-esco
Italian
Etymology
From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscum, accusative singular of -iscus.[1] Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈ-es.ko/
Suffix
-esco
- Forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality.
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Italian_words_suffixed_with_-esco' title='Category:Italian words suffixed with -esco'>Italian words suffixed with -esco</a>
References
- “-esco” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN
Latin
Suffix
-ēscō
- Forms verbs from adjectives meaning "become (adjective)".
Usage notes
Many verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:
- amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
- celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)
Inflection
Conjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.
| Conjugation of -esco (third conjugation, defective) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ēscō | -ēscis | -ēscit | -ēscimus | -ēscitis | -ēscunt |
| imperfect | -ēscēbam | -ēscēbās | -ēscēbat | -ēscēbāmus | -ēscēbātis | -ēscēbant | |
| future | -ēscam | -ēscēs | -ēscet | -ēscēmus | -ēscētis | -ēscent | |
| passive | present | -ēscor | -ēsceris, -ēscere | -ēscitur | -ēscimur | -ēsciminī | -ēscuntur |
| imperfect | -ēscēbar | -ēscēbāris, -ēscēbāre | -ēscēbātur | -ēscēbāmur | -ēscēbāminī | -ēscēbantur | |
| future | -ēscar | -ēscēris, -ēscēre | -ēscētur | -ēscēmur | -ēscēminī | -ēscentur | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ēscam | -ēscās | -ēscat | -ēscāmus | -ēscātis | -ēscant |
| imperfect | -ēscerem | -ēscerēs | -ēsceret | -ēscerēmus | -ēscerētis | -ēscerent | |
| passive | present | -ēscar | -ēscāris, -ēscāre | -ēscātur | -ēscāmur | -ēscāminī | -ēscantur |
| imperfect | -ēscerer | -ēscerēris, -ēscerēre | -ēscerētur | -ēscerēmur | -ēscerēminī | -ēscerentur | |
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -ēsce | — | — | -ēscite | — |
| future | — | -ēscitō | -ēscitō | — | -ēscitōte | -ēscuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -ēscere | — | — | -ēsciminī | — |
| future | — | -ēscitor | -ēscitor | — | — | -ēscuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -ēscere | — | — | -ēscī | — | — | |
| participles | -ēscēns | — | — | — | — | -ēscendus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| nominative | genitive | dative/ablative | accusative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -ēscere | -ēscendī | -ēscendō | -ēscendum | — | — | ||
Derived terms
► <a class='CategoryTreeLabel CategoryTreeLabelNs14 CategoryTreeLabelCategory' href='/wiki/Category:Latin_words_suffixed_with_-esco' title='Category:Latin words suffixed with -esco'>Latin words suffixed with -esco</a>
Descendants
- Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
- Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
- → English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
- Francoprovençal: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
- French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
- Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
- Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
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