wnpšk'

Middle Persian

Alternative forms
  • [script needed] (vanafša)

Etymology

The origin is uncertain.

Bailey derives from the Iranian colour-name *van- (“blue”), comparing for it Khotanese [script needed] (banāte, “plum or pear”), Old English ƿann (“wan”) and Old Armenian վան- (van-, “crystal”). For the suffix -ap- he compares Latin cannabis.

On the other hand, Martirosyan proposes connection with Ancient Greek ἴον (íon, “violet”), earlier *ϝίον (*wíon), γία (gía, “ἄνθη”) = ϝία (wía), and Latin viola (“violet”), suggesting that "we might be dealing with a Mediterranean-Iranian/Near-Eastern flower-name" with a proto-form like *wion- which might yield Iranian *v(y)an-. He regards Iranian *-afš as a suffix of substrate origin comparable with Old Armenian -աւշ (-awš), as in թեղաւշ (tʿeławš).

Some of the descendants (e.g. Old Armenian մանուշակ (manušak)) presuppose a by-form *manafšak.

Noun

wnpšk' • (wanafšag)

  1. violet (flower)

Descendants

(Taking Middle Persian as representative for all Middle Iranian and including the descendants of the unattested by-form *manafšak:)

  • Mazanderani ونوشه‎ (vanūše)
  • Persian: بنفشه‎ (banafše)
    • → Avar: мана́рша (manárša)
    • → Azeri: bənövşə
    • → Bashkir: миләүшә (miläwšä)
    • → Central Iranian dialects:
      • Gazi: benapše‎
      • Kafruni: benewše
      • Kasha’i: benafša
      • Qohrudi: benawša
      • Sivandi: benafše
      • Vonishuni: benafša
      • Zefra’i: bönowše
    • → Hindustani:
      • Hindi: बनफ़्शा (banafśā)
      • Urdu: بنفشه‎ (banafša)
    • → Kurdish:
      Northern Kurdish: binefş, benefş, binevş
    • → Lak: банавша (banawša)
    • → Lezgi: бене́вша (benévša)
    • → Ottoman Turkish: بنفشه‎ (benefşe), منكشه‎ (menekşe), منوشه‎ (menevşe)
      • Turkish: menekşe
      • → Albanian: menekshe
      • → Armenian: մէնէքշէ (mēnēkʿšē)
      • → Bulgarian: менекше́ (menekšé), мана́кше (manákše)
      • → Greek: μενεξές (menexés)
      • → Middle Armenian: մանօշայ (manōšay)
      • → Romanian: micșunea
      • → Serbo-Croatian: менѐкше, менѐкша, менѐвша
    • → Sangisari: benafše
    • → Sarikoli: [script needed] (banafša)
    • → Sedehi: benafše
    • → Shahmirzadi: [script needed] (benafše)
    • → Tabasaran: беневша (benevša), бене́ш (benéš), бене́вш (benévš), бала́вш (balávš)
    • → Wakhi: [script needed] (banāfš)
  • → Arabic: بنفسج‎ (banafsaj), بنفشج‎ (banafšaj), منفشج‎ (manafšaj)
    → Persian: بنفسج‎ (banafsaj)
  • → Classical Syriac: ܡܢܝܫܟܐ‎ (mənīškāʼ)
  • → Old Armenian: մանուշակ (manušak)

References
  • Horn, Paul (1893) Grundriss der neupersischen Etymologie (in German), Strasbourg: K.J. Trübner, page 53
  • Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1977), “մանուշակ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Dictionary of Armenian Root Words] (in Armenian), volume III, 2nd edition, reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 256
  • MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 86
  • Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 759
  • Cabolov, R. L. (2001) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume I, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 115, 180
  • Bailey, H. W. (1979) Dictionary of Khotan Saka, Cambridge, London, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University press, page 268b
  • Abajev, V. I. (1973) Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ osetinskovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Ossetian Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow, Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, page 69
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