Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *yekə- (“joke, play”) (compare Latin iocus?).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjexʷ.lɑ̃/

Noun

*jehwlą n

festivity, celebration
(in the plural) Yule (literally "the festivities")

Inflection

The plural descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

neuter a-stemDeclension of *jehwlą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
vocative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
accusative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
genitive	jehwlas, jihwlis	*jeulǫ̂
dative	*jihwlai	*jeulamaz
instrumental	*jehwlō	*jeulamiz

Descendants

Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
- Middle English: yol, yole, ȝeolue, yiol, ȝol, ȝole, Yoil, yolde, ȝoul, ȝowl, ȝoule, Yhole, youle
  - English: Yule
  - Scots: Yull
Old Norse: jól
- Icelandic: jól
- Faroese: jól
- Norwegian:
  Bokmål: jul
  Nynorsk: jul, jol
- Old Swedish: iūl
  - Swedish: jul
- Old Danish: iūl
  - Danish: jul
    - → Norwegian: jul
    - → German: Jul
      - → Dutch: joel
      - ⇒ German: Julfest
        → Dutch: joelfeest
    - → Greenlandic: juulli
- → Finnish: joulu (via early plural *jǫulu or *jólu)
- → Ingrian: joulu
- ? → Old French: jolif, joli
  - French: joli
  - → Middle English: joli, jolie, golli, yoli, yolie, jolif, jolife, jolef, joili
    - English: jolly
? Gothic: 𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (jiuleis)
? → Finnish: juhla

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