Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiwarikǭ

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*laiwazikǭ

Etymology

Perhaps from earlier *laiwazikǭ, a diminutive of *laiwaz (“lark”). Further origin uncertain.

According to Kuiper, from a European substratum (substrate) word, possibly a Celto-Germanic root shared with Gaulish *alauda (“skylark”); compare Latin alauda (“lark”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈlɑi̯.wɑ.ri.kɔ̃ː/

Noun

*laiwarikǭ f

lark

Inflection

ōn-stemDeclension of *laiwarikǭ (ōn-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
vocative	*laiwarikǭ	*laiwarikōniz
accusative	*laiwarikōnų	*laiwarikōnunz
genitive	*laiwarikōniz	*laiwarikōnǫ̂
dative	*laiwarikōni	*laiwarikōmaz
instrumental	*laiwarikōnē	*laiwarikōmiz

Descendants

Old English: lāwerce, lǣwerce, lāferċe
- Middle English: lauerche, laverke, laverok, larke, lerke, laverche, livroche
  - Scots: laveirk, laverok, lark, lork
  - English: laverock, lark
Old Frisian: *lēwerke, *lēwertze, *lertze
- North Frisian: lāsk (< *laiwazikǭ ?)
- Saterland Frisian: Leeuwke, Läiwerke, Läiwelke
- West Frisian: lartse, larts, lerts, ljurts
Old Saxon: lēwerka
- Middle Low German: lêwerike, lêwerke, lêrke
  - German Low German: Leverke, Leverk
Old Dutch: *leiwerka, *lēwerka
- Middle Dutch: lewerke, leeuwerke, liewerick, lewerijck, lewerick
  - Dutch: leeuwerik
  - West Frisian: ljurk
Old High German: lērihha, lēricha, lēwerka
- Middle High German: lērche, lërche, lērhe
  - German: Lerche
  - Luxembourgish: Léierchen
Old Norse: lævirki m
- Icelandic: lævirki
- Faroese: lerkur (< Danish ?)
- Norwegian: lerke
- Old Swedish: lærikia
  - Swedish: lärka
- Danish: lærke
- Westrobothnian: lȧrk, lȧrkj
→ Galician-Portuguese:
- Galician: laverca
- Portuguese: laverca

References

Fryske Academy (1998): Lezingen fan it fjirtjinde Frysk Filologekongres: 23, 24 en 25 oktober 1996
Reichart, L. (2000): Kratylos, Volume 45

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