< Reconstruction:Proto-West Semitic

Reconstruction:Proto-West Semitic/gamal-

This Proto-West Semitic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-West Semitic

Noun

*gamal-

  1. camel

Reconstruction notes

Conventionally reconstructed as Proto-Semitic, but likely a Wanderwort of Arabian (possibly Arabic) origin.

Descendants
  • Central Semitic:
    • Arabic: جَمَل‎ (jamal)
      • Egyptian Arabic: جمل‎ (gámal)
      • Maltese: ġemel
    • Northwest Semitic:
      • Aramaic:
        Imperial Aramaic: 𐡂𐡌𐡋‎ (gml)
        Palmyrene Aramaic: 𐡢𐡬𐡫‎ (gml)
        • Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: גמלא‎ (gamlā)
        • Mandaic: [script needed] (gumla)
        • Classical Syriac: ܓܡܠܐ‎ (gamlā’)
      • Canaanite:
        • Hebrew: גָּמָל‎ (gāmā́l)
        • Phoenician: 𐤂𐤌𐤋‎ (gml)
        • → Ancient Greek: κάμηλος (kámēlos)
          • → Latin: camēlus (see there for further descendants)
          • → Sanskrit: क्रमेल (kramela)
            • → Bengali: ক্রমেলক (krômelôk)
            • → Hindi: क्रमेलक (kramelak)
      • Old South Arabian:
        • Sabaean: 𐩴𐩣𐩡‎ (gml)
      • → Neo-Assyrian: 𒃵𒂷 (gam-mal /gammalu/)
        • → Demotic: gmwl (/gamoul/)
  • South Semitic
    • Ethiopian Semitic:
      • Amharic: ግመል (gəmäl)
      • Argobba: ጋሜሌ (gamela)
      • Ge'ez: ገመል (gämäl)
      • Harari: ጋመሌ (gāmäla), ጋሚሌ (gāmila)
      • Sebat Bet Gurage: ግመል (gəmäl)
      • Tigre: ገመል (gämäl)
      • Tigrinya: ገመል (gämäl)
      • → Kambaata: ጊሜላ (gamela)
    • South Arabian:
      • Shehri: gũl
      • Soqotri: gimál
  • → Berber: *a-lɣəm (see there for further descendants)
  • →? Cushitic:
    • Gedeo: ጋሌ (gāla)
    • Oromo: gāla
    • Sidamo: gāla
    • → Zay: ጋሌ (gāla)
  • → Old Georgian: აქლემი (aklemi)
    • Georgian: აქლემი (aklemi)
      • → Bats: აქლამ (aklam)
      • → Bezhta: акламо
      • → Hunzib: а̇кламо (̊aklamo)
      • → Mingrelian: არქემი (arkemi)
      • →? Chechen: эмкал (emkal), анкал (ankal), энкал (enkal)
      • →? Ingush: инкал (inkal)

References
  • "GML II" in A. Murtonen, Hebrew in Its West Semitic Setting: A Comparative Survey of Non-Masoretic Hebrew Dialects and Traditions, Part 1, BRILL (1989), p. 136.
  • Kogan, Leonid (2011) , “Proto-Semitic Lexicon”, in Weninger, Stefan, editor, The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft – Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science; 36), Berlin: De Gruyter, →ISBN, page 207
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