Examples of proto-oncogene in the following topics:
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- Proto-oncogenes normally regulate cell division, but can be changed into oncogenes through mutation, which may cause cancers to form.
- The genes that code for the positive cell cycle regulators are called proto-oncogenes.
- Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that, when mutated in certain ways, become oncogenes: genes that cause a cell to become cancerous.
- There are several ways by which a proto-oncogene can be converted into an oncogene .
- The Cdk gene in the above example is only one of many genes that are considered proto-oncogenes.
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- Another type of gene often deregulated in cancers are proto-oncogenes which are positive cell-cycle regulators.
- When mutated, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes and cause cancer .
- Overexpression of the oncogene can lead to uncontrolled cell growth because oncogenes can alter transcriptional activity, stability, or protein translation of another gene that directly or indirectly controls cell growth.
- An example of an oncogene involved in cancer is a protein called myc.
- When mutated, proto-oncogenes can become oncogenes and cause cancer due to uncontrolled cell growth.
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- Many transcription factors, especially some that are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors, help regulate the cell cycle and, as such, determine how large a cell will get and when it can divide into two daughter cells .
- Transcription factors, especially some that are proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressors, help regulate the cell cycle; however, when regulation gives rise to cancer cells, then transcriptional control of gene expression is affected.
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- Like proto-oncogenes, many of the negative cell cycle regulatory proteins were discovered in cells that had become cancerous.
- Cells such as these daughter cells quickly accumulate both oncogenes and non-functional tumor suppressor genes.
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- The genes that regulate the signaling proteins are one type of oncogene: a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.
- The gene encoding RAS is an oncogene that was originally discovered when mutations in the RAS protein were linked to cancer.
- Cancer biologists have been able to identify many other oncogenes that contribute to the development of cancer.
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- Mechanisms of epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes and activation of oncogenes include: alteration in CpG island methylation patterns, histone modifications, and dysregulation of DNA binding proteins.
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- The first primate-like mammals are referred to as proto-primates.
- These proto-primates will remain largely mysterious creatures until more fossil evidence becomes available.
- The oldest known primate-like mammal with a relatively robust fossil record is Plesiadapis (although some researchers do not agree that Plesiadapis was a proto-primate).