Examples of complement system in the following topics:
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- Around 20 soluble proteins comprise the complement system, which helps destroy extracellular microorganisms that have invaded the body.
- Using a combination of cellular and molecular attacks, the innate immune system identifies the nature of a pathogen and responds with inflammation, phagocytosis (where a cell engulfs a foreign particle), cytokine release, destruction by NK cells, and/or a complement system.
- In this concept, we will discuss the complement system.
- An array of approximately 20 types of soluble proteins, called a complement system, functions to destroy extracellular pathogens.
- The complement system is so named because it is complementary to the antibody response of the adaptive immune system.
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- B cells containing antibodies that recognize "self" antigens are destroyed before they can mature, preventing the immune system from attacking the host.
- These antibodies circulate in the blood stream and lymphatic system, binding with the antigen whenever it is encountered.
- The antigen-antibody complex stimulates the complement system described previously, destroying the cell bearing the antigen.
- This describes the host's active response of the immune system to an infection or to a vaccination.
- Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade.
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- In systemic lupus erythematosus, a diffuse autoantibody response to the individual's own DNA and proteins results in various systemic diseases.
- Systemic lupus erythematosus may affect the heart, joints, lungs, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, or other tissues, causing tissue damage via antibody binding, complement recruitment, lysis, and inflammation .
- Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by autoimmunity to the individual's own DNA and/or proteins, which leads to varied dysfunction of the organs.
- Distinguish between the disruptions to the immune system caused by allergies and autoimmunity
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- In another process, complement fixation, IgM and IgG in serum bind to antigens, providing docking sites onto which sequential complement proteins can bind.
- The combination of antibodies and complement enhances opsonization even further, promoting rapid clearing of pathogens.
- Patients who develop systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) commonly exhibit antibodies that react with their own DNA.
- Antibodies may inhibit infection by (a) preventing the antigen from binding to its target, (b) tagging a pathogen for destruction by macrophages or neutrophils, or (c) activating the complement cascade.
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- Put more simply, proteomics analyzes the structure and function of biological systems.
- Proteomics complements genomics and is useful when scientists want to test their hypotheses that were based on genes.
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- Similarly, all cells contain the same full complement of DNA, but each type of cell only "reads" the portions of DNA that are relevant to its own functioning.
- The multipotent hematopoietic stem cells give rise to many different cell types, including the cells of the immune system and red blood cells.
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- The genome of an organism consists of its entire complement of DNA, which encodes the genes that control the organism's characteristics.
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- Each parent synthesizes gametes that contain only half of their chromosomal complement.
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- In a closed circulatory system, blood is contained inside blood vessels, circulating unidirectionally (in one direction) from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returning to the heart again.
- In contrast to a closed system, arthropods (including insects, crustaceans, and most mollusks) have an open circulatory system.
- An open circulatory system does not use as much energy to operate and maintain as a closed system; however, there is a trade-off with the amount of blood that can be moved to metabolically-active organs and tissues that require high levels of oxygen.
- Most vertebrates and some invertebrates, such as this annelid earthworm, have a closed circulatory system.
- Arthropods, such as this bee and most mollusks, have open circulatory systems.