< Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic
Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/medvědь
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
Etymology
From earlier *medu-ēdis, equivalent to *medъ (“honey”) + *(j)ěsti (“to eat”), hence literally the epithet "honey-eater". Cognate with Sanskrit मध्वद् (madhuv-ád-, “eating sweetness”) (RV I 164,22). Presumably came into use as taboo avoidance of an earlier word, possibly something like *rьstъ (compare Lithuanian irštvà (“bear's den”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos).
There is a folk etymology from *medъ and *věděti (“to know, to manage”), hence "one who knows honey" or "honey master".
Declension
Reconstructed as a jo-stem in Derksen 2008, since no descendants reflect an i-stem. But may have originally been an i-stem based on the lack of iotation of the final *d.
Declension of *medvě̀dь (soft o-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *medvě̀dь | *medvě̀da | *medvě̀di |
| Accusative | *medvě̀dь | *medvě̀da | *medvě̀dę̇ |
| Genitive | *medvě̀da | *medvě̀du | *medvě̀dь |
| Locative | *medvě̀di | *medvě̀du | *medvě̀dīxъ |
| Dative | *medvě̀du | *medvě̀dema | *medvě̀dēmъ |
| Instrumental | *medvě̀dьmь, *medvě̀demь* | *medvě̀dema | *medvě̀dī |
| Vocative | *medvě̀du | *medvě̀da | *medvě̀di |
* -ьmь in North Slavic, -emь in South Slavic.
Declension of *medvě̀dь (i-stem, accent paradigm a)
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | *medvě̀dь | *medvě̀di | *medvě̀dьjē, *medvě̀ďē* |
| Accusative | *medvě̀dь | *medvě̀di | *medvě̀di |
| Genitive | *medvě̀dī | *medvě̀dьju, *medvě̀ďu* | *medvě̀dьjь, *medvě̀dī* |
| Locative | *medvě̀dī | *medvě̀dьju, *medvě̀ďu* | *medvě̀dьxъ |
| Dative | *medvě̀di | *medvě̀dьma | *medvě̀dьmъ |
| Instrumental | *medvě̀dьmь | *medvě̀dьma | *medvě̀dьmī |
| Vocative | *medvědi | *medvě̀di | *medvě̀dьjē, *medvě̀ďē* |
* The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Descendants
- East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: медвѣдь (medvědĭ)
- Belarusian: мядзве́дзь (mjadzvjédzʹ)
- Russian: медве́дь (medvédʹ)
- Rusyn: медві́дь (medvídʹ)
- Ukrainian: ведмі́дь (vedmídʹ)
- Old East Slavic: медвѣдь (medvědĭ)
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
- Old Czech: medvěd, nedvěd
- Kashubian: miedzwiédz
- Old Polish: niedźwiedź, miedźwiedź
- Polish: niedźwiedź; miedźwiedź (archaic or dialectal)
- Slovak: medveď
- Slovincian: ńìe̯dvjeʒ
- Sorbian:
- → Hungarian: medve
Further reading
- Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “медве́дь”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 519
- Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “медве́дь”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
- Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1992), “*medvědь”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 18, Moscow: Nauka, page 65
References
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*medvě̀dь”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 306: “m. jo (a) ‘bear’”
- Olander, Thomas (2001), “medvědь”, in Common Slavic accentological word list, Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 132)”
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