cáin
Irish
Etymology
From Old Irish cáin (“law, rule, fine, tax, tribute”). The verb is from Old Irish cáinid (“revile, rail at, reproach”), from the noun.
Declension
Standard inflection (fifth declension):
Declension of cáin
Fifth declension
Bare forms
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Forms with the definite article
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Alternative inflection (third declension):
Declension of cáin
Third declension
Bare forms:
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Forms with the definite article:
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Derived terms
- cáinaisnéis (“(governmental) budget”)
- cáin ancaireachta (“anchorage”)
- cáin charbóin (“carbon tax”)
- cáin ioncaim (“income-tax”)
Verb
cáin (present analytic cáineann, future analytic cáinfidh, verbal noun cáineadh, past participle cáinte) (transitive, intransitive)
Conjugation
First Conjugation (A)
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | cáinim | cáineann tú; cáinir† |
cáineann sé, sí | cáinimid | cáineann sibh | cáineann siad; cáinid† |
a cháineann; a cháineas / a gcáineann*; a gcáineas* |
cáintear |
past | cháin mé; cháineas | cháin tú; cháinis | cháin sé, sí | cháineamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; cháineabhair | cháin siad; cháineadar | a cháin / ar cháin* |
cáineadh | |
past habitual | cháininn / gcáininn‡‡ | cháinteá / gcáinteᇇ | cháineadh sé, sí / gcáineadh sé, s퇇 | cháinimis; cháineadh muid / gcáinimis‡‡; gcáineadh muid‡‡ | cháineadh sibh / gcáineadh sibh‡‡ | cháinidís; cháineadh siad / gcáinidís‡‡; gcáineadh siad‡‡ | a cháineadh / a gcáineadh* |
cháintí / gcáint퇇 | |
future | cáinfidh mé; cáinfead |
cáinfidh tú; cáinfir† |
cáinfidh sé, sí | cáinfimid; cáinfidh muid |
cáinfidh sibh | cáinfidh siad; cáinfid† |
a cháinfidh; a cháinfeas / a gcáinfidh*; a gcáinfeas* |
cáinfear | |
conditional | cháinfinn / gcáinfinn‡‡ | cháinfeá / gcáinfeᇇ | cháinfeadh sé, sí / gcáinfeadh sé, s퇇 | cháinfimis; cháinfeadh muid / gcáinfimis‡‡; gcáinfeadh muid‡‡ | cháinfeadh sibh / gcáinfeadh sibh‡‡ | cháinfidís; cháinfeadh siad / gcáinfidís‡‡; gcáinfeadh siad‡‡ | a cháinfeadh / a gcáinfeadh* |
cháinfí / gcáinf퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go gcáine mé; go gcáinead† |
go gcáine tú; go gcáinir† |
go gcáine sé, sí | go gcáinimid; go gcáine muid |
go gcáine sibh | go gcáine siad; go gcáinid† |
— | go gcáintear |
past | dá gcáininn | dá gcáinteá | dá gcáineadh sé, sí | dá gcáinimis; dá gcáineadh muid |
dá gcáineadh sibh | dá gcáinidís; dá gcáineadh siad |
— | dá gcáintí | |
imperative | cáinim | cáin | cáineadh sé, sí | cáinimis | cáinigí; cáinidh† |
cáinidís | — | cáintear | |
verbal noun | cáineadh | ||||||||
past participle | cáinte |
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Alternative conjugation:
First Conjugation (A)
singular | plural | relative | autonomous | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||||
indicative | present | cánaim | cánann tú; cánair† |
cánann sé, sí | cánaimid | cánann sibh | cánann siad; cánaid† |
a chánann; a chánas / a gcánann*; a gcánas* |
cántar |
past | cháin mé; chánas | cháin tú; chánais | cháin sé, sí | chánamar; cháin muid | cháin sibh; chánabhair | cháin siad; chánadar | a cháin / ar cháin* |
cánadh | |
past habitual | chánainn / gcánainn‡‡ | chántá / gcántᇇ | chánadh sé, sí / gcánadh sé, s퇇 | chánaimis; chánadh muid / gcánaimis‡‡; gcánadh muid‡‡ | chánadh sibh / gcánadh sibh‡‡ | chánaidís; chánadh siad / gcánaidís‡‡; gcánadh siad‡‡ | a chánadh / a gcánadh* |
chántaí / gcánta퇇 | |
future | cánfaidh mé; cánfad |
cánfaidh tú; cánfair† |
cánfaidh sé, sí | cánfaimid; cánfaidh muid |
cánfaidh sibh | cánfaidh siad; cánfaid† |
a chánfaidh; a chánfas / a gcánfaidh*; a gcánfas* |
cánfar | |
conditional | chánfainn / gcánfainn‡‡ | chánfá / gcánfᇇ | chánfadh sé, sí / gcánfadh sé, s퇇 | chánfaimis; chánfadh muid / gcánfaimis‡‡; gcánfadh muid‡‡ | chánfadh sibh / gcánfadh sibh‡‡ | chánfaidís; chánfadh siad / gcánfaidís‡‡; gcánfadh siad‡‡ | a chánfadh / a gcánfadh* |
chánfaí / gcánfa퇇 | |
subjunctive | present | go gcána mé; go gcánad† |
go gcána tú; go gcánair† |
go gcána sé, sí | go gcánaimid; go gcána muid |
go gcána sibh | go gcána siad; go gcánaid† |
— | go gcántar |
past | dá gcánainn | dá gcántá | dá gcánadh sé, sí | dá gcánaimis; dá gcánadh muid |
dá gcánadh sibh | dá gcánaidís; dá gcánadh siad |
— | dá gcántaí | |
imperative | cánaim | cáin | cánadh sé, sí | cánaimis | cánaigí; cánaidh† |
cánaidís | — | cántar | |
verbal noun | cánadh | ||||||||
past participle | cánta |
* Indirect relative
† Archaic or dialect form
‡‡ Dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis
Mutation
Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Eclipsis |
cáin | cháin | gcáin |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- "cáin" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “cáin” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáin”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáinid”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
Old Irish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kaːnʲ/
Inflection
Feminine i-stem | |||
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Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | |||
Vocative | |||
Accusative | |||
Genitive | |||
Dative | |||
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
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Derived terms
- cáinid
- cánachas
Mutation
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
cáin | cháin | cáin pronounced with /ɡ(ʲ)-/ |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further reading
- C. Marstrander, E. G. Quin et al., editors (1913–76), “cáin”, in Dictionary of the Irish Language: Based Mainly on Old and Middle Irish Materials, Dublin: Royal Irish Academy, ISBN 9780901714299
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