Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂nḗr

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Noun

*h₂nḗr m [1]

man
power, force, vital energy

Inflection

Athematic, hysterokinetic
	singular
nominative	*h₂nḗr
genitive	*h₂n̥rés
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₂nḗr	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂néres
vocative	*h₂nér	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂néres
accusative	*h₂nérm̥	*h₂nérh₁(e)	*h₂nérm̥s
genitive	*h₂n̥rés	*?	*h₂n̥róHom
ablative	*h₂n̥rés	*?	*h₂nr̥mós
dative	*h₂n̥réy	*?	*h₂nr̥mós
locative	h₂nér, h₂néri	*?	*h₂nr̥sú
instrumental	*h₂n̥réh₁	*?	*h₂nr̥bʰí

Note: alternative form, éh₂nōr, and feminine derivation, éh₂neryeh₂, are seen in many Ancient Greek compositions (i.e. -ήνωρ and -άνειρα).

Descendants

Albanian: *nera
- Old Albanian: njer
  - Albanian: njeri
Anatolian:
- Hittite: 𒅔𒈾𒊏𒉿𒀭𒋫 (innarawant-)
- Luwian: 𒀭𒅈𒌝𒈪 (ānnara/i, “forceful, virile”)
- Lydian: 𐤫𐤵𐤭𐤮 (nãrś)
Armenian: *aynr < *anir
- Old Armenian: այր (ayr); առն (aṙn, gen.sg.) < *h₂n̥rós
- Old Armenian: (?) այրի (ayri, “husbandless”) < *n̥-Hnēr-yeh₂
(perhaps, though Derksen does not support this) Balto-Slavic:
- Lithuanian: nóras (“will”)
- Old Prussian: nertien (“anger”)
- Slavic: *norvъ (“custom, manner”) (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *neros, with thematicized full-grade leveled from *h₂nérm̥ (accusative singular)
- Middle Irish: ner
- Welsh: nêr (“hero”)
- Hispano-Celtic:
  - → Latin: Neri (ethnonym)
- *nertom (“strength, force”) < *h₂nr̥tóm
  - Old Irish: nert
    - Irish: neart
    - Scottish Gaelic: neart
  - Middle Breton: nerth
    - Breton: nerzh (“strength”)
  - Cornish: nerth
  - Welsh: nerth (“manliness, courage”)
  - Hispano-Celtic:
    - → Latin: Nertobriga (place name)
Hellenic: *anḗr
- Ancient Greek: ἀνήρ (anḗr), genitive ἀνδρός (andrós), accusative ἀνέρα (anéra); δυσ-ᾱ́νωρ (dus-ā́nōr, “with a bad husband”) < *dus-h₂nōr
Indo-Iranian: *Hnā́ (see there for further descendants)
Italic: *nēr (see there for further descendants)
Phrygian: αναρ (anar)

References

Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press

Mallory, J. P.; Adams, D. Q., editors (1997) Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 366

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[1] Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press