Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/žila

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *gīˀ(s)lāˀ. There are two theories of Indo-European origin:

from Proto-Indo-European *gʷiHleh₂, with cognates such as Old Armenian ջիլ (ǰil, “sinew”), Latin filum (“thread”).
from *gʷiH-, with cognates such as Sanskrit जिया (jiyā́), ज्या (jyā́, “bow-string”), Ancient Greek βιός (biós, “bow-string, tendon”).

Derksen favors the former option, due to the presence of medial *-l-.

Baltic cognates are Lithuanian gýsla (“vein”), Latvian dzīsla (“vein”) and the second part of Old Prussian pette-gislo (“back vein”).

Noun

*žìla f

vein
sinew, tendon

Inflection

Declension of *žìla (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*žìla	*žìlě	*žìly
Accusative	*žìlǫ	*žìlě	*žìly
Genitive	*žìly	*žìlu	*žìlъ
Locative	*žìlě	*žìlu	žìlasъ, žìlaxъ^*
Dative	*žìlě	*žìlama	*žìlamъ
Instrumental	žìlojǫ, žìlǭ^**	*žìlama	*žìlamī
Vocative	*žìlo	*žìlě	*žìly

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Related terms

*žica (“thread, wire”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: жила (žila)
  - Belarusian: жы́ла (žýla)
  - Russian: жи́ла (žíla)
  - Ukrainian: жи́ла (žýla)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Cyrillic: жила (žila)
  
  Glagolitic: ⰶⰹⰾⰰ (žila)
- Bulgarian: жи́ла (žíla)
- Macedonian: жи́ла (žíla)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: жи̏ла
  
  Latin: žȉla
- Slovene: žíla
West Slavic:
- Czech: žíla
- Polish: żyła
- Slovak: žila
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: žyła
  - Upper Sorbian: žiła

References

Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “жила”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562

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