Reconstruction:Proto-Sino-Tibetan/g-r(j)ap

• Proto-Sino-Tibetan: *glyəp (Coblin, 1986)
  • Proto-Tibeto-Burman: *g-r(y)ap (Matisoff, STEDT); *g-ryap (Benedict, 1972; Weidert, 1987); *g-ryɑp (Chou, 1972)

*g-r(j)ap

1. to stand

• Old Chinese:

  立 (*k.rəp (B-S); *rɯb (ZS), “to stand”)

  位 (*ɢʷrəp-s ‹ *ɢʷəʔ-rəp-s ? (B-S); *ɢʷrɯbs (ZS), “standing, position, seat”)

  • Middle Chinese: 立 (“liɪp”); 位 (“ɦɣiuɪH”)
    • Modern Mandarin
      • Beijing: 立 (lì, /li⁵¹/); 位 (wèi, /u̯eɪ̯⁵¹/)
    • Cantonese
      • Guangzhou: 立 /lɐp̚², lɑːp̚²/; 位 /wɐi²²/
• Kamarupan
  • North Assam
    • Tani

      /*rop/ ("stand up, get up") (Sun, 1993)

  • "Naga"
    • Konyak Naga: *gyap (“stand”) (French, 1983)
• Himalayish
  • Tibeto-Kanauri
    • Bodic
      • Tibetan
        • Written Tibetan: ཞབས (zhabs, “foot (honorific)”) (ed.)
    • Tamangic

      *ᴮʰrat, *ᴮʰrap (“stand”) (Mazaudon, 1994)

  • Kiranti

    *ryap- ~ ryam (“stand”) (Opgenort, 2011)

• Jingpho-Asakian
  • Jingpho
    • Jingpho [Kachin]: tsap (“stand”)
• Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
  • Lolo-Burmese

    *ʔ-rapᴸ (“stand”) (Matisoff, 2003)

    • Burmish
      • Burmese: ရပ် (rap, “stand upright, stop”)
    • Loloish: *ʔ-ryapᴸ (“stand up”) (Bradley, 1979)
      • Northern Loloish
        • Yi (Liangshan): ꉆ (hxit, “stand, stand up”)
      • Central Loloish
        • Lisu (Southern): ꓦꓰꓼ (h̃è̱, “stand, stand up, stand straight”)

• *laŋ (“rise, lift”)
• *krəj (“foot”)
• *r-k(j)aŋ (“foot, leg”)
• *krap (“weep, cry”)
• *m-duŋ/k ~ m-tuŋ/k (“to sit”)