-히-

See also: 히 and -히

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Korean -히〮- (-hí-), an allomorph of -기〮- (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]

Pronunciation
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?-hi-
Revised Romanization (translit.)?hi
McCune–Reischauer?hi
Yale Romanization?hi

Suffix

히 • (-hi-)

  1. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.
    Synonyms: 이 (-i-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-), 우 (-u-), 구 (-gu-), 추 (-chu-)
    ‎입다 (ipda, “to wear”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎입히다 (iphida, “to dress”)
    ‎익다 (ikda, “to ripen”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎익히다 (ikhida, “to bake”)
    ‎앉다 (anda, “to sit down”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎앉히다 (anchida, “to seat”)
    ‎더럽다 (deoreopda, “to be dirty”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎더럽히다 (deoreophida, “to dirty, to soil”)
  2. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems which end in non-aspirate obstruents such as ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j). No longer productive.
    Synonyms: 이 (-i-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-)
    ‎먹다 (meokda, “to eat”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎먹히다 (meokhida, “to be eaten”)
    ‎밟다 (bapda, “to trample on”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎밟히다 (baphida, “to be trampled on”)
    ‎닫다 (datda, “to close”) + ‎히 (-hi-) → ‎닫히다 (dathida, “to be closed”)

Usage notes

Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:

The causative/passive suffixes 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), and 기 (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. 히 attaches to verb stems which end in non-aspirate stops and affricates, i.e. ㄱ (g), ㄷ (d), ㅂ (b), and ㅈ (j).

References
  1. Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
  2. 장윤희 (2006), “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon-gu, volume 47
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