale: syèníGá), 셔녀〮 (Yale: syènyé) | ||
| -오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔니〮오〮 (Yale: syèníGwó), 셔뇨〮 (Yale: syènyó) | |||||
| -ㅅ- (-s) | -가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔닛〮가〮 (Yale: syèníská) | |||
| -ᅌᅵᆺ- (-ngì-s) | Highly deferential | 셔니〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèníngìská) | |||||
| -리〮 (-lí) | -아〮 (-Gá) | Irrealis | Non-honorific | Polar question | 셔리〮아〮 (Yale: syèlíGá), 셔려〮 (Yale: syèlyé) | ||
| -오〮 (-Gwó) | Non-polar question | 셔리〮오〮 (Yale: syèlíGwó), 셔료〮 (Yale: syèlyó) | |||||
| -ㅅ- (-s) | 가〮 (-ká) | Deferential | No polarity distinction | 셔릿〮가〮 (Yale: syèlíská) | |||
| -ᅌᅵᆺ- (-ngì-s) | Highly deferentiall | 셔리〮ᅌᅵᆺ가〮 (Yale: syèlíngìská) | |||||
| -라〮 (-lá) | Imperative | Ordering | Non-honorific | 셔라〮 (Yale: syèlá) | |||
| -아〮쎠〮 (-ássyé) -어〮쎠〮 (-éssyé) | Deferential | 셔〮쎠〮 (Yale: syéssyé) | |||||
| -쇼〮셔〮 (-syósyé) | Highly deferential | 셔쇼〮셔〮 (Yale: syèsyósyé) | |||||
| -고〮 (-kwó) -오〮 (-Gwó) | -라〮 (-lá) | Requesting | Non-honorific | 셔고〮라〮 (Yale: syèkwólá) | |||
| -려〮 (-lyé) | Deferential | 셔고〮려〮 (Yale: syèkwólyé) | |||||
| -ᅌᅵ- (-ngì) | -다〮 (-tá) | Highly deferential | 셔고〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèkwóngìtá) | ||||
| -져〮 (-cyé) | Propositive | Plain | 셔져〮 (Yale: syècyé) | ||||
| -사〮 (-sá) | -ᅌᅵ- (-ngì) | -다〮 (-tá) | Deferential | 셔사〮ᅌᅵ다〮 (Yale: syèsángìtá) | |||
| -ㄴ (-n) | -뎌〮 (-tyé) | Exclamatory | Self-honoring | 션뎌〮 (Yale: syèntyé) | |||
| -ㅭ (-lq) | -셔〮 (-syé) | 셜쎠〮 (Yale: syèlssyé) | |||||
| -고〮나〮 (-kwóná) | Only sixteenth century | 셔고〮나〮 (Yale: syèkwóná) | |||||
| Based on 나찬연 2020, 중세 국어의 이해; Lee and Ramsey 2011, History of the Korean Language. Morphological segmentation of the verbal paradigm sometimes differs between analyses. The list is not exhaustive. | |||||||
References
- Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011) A History of the Korean Language, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 145
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